金属对金属髋关节动态边缘接触力学行为

目的研究球面共型接触人工髋关节在股骨头动态位移条件下的边缘接触力学行为。方法基于所发展的有限元球面网格数据模型,动态模拟分析金属对金属人工髋关节在给定生理位移工况条件下的接触行为和可能诱发的边缘接触现象。结果数值模拟表明,随着动态位移载荷的增加,关节接触面压力合力的垂直分力和水平分力都有上升趋势;在边缘接触过程中压力合力的垂直分力比非边缘接触情况变化趋势要缓慢,但相应的水平分力增大趋势更显著。此外,边缘接触与非边缘接触对应的接触压力分布形态与接触区域也各不相同。结论金属对金属人工关节髋臼相对股骨头过大的倾斜状态极易引起边缘接触,动态边缘接触情况下,将导致股骨头向髋臼内侧产生相对滑动及附加磨损的可能,这对临床人工髋关节磨损评估与关节制造发展提供了分析依据。     

老年人下楼梯下肢关节做功模式分析

目的 探究下楼梯行走过程中老龄化对老年人下肢关节做功模式的影响,丰富楼梯行走的防跌倒理论。 方法 采用 Vicon 红外运动捕捉系统和 Kistler 三维测力台同步采集青年人和老年人下楼梯行走的运动学和动力学数据,利用下肢关节角度、力矩、功率、做功贡献度指标对下肢关节做功模式进行量化评定。 结果 下楼梯过程中,青 年组和老年组下肢三关节角度、力矩、功率的变化趋势一致。 在优势腿的 1 个支撑相内,老年人的屈髋力矩峰值、伸膝力矩第 1 峰值、第 2 峰值、跖屈力矩第 1 峰值、膝负功率第 1 峰值、第 2 峰值、踝负功率峰值以及髋、膝、踝关节净功均显著降低(P<0. 05);伸髋力矩峰值、髋负功率峰值、踝关节做功贡献度显著增加(P<0. 05),髋、膝关节做功贡献度并未出现显著性差异(P>0. 05)。 结论 在下楼梯过程中,老年人下肢关节力学特征显著降低。 老年人采取不同于青年人的下肢关节做功模式。 老年人通过较大的伸髋姿势抵制躯干的过度前倾,同时采取踝关节做功的代偿模式,提高下楼梯行走的身体稳定性。 建议老年人在锻炼时应以增加膝、踝关节肌肉力量的项目为主,以维持下楼梯的姿势控制能力。     

正常步态周期中髋臼周围区域的应力分布及其在THA髋臼重建中的指导

目的 研究健康成人步态周期中髋臼周围内外应力分布基本规律,探求这些规律对全髋关节置换（total hip arthroplasty, THA）髋臼侧重建的临床指导作用。方法 采用CT 扫描获取1名男性和1名女性健康中年志愿者骨盆与股骨近端数据并构建三维模型。通过基于CT值计算材料弹性模量的非均匀材料赋值方案及其收敛性分析为各个有限元网格单元独立赋值。根据正常步态行走中髋关节接触力在步态周期中的动态变化施加载荷条件。以模型内外节点的Von Mises应力为标准进行结果判断。结果 在正常步行中,从男、女志愿者髋骨外表面看,应力主要从髋臼后上方沿髂翼后外侧经坐骨大切迹传递至耳状面,应力最大值出现在坐骨大切迹附近;从男、女志愿者髋臼上、中、下3个剖面看,应力在髋臼后上方的骨皮质与骨松质均有分布,而在髋臼的前柱与后柱,应力则主要分布于骨皮质上。结论 根据健康成人髋臼周围正常步态应力传递与分布规律,选择更合适大小的髋臼假体以及更精确地控制髋臼假体的安放位置有助于获得更符合正常步态应力分布的髋臼重建方案。     

