恶性快速性室性心律失常的发作方式及其临床意义

探讨恶性快速性室性心律失常的发作方式及其临床意义,分析64例在入院后至少发生≥1次由室性早搏(简称室早)诱发的恶性快速性室性心律失常患者发作时与发作前后的常规12导联心电图或持续心电监护心电图。结果:根据诱发恶性快速性室性心律失常的室早的联律间期及其前间歇的长短,64例的发作方式大致可分为以下几种类型:①单纯室早诱发;②长间歇依赖性室早诱发,此型根据基础心律QT(U)间期的长短又可分为:a.QT间期正常;b.长QT(U)间期两种形式。不同发作方式之干预措施亦异。结论:恶性快速性室性心律失常是由不同形式的室早所诱发的,他们具有不同的临床、心电学特征及干预措施。     

多形性室性心动过速

多形性室性心动过速系指QRS形态在任一心电图导联上不断变化、节律不规则的室性心动过速,频率100～250次/min,多数发作能自行中止,偶可转为心室颤动.可根据Q-T(Q-TU)间期延长与否,分为长Q-T间期多形性室性心动过速、正常Q-T间期多形性室性心动过速和近年来提出的短Q-T间期多形性室性心动过速.     

胺碘酮对老年恶性室性心律失常治疗有效性和安全性的对比分析

<正>1资料与方法选择2005年1月～2010年12月在我院急诊科、CCU及干部病房住院的恶性室性心律失常患者128例,男64例,女64例,年龄26～92(59.0±33.0)岁,有心室扑动或心室颤动46例,持续性室性心动过速82例。根据年龄分为老年组60例,男28例,女32例,年龄65～92(78.5±13.5)岁;非老年组68例,男36例,女32例,年龄26～64(45.0±19.0)岁。恶性室性心律失常判定:(1)频率在230/min以上的单形性室性心动过速;(2)心室率逐渐加重的室性心动过速,有发展成心室扑动和(或)心室颤动的趋势;(3)室性心动过速血流动力学障碍,出现休克或左心衰竭;(4)多形性室性心动过速,发作时伴晕厥;(5)特发性心室扑动和(或)心室颤动。128例全部使用胺碘酮,86例血流动力学稳定单形性的室性期前收缩、室性心动过速和不伴有Q-T间期延长的多形性     

Q-T间期延长300例分析

目的探讨Q-T间期延长的临床意义及与心律失常的关系。方法对300例Q-T间期延长按不同临床疾病分类,深入测算QTc、QTd,并对心律失常及其不同类别时的QTc、QTd作分析。结果Q-T间期延长多见于器质性心脏病,易发生心律失常,以室性心律失常多见。Q—T间期明显延长者容易发生恶性心律失常。单纯Q-T间期延长而无QTd明显增大者,无恶性心律失常出现。本组几种主要疾病QTc、QTd意义相仿,但AMI、心肌病、风心病的QTd明显增大,高血压无左室大(LVH)者QTd值较小。结论不能单纯分析Q-T间期长度,要进一步计算QTd,QTd具有更重要的临床意义。     

继发性长Q-T间期综合征

猝死严重威胁人类健康，其主要机制是恶性室性心律失常。长Q-T间期综合征(LQTS)是指Q-T间期延长、T波和／或U波异常、易引起尖端扭转型室性心动过速(TdP)、临床多表现为晕厥、猝死的一组疾病，一般分为先天遗传性和后天获得性两种类型，后者也称为继发性长Q-T间期综合征。先     

Brugada综合征

1992年,西班牙学者Brugada首先总结报道一组8例因严重心律失常引致猝死的新病症。其临床特点为反复间歇发作晕厥,无发作先兆,患者以中年为主,少数有家族史。经临床、实验室、X线胸片、超声心动图、CT以及心内膜心肌活检等检查可排除已知的心脏和脑部疾病。其心电图特点为:(1)完全性或不完全性右束支传导阻滞。(2)V_1—V_3导联ST段抬高,形态不同于心肌梗死时的凹面向下,也不同于急性心包炎时的凹面向上,而呈“尖峰”状,然后急剧下降,颇具特色(附图)。而心肌酶谱恒为正常。(3)Q-T间期正常。(4)常规和动态心电图可查见多源性室性期前收缩、短阵室性心动过速。患者晕厥发作时心电图记录为持续性多形性室性心动过速,但无尖端扭转现象,室速可由R-on-T引发,发作前未见心率、Q-T间期和心肌缺血改变。少数患者室性心动过速自行中止,多数患者需电击或药物才能恢复窦性心律。接受心脏电生理检查的7例中有4例H-V间期延长,7例均诱发出多源性室性心动过速,4例同时诱发出心室颤动。这一病症被命名为Bru-gada综合征。     

