自制经静脉心肌声学造影剂FCT-188的初步应用

目的 :应用自制对比造影剂 FCT- 188无创性评估犬心肌缺血 /再灌注模型心肌危险面积 （RA）和梗死面积（IA） ;观察经静脉注射后人心肌显像效果。方法 :制作犬心肌缺血 -再灌注模型 ,经外周静脉注射 FCT- 188（0 .0 2 5ml· kg- 1 ）。MCE测量结果与大体标本测量结果进行比较。12名志愿者接受了经浅静脉注射 FCT- 188（0 .5 m l）。结果 :1结扎冠脉前 ,静注 FCT- 188后 7只犬全部达到肉眼可分辨的心肌显影。结扎冠脉 2 0 m in及 4h后 ,相应支配区出现肉眼可见的充盈缺损 ,分别为 RA和 IA。MCE和病理测定结果呈良好相关。注射前后各项血流动力学指标无显著性改变。 2静脉注射 FCT- 188后 12人均产生了视觉可辨的心肌显影。受检查者在注射前后无任何不适 ,心率和血压无明显改变。结论 :FCT- 188可较准确地评估犬缺血心肌危险面积和梗死范围 ,并可用于无创性评估人心肌灌注情况     

一种新型声学造影剂经静脉注射评价正常心肌血流灌注实验研究

目的评价自行研制的sigma新一代声学造影剂经周围静脉注射心肌声学显象效果。方法对10条闭胸犬麻醉后经周围静脉注射Sigma造影剂(1ml／kg)进行心肌声学造影。同时观察其对实验犬心率、血压的影响。结果注射Sigma造影剂共45次，心肌显影成功率100％，心肌显影强度2级25％(11次)、3级75％(34次)。心肌显影-时间强度曲线，造影前前壁、侧壁、后壁峰值密度(PI)分别为0．6±0．09、0．7±0．095、0．68±0．07；曲线下面积(AUC)为0．2±0．015、0．22±0．21、0．21±0．02。心肌造影后前壁、侧壁、后壁PI分别为11．9±1．1、10．9±0．9、10．8±1．0；AUC为13±1．3、11．7±1．05、12．7±1．2，造影前、后PI、AuC差异显著，P＜0．01。造影后心率、血压均无影响。结论Sigma新型声学造影剂具有良好的心肌显象作用，可用于评价心肌血流灌注。     

一种新型声学造影剂经静脉注射评价正常心肌血流灌注实验研究

目的:评价自行研制的Sigma新一代声学造影剂经周围静脉注射心肌声学显象效果。方法:对10条闭胸犬麻醉后经周围静脉注射Sigma造影剂(1ml/kg)进行心肌声学造影。同时观察其对实验犬心率、血压的影响。结果:注射Sigma造影剂共45次,心肌显影成功率100％,心肌显影强度2级25％(11次)、3级75％(34次)。心肌显影-时间强度曲线,造影前前壁、侧壁、后壁峰值密度(PI)分别为:0.6±0.09、0.7±0.095、0.68±0.07;曲线下面积(AUC)为0.2±0.015、0.22±0.21、0.21±0.02。心肌造影后前壁、侧壁、后壁PI分别为:11.9±1.1、10.9±0.9、10.8±1.0;AUC为13±1.3、11.7±1.05、12.7±1.2,造影前、后PI、AUC差异显著,P<0.01。造影后心率、血压均无影响。结论:Sigma新型声学造影剂具有良好的心肌显象作用,可用于评价心肌血流灌注。     

心肌声学造影在冠心病诊断中的研究进展

心肌造影超声心动图 (Myocardial ContrastEchocardiography,MCE)在评价心肌血流灌注中的运用成为一项十分热门的研究课题。MCE是指将含有微气泡的造影剂直接经冠状动脉或外周静脉注入 ,当微泡通过心肌微血管床时 ,应用二维或多普勒超声技术增强含血心肌的超声心动图显像 ,观察心肌血流灌注、冠脉血流储备。本文就近年来心肌声学造影在冠心病诊断方面的研究作一综述。1　声学造影剂的研究声学造影剂是 MCE的决定性因素之一。早年造影剂所产生的微泡直径大、不均匀、易破裂 ,无法通过肺循环进入左心室。故这项技术主要用于右心显影 ,认…     

经静脉途径注射自制声振白蛋白左心声学造影的实验研究

观察了经犬股静脉注入自制声振白蛋白左心显影效果．结果：本研究造影剂微泡直径４．２±２．４μｍ，浓度１６５±０６９×１０８／ｍｌ．经股静脉注射该造影剂共１０次，均见右室显影．５～８个心动周期后，左左室相继显影（显影率１００％）．持续约１１～３０个心动周期后左室造影作用消失．结论：声振５％人体白蛋白微泡直径小于红细胞，经犬股静脉注射后可实现满意的左室腔声学显影．如能应用到临床，将为超声心动图在冠心病室壁运动、心功能准确定量等方面提供帮助．     

