循证医学在肾内科临床教学中的应用

循证医学是一种新的医学模式,为临床教学提供了新的思路,循证医学提倡在临床实践中发现问题,寻找现有的最好证据、评价和综合分析所得证据并正确应用证据以指导疾病的诊断、治疗和预后.将循证医学的理念应用于肾内科临床教学过程可以培养医学生树立正确的学习观,提高医学生分析和解决问题的能力,从而进一步提高临床教学质量.     

循证医学在风湿免疫内科临床教学中的应用

循证医学是一种新的临床医学模式,核心思想是把临床医师的专业技能与当前系统研究所获得的最佳结果有机结合,以病人为对象查找证据,严格评价,综合分析,将最好的证据用于临床实践。其理念和方法已经扩展到整个医学教育领域,代表了现代医学教育的发展方向,是21世纪医学生教育的重要内容。风湿病学是一门专科性强的学科,也是与别的专业联系紧密的学科。临床实习是培养合格临床医师的关键阶段。本文介绍了循证医学在风湿免疫内科临床教学中的应用,分别就其必要性、重要性、教学方法及具体案例进行探讨。实践表明在风湿免疫病临床教学中培养循证医学思维,使教学内容与时代接轨,同时也使教学方法得以丰富,有助于学生提高临床技能、熟练掌握疾病的诊治原则以及培养科研创新能力。     

以团队为基础学习结合循证医学导入病例教学在2型糖尿病临床教学中的应用及探讨

以2型糖尿病为代表的内分泌代谢性疾病是一门专业性强、知识体系繁多复杂,临床指南证据多的学科。由于其发病机制复杂且涉及较多环节,在实际教学过程中传统教学模式难以达到满意教学效果。我们将以团队为基础学习结合循证医学导入病例的教学应用于2型糖尿病的临床教学,将班级分为若干团队,通过指导教师导向下的组内讨论和共同学习,并结合循证医学导入病例教学,发现有助于培养学员的团队协作及自主学习能力,全面加强学员的循证医学思维,有效提高了解决临床实际问题的能力。     

循证医学在传染病学临床教学中的应用

以循证医学为基础的教育模式不同于传统的医学教育模式。循证医学提倡在临床实践中发现问题、寻找现有的最好证据、评价和综合分析所得证据并正确应用证据以指导疾病的诊断、治疗和预后。将循证医学的理念应用到传染病学临床教学过程中,有利于培养医学生发现问题、寻求证据、分析资料、解决问题等方面的能力,有利于教学质量的提高和学生综合素质的培养。     

心血管内科PBL教学中循证医学思维的培养

以问题为基础的教学方法（PBL）有利于学生积极主动学习及临床思维能力的培养。循证医学以病人为中心,从解决临床实际问题出发,寻找并评价证据,综合分析后指导疾病的诊断、治疗。在心血管内科临床教学中,以PBL教学方法为基础,辅以循证医学思维的培养,有助于学生主动掌握和评价临床疾病的诊断和治疗。     

心内科临床教学新模式的探讨

我国医学临床教学受到新医疗法规与传统医学教育相冲突的影响,不断出现新的问题,使临床教学处于徘徊的境地.根据在心血管内科临床教学方面所作的尝试,通过在心内科临床的教学中应用循证医学、病例式教学、多媒体教学、专题讲座、双语教学、医疗纠纷案例讨论会等多种教学方法探讨临床教学的经验与技巧,培养学生的学习兴趣、综合学习能力和分析问题、解决问题的能力.     

加强临床教学基地建设 提高临床教学质量

随着医学教学改革的深入和新课程体系的实施,对临床教学基地提出了更高的要求。实践结果表明,完善临床教学基地管理规章制度,有利于临床教学基地的规范化管理;专家深入基层指导教学查房,举办教学方法学习班和开展教学研究,名师示范讲课,有利于强化教师的教学能力与临床能力;构建综合的评价体系,有利于临床教学质量的客观评价。切实做好各个方面的工作,对于提高医学教育质量,培养高素质医学人才具有积极的促进作用。     

循证医学在神经内科学教学中的应用

循证医学是近年来迅速兴起的一门新学科,它的出现使临床医学研究和临床教学实践发生了巨大的转变.在医学教育中引入循证医学的理念、原则和方法 ,帮助医学生和医务工作者学会掌握自我更新医学知识和临床技能的方法 和技巧.在临床医疗决策中将现有的最好的临床研究证据融入临床治疗中,将极大地提高疾病的诊治水平.本文阐述了循证医学产生的背景及其发展、循证医学引入神经内科学教学中的重要意义及其实际应用.     

加强临床教学基地建设提高临床教学质量

随着医学教学改革的深入和新课程体系的实施，对临床教学基地提出了更高的要求。实践结果表明，完善临床教学基地管理规章制度，有利于临床教学基地的规范化管理；专家深入基层指导教学查房，举办教学方法学习班和开展教学研究，名师示范讲课，有利于强化教师的教学能力与临床能力；构建综合的评价体系，有利于临床教学质量的客观评价。切实做好各个方面的工作，对于提高医学教育质量，培养高素质医学人才具有积极的促进作用。     

CBL与seminar二联教学方法在脑血管疾病实习中的应用

脑血管疾病是神经系统疾病中常见疾病之一,临床症状及体征表现多样,诊断及鉴别诊断不易掌握.同时在这类疾病的诊治过程中需要医生有较好的医患沟通能力和较高的人文素质.目前实习中多采取传统的LBL教学或联合PBL的教学方法,学生在临床教学中参与度低,导致学生对临床教学兴趣下降[1].将CBL与seminar二联教学方法引入脑血管疾病实习过程中,提高了学生的临床实践能力,同时有助于医学人文素质的培养.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.