特长Q—T间期及特大倒置T波1例

患者女,67岁。阵发性心前区不适3天,晨起晕厥发作于1995年11月14日09:00就诊。急诊描记心电图(附图A)Ⅱ、V_4、V_53个导联,见P-P基本匀齐,窦性频率96次/min,呈2:1房室传导,Q-T间期长达0.88s,T波倒置,V_4最深,且T波深度呈交替性改变。随后记录的Ⅱ导联见短阵性室性心动过速和频发室性期前收缩。心电图诊断:窦性心律,莫氏Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞,频发室性期前收缩伴短阵室性心动过速,Q-T间期延长,巨大倒置T波伴电交替。实验室检查:血清钾3.58mmol/L,其余电解质正常,心肌酶学亦无明显异常。采用GIK溶液、硫酸镁、磷酸果糖、氯化钾等治疗,次日心电图(附图B)见Q-T间期稍有缩短,T波倒置变浅。第3天心电图(附图C)Q-T间期缩短至0.64s,T波倒置更浅。     

尖端扭转型室性心动过速三例

尖端扭转型室性心动过速(Tdp)是一种恶性程度较高、介于室性心动过速和心室纤颤之间的室性心律失常,也是QT间期延长并发的特殊类型室性心律失常,发作时心电图表现为QRS波群增宽0.12 s,形态多变,R-R间期不等,心率为200~250次/min,QRS波群的振幅及极性绕着等电位线扭转可引起严重血流动力学改变,甚至进展为心室纤颤或猝死。本文报道了近两年嘉峪关市酒钢医院心内科收治的3例Tdp患者的临床资料。     

恶性快速性室性心律失常致心脏骤停的临床观察

目的探讨恶性快速性室性心律失常致心脏骤停的原因与高危心电表现。方法分析45例在入院时或入院后至少发生1次心脏骤停患者的原因及其发作时与发作前后的常规12导联心电图或持续心电监视心电图形。结果45例恶性快速性心律失常致心脏骤停最常见的基本原因为冠心病急性或陈旧性心肌梗死,次为特发性及继发性巨大异常J波、扩张型心肌病;低钾血症是最常见的诱因;最常见的恶性快速性室性心律失常类型是心室颤动。其高危心电图表现:①复杂性室性早搏;②异常J波;③继发性长Q-T间期综合征;④Brugada综合征;⑤广泛前壁心肌梗死伴墓碑样ST段抬高。上述各种原因心脏骤停者有各自不同的临床及心电学特征。结论恶性快速性室性心律失常所致心脏骤停存在多种原因及高危心电图表现。     

与QT间期缩短有关的阵发性室性心动过速发作二例

短QT间期(SQTI)与恶性心律失常有关。笔者遇见2例与QT间期缩短相关的室性心动过速。患者均为青年男性。QT间期分别为0.28s和0.30s;QTc分别为0.33s和0.36s。实际QT间期分别小于预期QT间期的79%和86%。当给予胺碘酮治疗使QT间期延长后,室性心律失常消失。     

Comparison of the results of programmed ventricular stimulation from the right ventricular apex and outflow tract: a randomized, prospective study

Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to analysethe yield of programmed ventricular stimulation at the rightventricular apex compared with the outflow tract. Methods: A stepwise randomized cross-over protocol of programmedventricular stimulation with alternating stimulation at bothsites was used in 66 patients who were studied because of sustainedventricular tachycardia (n = 30), ventricular fibrillation (n= 7), or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and/or syncope(n = 29). Results: There were no significant differences between the resultsof stimulation from either right ventricular site with regardto the presence or absence of structural heart disease, spontaneousarrhythmia, ejection fraction or effective refractory periods.Overall, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia was inducible in33 patients (50%); in 25 patients (75.8%), this arrhythmia wasinduced from both sites. However, in only 17 of these 25 patients(68%) did the induced monomorphic ventricular tachycardias havethe same morphologies and similar (± 50 ms) cycle lengths.Ventricular fibrillation was inducible in 11 patients (17%),mostly by three extrastimuli (n=8; 73%). Conclusions: (1) stimulation from at least two right ventricularsites is desirable because of their independent contributionto the induction of ventricular tachyarrythmias, (2) the non-inducibilityor inducibility at one ventricular site does not predict theeffect at another stimulation site, (3) the effective refractoryperiod at the right ventricular apex and outflow tract do notdiffer, (4) the inducibility of multiple ventricular tachycardiamorphologies emphasizes the importance of documenting the causeof spontaneous arrhythmias with multiple electrocardiographicleads to ensure the correct interpretation of arrhythmias inducedby programmed stimulation, (5) clinical or haemodynamic featurescannot predict whether one or more stimulation sites will berequired for induction of ventricular tachycardia. These resultsare important for the diagnostic evaluation and assessment ofpharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions.     