髋臼几何形态对髋关节接触力学行为的影响

目的研究髋臼解剖几何形态对髋关节接触力学特性的影响。方法建立人体天然髋关节的解剖学模型以及具有不同髋臼外形的简化模型,利用有限元分析方法研究步态载荷作用下髋关节的接触力学行为。结果 (1)解剖学模型产生的接触主要在髋臼的中上部,沿身体前后方向分布,峰值接触应力出现在髋臼前上部。(2)与解剖学模型相比,旋转椭球形髋臼产生了类似的接触分布,而球形和旋转蚶线形髋臼产生的接触主要在髋臼中部,沿上下方向;(3)旋转椭球形髋臼具有最大的接触面积和最小的峰值接触压力和Von-Mises应力;(4)球形髋臼和旋转蚶线形髋臼具有类似的接触力学特征。结论与球形和旋转蚶线形相比,旋转椭球形能够更好地描述髋臼的解剖形态及其接触力学行为。     

髋臼发育不良性髋关节的三维有限元非线性接触压力分析

目的 从生物力学角度探讨髋臼覆盖程度(CE角)在髋臼发育不良引起的髋关节继发性骨关节炎中的作用。方法 建立正常、髋臼发育不良及髋臼过渡覆盖的髋关节三维有限元模型,应用非线性接触压力分析方法,观察髋臼发育不良性髋关节的关节软骨接触压力及软骨下骨应力分布。结果在所有的模型中,接触压力及应力均发生在股骨头最上部及与其相对应的髋臼顶穹部。在髋臼发育不良的模型中,另有过度不正常的接触压力发生在髋臼的后上缘区域。随着CE角的减小,接触压力和峰应力明显增高,接触面积下降。当CE角大于30°,压力分布类型及接触压力和峰应力改变不明显。结论髋臼覆盖程度降低所导致的生物力学改变在髋关节继发性骨关节炎中起重要作用。     

步态周期中髋关节软骨应力分布对弧形髋臼周围截骨手术的影响

目的 研究在完整步态周期受力环境下髋关节周围软骨的应力分布情况,探求弧形髋臼周围截骨术（curved periacetabular osteotomy, CPO）术中所截骨块的最佳矫正角度,为临床手术提供理论依据。方法 利用CT扫描获取1名髋关节发育不良（development dysplasia of hip, DDH）患者和1名健康志愿者骨盆及股骨近端DICOM数据,构建三维有限元模型。采用划分蒙罩的方法区分皮质骨和松质骨,并为有限元模型赋予材料属性。对DDH模型模拟CPO,调整外侧中心边缘角（lateral center edge angle, LCEA）和前方中心边缘角（anterior center edge angle, ACEA）,共得到100个不同的术后模型。根据完整步态周期中的髋关节受力情况为模型分别施加载荷,分析对比术前、术后和正常髋臼软骨的受力变化。结果 DDH模型模拟术后髋臼软骨在完整步态周期中脚跟落地相、开始单腿支撑相、单腿支撑中期相、单腿支撑结束相、双腿支撑相的最小接触应力峰值分别为5.273、6.128、7.463、6.347、6.582 MPa,分别比术前减少了2.159、2.724、2.249、2.164、2.119 MPa;术后头臼接触面积较术前明显增加,但仍小于正常志愿者。结论 利用有限元方法可以得到LCEA和ACEA的最佳矫正角度,对不同患者模拟CPO手术对提高手术精准度和手术效率具有重要意义。     

The effect of cup inclination and wear on the contact mechanics and cement fixation for ultra high molecular weight polyethylene total hip replacements

The present study aimed to investigate individual and combined influences of the cup inclination and wear on the contact mechanics and fixation of a Charnley hip replacement using finite element method. The effects of cup inclination and penetration on the contact mechanics of articulating bearings as well as the stress within the cement and at the bone-cement interface were examined. The maximum contact pressure and the von Mises stress on the cup were reduced by ~30% and ~20% respectively when even a small penetration occurred. However, no large differences were found between different cup penetration depths with regards to either the contact pressure or the von Mises stress. The von Mises stress at the bone-cement interface was predicted almost unaltered with an increased cup inclination angle to 55° for a cup penetration to 4mm. These predictions suggest that the contact mechanics and the cement stress are insensitive to the cup inclination and wear under these normal conditions investigated, therefore explaining the robustness of the Charnley hip implant. An increase in the cup inclination angle to 65°, coupled with a maximum penetration of 4mm, resulted in a large increase in the maximum von Mises stress at the bone-cement interface.     

