早期康复护理干预对脑卒中肢体运动功能的影响

目的：探讨早期康复护理干预对脑卒中肢体运动功能的影响。方法：８６例脑卒中患者分研究组及对照组,除常规治疗外,研究组患者从急性期开始即由康复护师制订并实施早期康复计划。结果：两组治疗前、治疗后一个月、治疗后三个月经Ｂｒｕｎｎｓｔｒｏｍ分级、Ｆｕｇｌ－Ｍｅｙｅｒ运动项目积分及ＡＤＬ评分比较,研究组均优于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：早期康复护理介入对降低脑卒中病死率、致残率、减少并发症等均有重要意义     

早期康复护理干预对改善脑卒中病人ADL的探讨

目的探讨早期康复护理干预对急性脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力（ＡＤＬ）的影响。方法脑卒中偏瘫患者６０例,对其中３０例患者实施早期康复计划（康复组）,另外３０例患者给予神经内科一般治疗（对照组）。结果两组治疗前,治疗后一个月分别给予 Ｆｕｇｌ－Ｍｅｙｅｒ评测法和ＦＩＭ评测法,对患者肢体的残损程度和活动功能进行评定,经过统计学检验得出：治疗前评测,两组无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。治疗后１个月评测,康复组明显优于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论早期给予康复护理干预可以明显改善急性脑卒中偏瘫患者的肢体运动和平衡功能及ＡＤＬ。     

颈动脉注射复方蝮蛇抗栓酶对脑卒中偏瘫患者康复疗效的观察

１２６例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为两组。治疗组６７例，用复方蝮蛇抗栓酶颈动脉内注射治疗；对照组５９例，用蝮蛇抗栓酶静脉滴注。在康复治疗前后，患者偏瘫肢体功能评测，采用神经功能缺损积分减少的百分比评定。结果表明，治疗组康复效果明显优于对照组，差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

脑梗塞偏瘫的神经康复治疗

目的：探讨和推进脑梗塞偏瘫的神经与康复联合治疗。方法：用系统的神经科理论和早期现代康复理论,治疗观察５０例基底节区脑梗塞典型的偏瘫患者,与５０例类同患者进行神经科和针灸治疗对照;同时,用Ｆｕｇｌ－Ｍｅｙｅｒ、Ｆｉｍ两种评价方法从不同侧面进行评价。结果：半年后,经统计,进行ｕ检验,两组治疗后较治疗前均有提高（对照组０．０１＜Ｐ＜０．０５,治疗组Ｐ＜０．０１）。治疗组与对照组在治疗前无差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）,治疗后明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：脑梗塞偏瘫的神经康复治疗两者不可偏废,必须有机结合,才能真正促进患者康复。     

脑卒中康复训练程序化的研究

目的：观察脑卒中偏瘫患者进行康复训练的疗效。方法：２２例脑卒中患者分２组：康复组１２例，对照组１０例，两组均接受神经科常规药物治疗，康复组按“中风后程序化康复训练表”（见表２）进行康复训练，分别于康复前、康复后１个月和３个月进行疗效评定。结果：ＡＤＬ日常生活活动能力量表（采用Ｂａｒｔｈｅｌ指数评分）结果示：康复组有效率８３．３％（１０／１２），对照组３０％（３／１０），两组差别有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。神经功能缺损评分结果示：康复组有效率９１．７％（１１／１２），对照组４０％（４／１０），两组差别有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：康复训练能降低脑卒中偏瘫患者的致残率，提高生活质量     

低频电体操对脑卒中患者运动功能障碍早期康复的作用

采用低频电体操对73例脑卒中患者运动功能障碍进行早期康复治疗，并采用Fugl-Meyer评分法对治疗前后的运动功能进行评定分析，与对照组相比，治疗组患者的运动及关节活动度积分显著增高（P＜0．01），从而说明低频电体操是脑卒中患者运动功能障碍早期康复的一种全新的、切实有效的治疗方法。     

巴氯酚并康复训练对脑卒中患者痉挛性偏瘫的治疗效应

目的：观察巴氯酚(Baclofen)结合康复治疗对脑卒中痉挛性偏瘫患者关节活动度、运动功能和ADL等方面的影响。方法：对144例脑卒中痉挛性偏瘫患者，随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组84例，服用巴氯酚结合康复治疗；对照组60例，只接受康复治疗。在治疗前和治疗后12周分别进行Ashworth，FMA和MBI量表评定以观察疗效。结果：治疗后Ashworth评定治疗组显效率为67．86％(上肢)，63．60％（下肢)，有效率为86．90％(上肢)，89．29％(下肢）；对照组显效率为41.60％(上肢)，45．00％(下肢)，有效率为76．67％(上肢)，78．33％(下肢)。两组患者关节活动度、运动功能和生活能力均有明显改善(P&;lt;0．01)，但治疗组明显优于对照组(P&;lt;0．05)。结论：巴氯酚结合康复治疗能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫肢体的痉挛状态，提高患者的关节活动度、运动功能和生活能力。     

出血性脑卒中急性期康复程序的设计和实施后效果观察

目的：观察出血性脑卒中急性期康复治疗的效果。方法：对４０例患者实施自行设计的康复程序治疗,并与２７例纯药物治疗（对照组）比较分析。结果：显示治疗组的显效率和总有效率高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．０５）。常见四种并发症发生率显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：提示出血性脑卒中急性期实施康复程度治疗效果优于纯药物治疗,本康复程序设计合理,实用性好。     

偏瘫后强化上肢本体感觉刺激的价值

目的：观察偏瘫患者接受本体感觉强化刺激的治疗及疗效。方法：６０例偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各３０例，二组患者均接受一般的康复治疗，治疗组还接受上肢各关节本体感觉强化刺激疗法。上肢综合功能评定采用ＦｕｇｌＭｅｙｅｒ积分法和Ｂａｒｔｈｅｌ指数法。结果：治疗组患者上肢综合功能与日常生活活动能力均明显提高，上肢合并症的发生明显减少，与对照组比较差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１），治疗组疗效明显优于对照组。结论：在偏瘫患者进行康复治疗中，应对上肢本体感觉进行强化刺激，以提高上肢综合性运动功能并减少合并症的发生     

早期康复训练对脑卒中患者肢体运动功能的影响

探讨早期康复训练对脑卒中患者肢体运动功能的影响对２６例脑卒中患者进行早期康复训练，采用Ｆｕｇｌ－Ｍｅｙｅｒ运动功能评定，并与２８例对照组患者比较，结果表明，康复组肢体运动功能明善（Ｐ＜０．０１），但随着年龄增加，功能积分逐渐减少。说明早期康复治疗对脑卒中患者者肢体运动功能的恢复具有重要的作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.