特发性右心室流出道室性心动过速/室性早搏的性别、年龄和临床特点

Objective The aim of this study was to clarify gender,age and clinical feature of idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia/premature ventricular complexes(ROVT/PVC). Methods We studied 478 patients[mean age(39. 8 ± 13. 8)years]with idiopathic ROVT/PVC who were admitted to our center consecutively in past 15 years. All of them underwent catheter mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA), and the original sites of ventricular tachycardia/premature ventricular complexes were confirmed by catheter mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation. Results Of 478 patients, 288 patients (60. 3% )were female, 190 patients(39. 7% )were male, female/male ratio was 1.52. The early onset of symptom was at (41.2 ± 12. 7 ) years for female, and ( 37.6 ± 15. 0) years for male ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Almost all patients had palpitation in varying degrees. Sixty-seven of 478 patients( 14.2% ) had history of near-syncope,and 13 of 478 patients(2. 7% )had history of syncope. Two hundred and sixty-three patients( 55% )underwent unsuccessful treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs before the radiofrequency ablation. Of them, 110 patients (23%)had received one kind of antiarrhythmic drug, 104 patients (21.8%)had received two types of antiarrhythmic drugs,49 patients( 10. 3% )had received three types of antiarrhythmic drugs. Conclusion ROVT/VPC occur more in female than in male,the early onset of symptom is older for female than for male. Almost all patients have symptom in varying degrees, some of them have near-syncope or syncope.     

特发性右心室流出道室性心动过速/室性早搏的性别、年龄和临床特点

Objective The aim of this study was to clarify gender,age and clinical feature of idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia/premature ventricular complexes(ROVT/PVC). Methods We studied 478 patients[mean age(39. 8 ± 13. 8)years]with idiopathic ROVT/PVC who were admitted to our center consecutively in past 15 years. All of them underwent catheter mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA), and the original sites of ventricular tachycardia/premature ventricular complexes were confirmed by catheter mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation. Results Of 478 patients, 288 patients (60. 3% )were female, 190 patients(39. 7% )were male, female/male ratio was 1.52. The early onset of symptom was at (41.2 ± 12. 7 ) years for female, and ( 37.6 ± 15. 0) years for male ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Almost all patients had palpitation in varying degrees. Sixty-seven of 478 patients( 14.2% ) had history of near-syncope,and 13 of 478 patients(2. 7% )had history of syncope. Two hundred and sixty-three patients( 55% )underwent unsuccessful treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs before the radiofrequency ablation. Of them, 110 patients (23%)had received one kind of antiarrhythmic drug, 104 patients (21.8%)had received two types of antiarrhythmic drugs,49 patients( 10. 3% )had received three types of antiarrhythmic drugs. Conclusion ROVT/VPC occur more in female than in male,the early onset of symptom is older for female than for male. Almost all patients have symptom in varying degrees, some of them have near-syncope or syncope.     

Idiopathic Left Ventricular Aneurysm: An Unusual Substrate of Ventricular Fibrillation and Ventricular Tachycardia

Idiopathic left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) is a very rare clinical condition. This article describes a patient with idiopathic LVA associated with episodes of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Clinical and instrumental examinations did not reveal the pathogenesis of the aneurysm. The malignant clinical course suggests that an aggressive antiarrhythmic treatment, including ICD implantation, may be warranted.     

The “Short‐Coupled” Variant of Right Ventricular Outflow Ventricular Tachycardia: A Not‐So‐Benign Form of Benign Ventricular Tachycardia?

Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT) originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT-VT) and idiopathic RVOT-extrasystoles are generally considered benign arrhythmias. We described three cases who originally presented with typical "benign looking" RVOT-extrasystoles or RVOT-VT but developed malignant polymorphic VT during follow-up. The unusual aspect of their RVOT-extrasystoles was their coupling interval, which appears to be intermediate between the ultra-short coupling interval of idiopathic VF and the long coupling interval seen in the truly benign RVOT-VT.     