正常步态下髋臼底接触面积与压力分布的三维有限元分析

背景：认识髋关节的正常压力分布特点,将有助于进一步了解正常髋关节的力学机制与异常载荷下关节软骨的病理学行为。 目的：运用三维有限元的方法,分析正常步态过程中头臼间接触面积和应力分布情况。 方法：应用CT扫描技术和计算机图像处理系统,建立髋臼的三维有限元模型,利用髋臼模型模拟髋臼在完整步态过程中连续32个位相时的受力状况,并对各位相时接触面积进行计算。 结果与结论：获得了髋臼在32个位相时的应力峰值分布呈双峰形,在起步位相时达到峰值(4.2 MPa),支撑期接触面积明显高于跨步期。始终接触部位集中在髋臼顶部,偏内侧,而髋臼前角与后角始终没有应力传导。髋臼软骨在不同位相的应力分布明显不同,支撑期应力增高区分布在臼顶区,而跨步期应力增高区在臼软骨的内侧缘。结果显示髋臼的接触应力增高区及接触面的分布对临床研究有重要意义,可提示导致髋臼骨性关节炎的好发因素。     

Does increasing step width alter knee biomechanics in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis patients during stair descent?

BackgroundResearch shows that one of the first complaints from knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients is difficulty in stair ambulation due to knee pain. Increased step width (SW) has been shown to reduce first and second peak internal knee abduction moments, a surrogate variable for medial compartment knee joint loading, during stair descent in healthy older adults. This study investigates the effects of increased step width (SW) on knee biomechanics and knee pain in medial compartment knee OA patients during stair descent.MethodsThirteen medial compartment knee OA patients were recruited for the study. A motion analysis system was used to obtain three-dimensional joint kinematics. An instrumented staircase was used to collect ground reaction forces (GRF). Participants performed stair descent trials at their self-selected speed using preferred, wide, and wider SW. Participants rated their knee pain levels after each SW condition.ResultsIncreased SW had no effect on peak knee abduction moments and knee pain. Patients reported low levels of knee pain during all stair descent trials. The 2nd peak knee adduction angle and frontal plane GRF at time of 2nd peak abduction moment were reduced with increasing SW.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that increases in SW may not influence knee loads in medial compartment knee OA patients afflicted with low levels of knee pain during stair descent.     

