经静脉心肌声学造影评价心肌梗死后存活心肌的价值

目的　探讨经静脉心肌声学造影 (MCE)对心肌梗死后存活心肌的诊断价值。方法　 2 4例心肌梗死患者用二维超声评价室壁运动情况 ,同时经静脉进行MCE ,以 3个月后静态超声心动图左室心肌节段性运动改善为依据评价MCE对心肌梗死后存活心肌的诊断价值。结果　在 2 4例病人的 384个心肌节段中 ,运动异常节段 184个。在运动异常的 184个节段中 ,MCE1分 39段 ,0 5分 5 0段 ,0分 95段。 3个月复查 79个节段有运动改善 ,其中 39段来自MCE1分的心肌 ,4 0段来自MCE0 5分的心肌。MCE对预测心肌梗死后室壁运动改善的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为 :10 0 %、89 7%、84 8%、10 0 %和 94 6 %。结论　MCE能比较准确地预测心肌梗死后心肌的存活性     

全氟显左心声学造影的临床应用

目的:探讨全氟显左心声学造影临床应用的可行性。方法:在50例患者中,经外周静脉弹丸式注射全氟显,进行左心声学造影检查,观察造影剂注射前后左心室显影等级、心内膜边界增强效果和心肌显影情况。结果:50例患者中只有1例患者左室充盈等级为2~3级,其余49例患者左室充盈等级均为3级。造影前50例患者中共有155个节段心内膜显示不清,造影后该155个节段的内膜边界显示清晰,内膜边界增强率为100%。50例患者左室壁心肌组织均获得了满意的显影效果。结论:临床经外周静脉弹丸式注射全氟显行左心声学造影,取得了满意的效果。     

小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图联合心肌声学造影对心肌梗死后存活心肌的诊断价值

目的前瞻性评价小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图(LDDE)联合心肌声学造影(MCE)对心肌梗死后存活心肌的诊断价值。方法对24例心肌梗死者进行静态MCE、LDDE及3个月后静态超声心动图随访分析。MCE和室壁运动均用16段划分法进行目测半定量计分。心肌造影计分(MCS)回声均匀性增强为1分,回声低淡不均匀为0.5分,缺损为0分。室壁运动计分(WMS)用常规计分法。结果随访时,运动改善的心肌节段中MCS1分占49.4%、0.5分占50.6%,对LDDE均有反应;运动无改善的节段MCS0.5分占9.5%,0分占90.5%,对LDDE有反应者占13.3%,无反应占86.7%。预测存活心肌的敏感性、特异性及准确率分别为LDDE86%、86.7%、86.4%;MCE100%、89.7%、94.6%;LDDE联合MCE86.1%、100%、94.0%。结论心肌微血管结构与功能的完善是心肌存活的基本条件。MCE灌注正常和低灌注,且对多巴酚丁胺有反应的心肌有收缩力储备;而对多巴酚丁胺无反应的低灌注或无灌注心肌则多不能恢复收缩功能。LDDE联合MCE能提高检测存活心肌的特异性及准确率。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图应用的对比分析

目的 :为获取高质量的心脏及大血管超声心动图像。方法 :对比分析北京协和医院 5年来 363例在经胸超声心动图 ( TTE)检查的基础上行经食管超声心动图 ( TEE)的检查结果。结果 :363例检查指征分为心腔内血栓、主动脉夹层、感染性心内膜炎、主动脉瓣膜病变及主动脉粥样硬化等。 TTE仅有 2 2 .3%的病例获得诊断 ,而有 TEE76%的病例可获得明确诊断 ,增加信息量5 3.7%。结论 :TEE检查结果对改进或决定临床处理对策产生了不同程度的影响。     

经食管三维超声心动图临床应用的新进展

经食管三维超声心动图（three-dimensional transesophageal echocar diography,3D—TEE）于上世纪90年代初期问世并应用于实验室及临床检查。由于探头位置的改变,它能由后向前,近距离扫查心脏深部结构,有效排除肺气干扰、肥胖、胸廓畸形和肋间隙狭窄的影响,明显改善超声图像的清晰度及分辨率。     

心肌声学造影在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融中的作用

目的探讨心肌灌注声学造影（Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography,MCE）技术在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy,HOCM）经皮导管肥厚室间隔化学消融术（Pereutaneous Transluminal Septal Myocardial Ablation,PTSMA）中的应用价值。方法对109例HOCM患者在PTSMA术中向拟订靶血管远端注入声学造影剂后即刻观察造影剂显影范围,选择靶血管,判断预后效果,以及制定治疗方案。结果109例HOCM患者于PTSMA术中全部施行MCE检查,101例MCE技术判断适于PTSMA术,术后无并发症,左室流血道压力阶差（Left ventrieular outcome tract pressure gradients,LVOTPG）由术前78．0±30．7mmHg降至术后即刻37．4±30．0mmHg（p〈0．001）、术后6月随访进一步下降至33．3±23．4mmHg（p〈0．001）,差异有明显统计学意义。8例患者压力阶差下降不明显,症状无改善,于术后或直接行外科Morrow手术。结论MCE技术可在PTSMA术中判断远期疗效,判定正确的靶血管,避免严重的并发症、个性化制定治疗方案等方面起到关键的作用。     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术与室间隔心肌切除术疗效比较