Effect of Basic Drive Train Cycle Length on Induction of Ventricular Tachycardia by a Single Extrastimulus

This study determined the effects of a wide range of basic drive cycle lengths on the induction of ventricular tachycardia (VT) by a single extrastimulus (S₂). Seventy-one patients with coronary artery disease and inducible sustained monomorphic VT underwent 121 electrophysiology tests either in the control state or during treatment with an antiarrhythmic drug. Ventricular basic drive trains were eight beats in duration and the intertrain interval was three seconds. Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed with S₂ using the longest possible basic drive cycle length rounded off to the nearest multiple of 100 msec, then using basic drive train cycle lengths that decreased in 100 msec steps to 400 msec, and finally using a basic drive cycle length of 350 msec. At each drive cycle length, an interval of > 50 msec beyond the effective refractory period (ERP) was scanned with S₂. Monomorphic VT was induced by S₂ in 52/121 studies (43%). The drive cycle length had a significant linear effect on the log odds of inducing VT (P < 0.0001). The highest yield of VT occurred with a drive cycle length of 350 msec (42/121, 34%), and with each increment in drive cycle length, the expected odds of inducing VT decreased by a factor of 1.7. In 88% of cases in which VT was induced at a particular drive cycle length but not at longer drive cycle lengths, the coupling intervals that induced VT exceeded the ERP measured at one or more of the longer basic drive cycle lengths. In conclusion, there is an inverse relationship between the basic drive cycle length and the yield of monomorphic VT induced by S₂. The use of shorter basic drive cycle lengths often facilitates the induction of VT by some effect other than critical shortening of the S₂ coupling interval.     

Hoffmayer心电图积分识别ARVC室早／室速

目的探讨应用Hoffmayer心电图积分鉴别致心律失常性右室心肌病（arrhvthmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy,ARVC）和特发f生右室流出道室早／室速的临床意义。方法收集2009年9月至2013年5月就诊于北京大学人民医院患者中,心电图表现为右室流出道起源室早／室速患者57例。其中明确诊断为ARVC患者4例,经电生理检查及射频消融治疗成功的特发性右室流出道室早／室速患者53例。由两位电生理医生在不知道确切诊断的情况下,依据Hoffmayer心电图积分对上述患者的心电图进行分析,计算总积分≥5分,各单项积分诊断ARVC伴发的室早／室速的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及诊断符合率。结果Hoffmayer心电图积分≥5分诊断ARVC伴发室早／室速的敏感度75％,特异度96．23％,阳性预测值60％,阴性预测值98％、诊断符合率94．7％。结论Hoffmayer积分≥5可有效鉴别右室流出道室早／室速是ARVC伴发的还是特发性的。应用此项积分具有简单、快速、敏感度及特异度均较高的优点,具较高的临床应用价值。     

Selective right ventricular angiography in apparently idiopathic ventricular fibrillation

Summary The definition of underlying heart disease in apparently idiopathic ventricular fibrillation seems to be important in regard to prognosis and choice of therapy. From October 1989, until August 1993, cardiac arrest due to the documented ventricular fibrillation occurred in eight consecutive patients with normal results on clinical examination, normal echocardiography, and normal or apparently nonspecific electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. Complete invasive investigations, including selective right ventricular angiography, were done; regional hypokinesia and segmental bulging of the right ventricle were found in seven patients (88%). Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia was suspected in these patients, although endomyocardial biopsy was not performed. After the finding of localized right precordial QRS prolongation of more than 110 ms in November 1993 in five patients, a retrospective, a more precise approach to QRS duration in standard ECG supported this diagnosis. Selective right ventricular angiography is of great help in identifying underlying heart disease in patients with apparently idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, and confirms ECG findings.     

Vulnerability of the right ventricle to cathodal,anodal, and bipolar stimulation at double diastolic threshold strength

Summary The repetitive ventricular response (RVR) to three stimulation techniques (bipolar, cathodal and anodal) was investigated in 35 patients. 26 patients suffered from coronary heart disease and 9 patients from dilative cardiomyopathy. The stimulation study was performed at a ventricular driving rate of 120/min with one and two premature ventricular extrastimuli. We used rectangular impulses of 1.8 ms duration at duable diastolic threshold strength. RVR was scored as follows: 0: no RVR, 1: one nonstimulated RVR, 2: two nonstimulated RVR, 3: three nonstimulated RVR, 4: four to ten nonstimulated RVR, 5: more than ten nonstimulated RVR lasting less than 2 minutes, 6: sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. We found that with unipolar anodal stimulation the diastolic threshold was significantly greater and the effective refractory period of the right ventricle was significantly shorter as compared to the other stimulation techniques. Between the three different electrode configurations there were no significant differences concerning the number of consecutive ventricular depolarizations following premature stimulation. Conclusion: the phenomenon of RVR is not influenced by the stimulation technique (bipolar, cathodal and anodal) at double diastolic threshold.Supported by the Robert-Müller-Stiftung