骨小梁结构髋臼杯和实体结构髋臼杯的三维模型仿真分析

文题释义： 骨小梁结构：骨组织包括皮质骨和松质骨，松质骨由一系列小梁骨组成。骨小梁在人体内分布广，呈疏松多孔的网状结构，骨的这种结构使得骨能够承受来自各个方向的载荷，并将载荷分散化，减少集中载荷对骨的不良影响。 有限元分析：有限元分析是一种数值分析方法，它的根本思想是离散化。即利用简单而又相互作用的元素(即单元)，就可以用有限数量的未知量去逼近无限未知量的真实系统。有限元数值模拟技术是提升产品质量、缩短设计周期、提高产品竞争力的一项有效手段，所以，随着计算机技术和计算方法的发展，有限元法在工程设计和科研领域得到了越来越广泛的重视和应用，已经成为解决复杂工程分析计算问题的有效途径。 背景：髋关节置换是治疗股骨头坏死、骨性关节炎、髋关节发育不良以及老年股骨颈骨折等髋关节疾病最有效的方法，因此有必要对髋关节置换的生物力学行为展开研究。 目的：采用有限元仿真的方法模拟髋关节置换后骨小梁结构髋臼杯和实体结构髋臼杯模型的接触应力和米氏应力大小和分布情况，分析其对假体及髋关节的影响。 方法：通过3-Matic Research 11.0软件设计了2种不同结构的髋关节假体组件模型：骨小梁结构髋臼杯和实体结构髋臼杯模型。并将设计好的模型经Hypermesh 14.0软件划分网格并赋予材料属性，最后导入有限元分析软件Abaqus 6.13软件中仿真分析，比较相同状态下2种髋臼杯的应力值和应力分布情况。 结果与结论：骨小梁结构髋臼杯的应力呈散点状分布，分布范围广。实体结构髋臼杯容易出现应力集中现象，应力分布集中在受力点附近。骨小梁结构髋臼杯相对于实体结构髋臼杯而言，应力分布范围更大，应力分布更均匀，从而可以减轻髋关节假体之间的磨损，降低髋关节假体发生无菌性松动的风险。 ORCID: 0000-0003-4612-6111(王晖) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节；骨植入物；脊柱；骨折；内固定；数字化骨科；组织工程     

Level walking and stair climbing gait in above-knee amputees

To evaluate quantitatively the contribution of each muscle to amputee gait during level walking and stair climbing in transfemoral amputees and healthy individuals, gait analysis and electromyography with transfemoral amputees (n = 8) and healthy adults (n = 10) were performed to evaluate muscle balance during each ambulatory task. Time – distance and kinematic parameters by gait analysis were calculated, and the rms EMG of major muscles and hamstring and tibialis anterior coactivity were measured by electromyography. Most kinematic parameters showed no statistical difference between each task, excluding pelvic tilt, pelvic obliquity and hip abduction. Major muscle activities and coactivities of hamstring and tibialis anterior showed that the stair ascent task needed excessive muscle activity compared with the stair descent task and level walking, and that muscle activity and coactivity of amputees were greater than those of healthy individuals, excluding hamstring coactivity during stair ascent (p < 0.05).     

Bernese髋臼截骨术术前规划中骨盆建模对结果的影响

目的 探究在Bernese髋臼截骨术的术前规划中不同建模完整程度对髋臼应力分布和截骨最佳角度结果的影响。方法 对1位髋关节发育不良患者按照建模完整程度不同建立两个模型,模型1包括患侧髋骨和股骨,模型2包括完整骨盆及患侧股骨。对比分析两个模型单腿站立情况下髋臼软骨接触压力、面积和分布情况,并模拟截骨,分析两种建模方式对术前规划结果的影响。结果 术前模型2相比模型1接触压力大、接触面积小,并且分布更靠近髋臼月状面上边缘。比较11个术后方案,模型1的接触压力变化幅值和最佳截骨角度均小于模型2。结论 建模完整程度只有患侧髋骨和股骨的术前分析结果会低估应力集中程度和误判应力集中点的位置,并且其最佳截骨旋转角度结果较小。研究结果为截骨术前规划建模提供一定理论依据。     

老年人上下楼梯的步态特征以及下肢关节运动功能特点

目的 探讨老年人上下楼梯的步态特征以及下肢关节运动的力学性能。 方法 通过17名青年人、15名老年人自然速度上下5个台阶的楼梯测试与分析,并结合红外高速运动捕捉系统和三维测力台获取步态参数、下肢关节角度以及地面反作用力,通过逆向动力学方法计算关节力矩和功率,采取独立样本 t 检验分析年龄对上述参数的影响。 结果 与青年人相比,老年人上下楼梯步态周期较长,步速和步频则明显较低(P<0. 05);同时,老年人上下楼梯支撑相和摆动相分别明显延长和缩短(P<0. 05)。 不论是青年人还是老年人,上下楼梯过程中下肢关节角度、力矩和功率的变化趋势较为一致。 但老年人上楼主要是通过踝、膝关节功率的产生来维持,而青年人则是通过近端肢体的能量,特别动用了较多的膝关节功率。 下楼过程中的能量吸收,两者皆是以膝关节为主。 结论 随着年龄的增长,下肢机能下降和肌力不足,老年人害怕在上下楼梯时发生跌倒,试图通过减少摆动时间来弥补身体的不稳定。 研究结果为临床上老年患者群体的康复管理以及预测跌倒的功能性评估提供参考。     