目的应用超声心动图比较肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术与室间隔心肌切除术的疗效。方法分别于经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术及室间隔心肌切除术前、后测量肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者左室流出道压差,比较术前及术后压差。结果肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者在进行经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术与室间隔心肌切除术后,左室流出道压差均较术前明显减低。经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术肥厚型心肌病患者术前左室流出道压差(99±19)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),术后降至(36±20) mm Hg(P<0.05)。进行室间隔心肌切除术肥厚型心肌病患者术前左室流出道压差(117±32) mm Hg,术后降至(28±17) mm Hg(P<0.05)。经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术与室间隔心肌切除术患者术后左室流出道压差差异无统计学意义[(36±20)mm Hg比(28±17)mm Hg]。结论经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术可以明显减低肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者左室流出道压差,且与室间隔心肌切除术疗效相似。     

经静脉闭合房间隔缺损的疗效观察

目的 :评价经静脉置入 Amplatzer封堵器治疗继发孔型房间隔缺损 (ASD)的疗效。方法 :2 4例患者术前经多普勒超声心动图检查 ASD直径为 6～ 30 (18.96± 7.0 3) m m。在透视及经超声心动图引导下经静脉置入Am platzer封堵器闭合 ASD。结果 :2 4例 ASD直径的球囊测量值为 15～ 36 (2 6 .2 5± 7.5 7) mm ,选择的封堵器直径为 14～ 36 (2 6 .5 2± 7.15 ) m m。 2 4例封堵器置入均获得成功 ,术中无并发症 ,1例在术后第 3天出现 度 型房室传导阻滞 ,2周后恢复。 7例术后即刻超声检查显示微量残余分流 ,术后 1周复查均无分流。结论 :经静脉置入 Amplatzer封堵器治疗 ASD是一种有效的非外科手术方法。     

自制经静脉心肌声学造影剂FCT-188的初步应用

目的 :应用自制对比造影剂 FCT- 188无创性评估犬心肌缺血 /再灌注模型心肌危险面积 （RA）和梗死面积（IA） ;观察经静脉注射后人心肌显像效果。方法 :制作犬心肌缺血 -再灌注模型 ,经外周静脉注射 FCT- 188（0 .0 2 5ml· kg- 1 ）。MCE测量结果与大体标本测量结果进行比较。12名志愿者接受了经浅静脉注射 FCT- 188（0 .5 m l）。结果 :1结扎冠脉前 ,静注 FCT- 188后 7只犬全部达到肉眼可分辨的心肌显影。结扎冠脉 2 0 m in及 4h后 ,相应支配区出现肉眼可见的充盈缺损 ,分别为 RA和 IA。MCE和病理测定结果呈良好相关。注射前后各项血流动力学指标无显著性改变。 2静脉注射 FCT- 188后 12人均产生了视觉可辨的心肌显影。受检查者在注射前后无任何不适 ,心率和血压无明显改变。结论 :FCT- 188可较准确地评估犬缺血心肌危险面积和梗死范围 ,并可用于无创性评估人心肌灌注情况     

心肌应变率成像——定量评价局部心肌功能的新技术

心肌应变率成像（strain rate imaging,SRI）是在组织速度成像（tissue doppler imaging,TDI）基础上发展起来的一种定量评价局部心肌功能的超声技术.1998年,Heimdal等[1]首次报道采用实时超声应变率显像来评价左心室功能,从而为SRI在心脏超声领域的应用开辟了新窗口,至此SRI的应用一直是国际心脏超声的研究热点.现就近年来国内外这方面的研究进展及应用现状作一综述.     

Assessment of myocardial perfusion by power contrast imaging using a new echo contrast agent

In a patient with previously documented myocardial infarction, we assessed myocardial perfusion by using power contrast imaging and a newer intravenous echo contrast agent. The images were captured and stored digitally, and various image processing algorithms were used to assess myocardial perfusion. An apical perfusion defect was clearly visualized, and it correlated with radionuclide findings.     

Real time myocardial contrast echocardiography during supine bicycle stress and continuous infusion of contrast agent. Cutoff values for myocardial contrast replenishment discriminating abnormal myocardial perfusion

BACKGROUND: Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is a new imaging modality for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD). OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate feasibility of qualitative myocardial contrast replenishment (RP) assessment during supine bicycle stress MCE and find out cutoff values for such analysis, which could allow accurate detection of CAD. METHODS: Forty-four consecutive patients, scheduled for coronary angiography (CA) underwent supine bicycle stress two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE). During the same session, MCE was performed at peak stress and post stress. Ultrasound contrast agent (SonoVue) was administered in continuous mode using an infusion pump (BR-INF 100, Bracco Research). Seventeen-segment model of left ventricle was used in analysis. MCE was assessed off-line in terms of myocardial contrast opacification and RP. RP was evaluated on the basis of the number of cardiac cycles required to refill the segment with contrast after its prior destruction with high-power frames. