浅谈医学生非智力因素的培养

人的智能结构是由智力因素与非智力因素构成的完整统一体。非智力因素是人所特有的、除先天素质、智力因素以外的心理因素的总称。它由四个层次构成：一是个性特征系统：气质、性格、态度、习惯；二是动力系统：需要、动机、兴趣、成就、爱好；三是激励系统：情感、情趣、意志、热情；四是最高调控系统：理想、信念、世界观、价值观等。这些非智力因素对人的认识过程有制约作用。它直接影响各种智力因素的活动，进而影响教学效果。而教学又是教师与学生的双边活动，现代科学的发展和知识不断更新的形势，迫使我们更多地思考使学生由原来的“学会知识”变为“会学知识”，后需要在动机、情感、兴趣、成就等情感因素的调控下才能形成。如何培养、开发学生的非智力因素，笔在教学实践中作了如下偿试。     

也谈智商、“情商”与非智力因素

智商是智力测验结果的表达方法之一, 并不能完全反映一个人的智力水平。情感不能测量, 无法以“情商”表达, “情商”一词产生于误译。情感属非智力因素范畴, 学生的学习和成才过程, 是智力与非智力因素相互影响、以非智力因素起决定作用的过程。     

强化实践教学环节提高学生手术操作技能

医学生操作技能的高低是衡量教学效果的指标之一。学生操作技能的提高决定于教与学二方面因素。首先要提高和完善教师的知识结构，发挥教师主导作;时要调动学生的主观能动性，加强动手能力的培养；还要建立严格考核制度；重视“非智力因素”对学生操作技能的影响。     

也谈智商,“情商”与非智力因素

智商是智力测验结果的表达方法之一,并不能完全反映一个人的智力水平。情感不能测量,无法以“情商”表达,“情商”一词产生于误译。情感属非智力因素范畴,学生的学习和成才过程,是智力与非智力因素相互影响、以非智力因素起决定作用的过程。     

在教学中重视培养学生的非智力因素

宋·王安石有文《伤仲永》，记述了一个少年天才由于“不使学”最终论为“泯然众人矣”，从而发生“彼其受之天也，如此其贤也，不受之人，且为众人”之感慨[1]。在现实教学实践中，很多老师都碰到这样一个事实：一些很有悟性、智商较高的学生，其学习成绩一般般；而有些智商平平的学生，却往往成绩突出。这揭示了这么一种道理：人的智力因素的高低并不是决定人的学习效果好坏的充分条件，非智力因素在其中所起的作用也是不容低估的。心理学原理告诉我们，所谓智力因素，包括观察力、注意力、记忆力、想象力、思维力等五种；非智力因素包括…     

非智力因素对高职学生英语学习影响研究

本文在着重分析非智力因素对高职学生英语学习的影响，并从四个方面提出了培养积极的非智力因素的策略，旨在使高职学生的英语学习潜力得到最大程度的发挥。     

云南元谋初中生非智力个性心理特征调查分析

目的 探讨晨智力个性心理特征在特定人群中的发展水平及影响学习效果的主要非智力因素，为学生的教育，培养及转化提供依据，为从“应试教育”向“素质教育”转型探索方向。方法 采用大智力个性心理特征量表对云南省元谋一中初二年级263名同学进行全面调查，所得数据进行统计学分析。结果 男生在“独立性”和“好胜心”方面比女生要强，乡镇同学比县城同学的“抱负”和“坚持性”有明显提高，“抱负”与“好胜心”在优等生，中等生及后后进生对比中具有统计学差异（P＜0．05）。结论 “抱负”与“好胜心”是影响学习效果的主要非智力因素，“坚持性”及“自我意识”有助于学习活动的效能。培养和发展学生的这些非智力因素，将促进学生整体素质的提高。     

谈学生"非智力因素"的培养

按照心理学的理论，人们的学习、科研成功与否主要决定于“智力”与“非智力”两个因素。一位美国心理学家对８００名男性进行３０年追踪研究，发现成就最大与最小者之间最明显的差异不在智力水平而是在于是否具有良好的“非智力因素”，其包括理想、动机、意志、情感兴趣等，它对个体学习起着动力、引导、强化、调节和创造等作用。著名科学家爱因斯坦也说过他成功的公式是Ａ＝Ｘ＋Ｙ＋Ｚ。其中Ａ是成功；Ｘ是艰苦劳动；Ｙ是智力；Ｚ是少说废话。Ｘ、Ｚ均属“非智力因素”。这已成为学校教育中一个极为重要的课题。理想教育　高等院校的许多…     

智力因素与非智力因素

文章从智力因素与非智力因素的区别；智力因素与非智力因素的联系；智力因素与非智力因素认识上的误区等三个方面探讨了智力因素与非智力因素。提醒人们必须把教学过程建立在智力因素与非智力因素统一的基础上，那种只重视知识传授的传统教学思想早已不适应今天的教学了。     

医学生非智力能力状况调查与培养对策

医学生的非智力能力高低对学习起着重要作用。本文对长江大学医学院1511名医学生的非智力能力现状进行了调查，结果表明：医科大学生非智力能力总体表现出良好的态势，但其内部因素的发展却不平衡。具体表现为：①男女生非智力能力之间存在显著性差异；②本科生与专科生非智力能力之间存在显著性差异；③高年级与低年级学生非智力能力之间存在显著性差异。本文对调查结果进行了分析，并提出培养医科大学生非智力能力的若干意见与建议。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.