Automated analysis of MR image of hip: geometrical evaluation of the Legg-Calve-Perthes disease

This study proposes semi-automatic determination of geometrical features in hip magnetic resonance (MR) images in order to evaluate the Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). Nine anatomical points on a hip image are selected by a clinician; then eight geometrical indexes of the hip joint are calculated: acetabulum head index (AHI), Wiberg angle (VCE), inner acetabular coverage angle (VCI), acetabular inclination angle (HTE), femoral shaft-neck angle (CC'D), circularity (C), convex deficiency factor (CDF) and pillar height deficiency factor (HDF) for the head region. The geometrical parameters are evaluated on 46 hip images of young patients with unilateral LCPD: 23 images concern the affected hip and 23 the unaffected hip. The extraction of the region of interest is done with a seeded region growing method. All the data were centered and reduced, and were subjected to principal component analysis. Supervised classification is applied with discriminant analysis and k-nearest neighbours classification. The AHI appears to be the best discriminant attribute (maximum between-class variance ratio). Cross-validation tests indicate that we can at most reduce the parameters to five (AHI, CC'D, DHF, DCF and VCE). The classification error rate for the linear discriminant method is 12.5%.     

The shape of acetabular cartilage optimizes hip contact stress distribution

The biomechanical role of the horseshoe geometry of the acetabular cartilage is described using a three-dimensional mathematical model. It is shown that the acetabular fossa contributes to a more uniform articular contact stress distribution and a consequent decrease in the peak contact stress. Based on the results it is suggested that the characteristic horseshoe shape of the articular cartilage in the human acetabulum optimizes the contact stress distribution in the hip joint.     

外侧楔形鞋垫对足踝生物力学影响的有限元分析

目的 探究外侧楔形鞋垫对足踝内部组织(包括足骨、关节和韧带)的生物力学影响。 方法 建立并验证足踝-鞋垫-地面三维有限元模型,探究步态 3 个关键瞬间赤足模型和鞋垫干预模型的足底压力分布、关节接触压力、跖骨及主要韧带的应力。 结果 5°外侧楔形鞋垫模型足底峰值压力比赤足模型减小 65. 8% 。 鞋垫干预使楔舟关节处峰值接触压力减小;距下关节处峰值接触压力和第 4、5 跖骨处峰值应力增大。 结论 本研究量化评估了外侧楔形鞋垫对足踝各部分的生物力学影响,提出了可适当减小外侧楔形鞋垫第 4、5 跖骨处倾斜角度的设计建议。     

Altered biomechanics in bilateral total knee replacement patients during stair negotiation