超声微泡造影观测钬激光心肌激光再血管化的实验研究

目的：应用经静脉注射造影剂心肌超声微泡造影探讨激光心肌再血管化的机制及对心肌缺血的治疗效果。方法：部分钳闭犬的冠状动脉前降支形成急性心肌缺血模型，用钬激光在缺血区进行心肌激光再血管化，并在缺血前、缺血后及激光打孔后取左室短轴切面进行超声微泡造影。结果：缺血后心肌超声微泡声学密度较缺血前明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１），心肌激光再血管化后，缺血区超声微泡声学密度较缺血时明显升高（Ｐ＜０．００１），接近正常心肌超声微泡声学密度（Ｐ＞０．０５），激光再血管化区心肌超声微泡较正常心肌提前显像。结论：心肌激光再血管化可即刻明显缓解心肌缺血，使缺血区血流灌注明显改善。经静脉注射造影剂进行心肌超声微泡造影可作为观测和评价心肌激光再血管化的可靠手段，钬激光心肌再血管化的中远期效果尚待观察。     

经静脉左心室腔声学造影剂的研究——与Albunex对比分析

目的：用自制１％糖蛋白声学造影剂进行经静脉左心声学造影，观察左心室显影效果，并与国外同类造影剂Ａｌｂｕｎｅｘ对比分析。方法：对６０例经常规超声心动图检查无心内分流、瓣膜反流及明显狭窄的住院病人，从右上肢肘静脉以０．０８ｍｌ／ｋｇ浓度注入１％自制糖蛋白声学造影剂。如左心室显影效果在２＋以下，则于１５分钟后以０．２２ｍｌ／ｋｇ浓度重复造影１次。结果：自制造影剂的微泡浓度为（８．１±１．３）×１０８／ｍｌ，直径：３．８±１．４μｍ，９０％小于１０μｍ，稳定性在１０个月以上（２～８°Ｃ）。与Ａｌｂｕｎｅｘ各项指标相仿，但浓度较高。６０例左心室腔全部显影，成功率１００％，其中达２＋以上者５６例，占９３％；内膜边界增强者５７例，占９５％；心室壁运动可信性增强者５２例，占８７％，高于Ａｌｂｕｎｅｘ临床使用报告的相应结果。结论：用自制的声学造影剂经静脉注射取得良好的左心室显影效果，质量和性能与Ａｌｂｕｎｅｘ相仿，可在临床安全使用。     

心肌声学造影的进展

心肌声学造影 (Myocardial ContrastEchocardiography,MCE)是通过注射声学造影剂的方法使之灌注到冠脉微血管结构中 ,从而使含血心肌的超声心动图显像增强 ,近年来 ,心肌声学造影已取得突破性进展 ,新一代声学造影剂的发现及超声显像技术的发展使经静脉注射声学造影剂导致心肌显像成为可能。心肌声学造影不仅能直接反映冠脉微循环状况、确定急性心肌梗塞的危险区、评价心肌存活性及冠脉血流储备 ,而且还可以用于标靶特定组织及局部药物或基因的转导。1　心肌声学造影剂196 8年 Gramiak和 Shah[1] 首次报道了经心腔注射生理盐水后经超声…     

全氟显左心声学造影的临床应用

目的:探讨全氟显左心声学造影临床应用的可行性。方法:在50例患者中,经外周静脉弹丸式注射全氟显,进行左心声学造影检查,观察造影剂注射前后左心室显影等级、心内膜边界增强效果和心肌显影情况。结果:50例患者中只有1例患者左室充盈等级为2~3级,其余49例患者左室充盈等级均为3级。造影前50例患者中共有155个节段心内膜显示不清,造影后该155个节段的内膜边界显示清晰,内膜边界增强率为100%。50例患者左室壁心肌组织均获得了满意的显影效果。结论:临床经外周静脉弹丸式注射全氟显行左心声学造影,取得了满意的效果。     

声诺维在心内膜缘显像及心肌灌注中的效果评价

目的评价外周静脉注射造影剂声诺维对超声心动图心内膜缘显像的增强作用及其在心肌灌注中的效果。方法分别在基础和非线性成像条件下,对90例患者注射声诺维,用二维超声进行观察心内膜缘显像的改善,并观察非线性成像条件下心肌灌注情况及不良事件。结果造影剂在右心腔显影后很快在左心腔显影,原来显示欠清的左室心内膜缘得到满意的显影,声诺维能很好显示心肌灌注情况,无严重不良事件,不良事件总发生率为6．8％,其中可能由造影剂引起的不良事件发生率1．1％。结论声诺维可满意地增强心内膜缘的显影和显示心肌灌注,是一安全的跨肺循环的声学造影剂。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.