BackgroundMany total knee replacement (TKR) patients need to have a contralateral knee replacement. Biomechanical differences between first and second replaced limbs of bilateral TKR have not been examined during stair negotiation. Additionally, it is unknown whether hip and ankle biomechanics of bilateral patients are altered. We examined hip, knee, and ankle biomechanics of first and second replaced limbs bilateral patients, as well as replaced and non-replaced limbs of unilateral patients, during stair ascent and descent.MethodsEleven bilateral TKR patients (70.09 ± 5.41 years, 1.71 ± 0.08 m, 91.78 ± 13.00 kg) and 15 unilateral TKR patients (64.93 ± 5.11 years, 1.75 ± 0.09 m, 89.18 ± 17.55 kg) were recruited. Patients performed three to five trials of stair ascent and descent. The second step, during ascent, was the step of interest when analyzing each limb. A 2 × 2 (limb × group) analysis of variance was performed to determine differences between limbs and groups.ResultsDuring ascent, bilateral patients exhibited decreased peak loading-response knee extension (KEM) and push-off plantarflexion moments. Unilateral replaced limb KEM was lower than non-replaced limbs. During descent, bilateral patients descended the staircase significantly slower, had lower peak loading-response vertical ground reaction force and KEM, and push-off KEM. Bilateral patients had higher peak loading-response hip extension and push-off plantarflexion moments, and increased knee adduction ROM, compared with unilateral TKA patients.ConclusionsBilateral patients exhibited similar hip, knee, and ankle joint moments between first and second replaced limbs. Substantial differences in hip, knee, and ankle biomechanics during stair negotiation in bilateral patients compared with unilateral patients may indicate a more complex adaptation strategy present in these patients.     

利用有限元方法对髋臼弧形截骨术进行术前规划

目的 对已截骨的髋臼块进行不同角度旋转,以模拟手术中髋臼块需调节的不同角度,通过分析髋关节周围软骨接触应力以及接触面积确定最佳角度,为髋臼截骨提供个体化方案.方法 建立髋关节发育不良(development dysplasia of hip,DDH)和正常有限元模型,探讨发育不良髋臼形态特征以及应力集中原因.对DDH模...     

Effects of increased step width on frontal plane knee biomechanics in healthy older adults during stair descent

BackgroundPeak internal knee abduction moment is a common surrogate variable associated with medial compartment knee loading. Stair descent has been shown to yield a greater peak knee abduction moment compared to level-walking. Changes in step width (SW) may lead to changes in frontal plane lower extremity limb alignment in the frontal plane and alter peak knee abduction moment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of increased SW on frontal plane knee biomechanics during stair descent in healthy older adults.MethodsTwenty healthy adults were recruited for the study. A motion analysis system was used to obtain three-dimensional lower limb kinematics during testing. An instrumented 3-step staircase with two additional customized wooden steps was used to collect ground reaction forces (GRF) data during stair descent trials. Participants performed five stair descent trials at their self-selected speed using preferred, wide (26% leg length), and wider (39% leg length) SW.ResultsThe preferred normalized SW in older adults during stair descent was 20% of leg length. Wide and wider SW during stair descent reduced both first and second peak knee adduction angles and abduction moments compared to preferred SW in healthy adults.ConclusionsIncreased SW reduced peak knee adduction angles and abduction moments. The reductions in knee abduction moments may have implications in reducing medial compartment knee loads during stair descent.     

踝足矫形器人机耦合仿真刚度对步态生物力学影响的评价方法

目的 为更好评价踝足矫形器(ankle-foot orthosis, AFO)的人机工效,提出一种 AFO 人机耦合仿真刚度对步态生物力学影响的评价方法。 方法 首先,评测两种 AFO 的力学特性并量化其刚度;其次,采集 30 名受试者在正常与穿戴两种不同刚度 AFO 行走条件下的运动学及动力学数据;最后,通过仿真计算,定量对比分析 AFO 刚度对 行走中下肢关节角度、关节力矩与肌肉力的影响。 结果 在穿戴两种刚度 AFO 情况下,支撑相踝关节背屈峰值角度、膝关节屈曲峰值角度和髋关节伸展峰值角度均显著增加(P<0. 05),比目鱼肌与腓肠肌峰值肌肉力呈现增加趋势。 踝关节跖屈峰值角度、髋关节屈曲峰值角度与髋关节屈曲峰值力矩均显著降低(P<0. 05)。 结论 本文所提出的 AFO 人机耦合仿真方法可以有效实现不同刚度对步态生物力学影响的定量评估,该方法同样也适用于评估和优化其他辅助器具的人机工效,可以为 AFO 的选配、适配、优化设计提供方法指导。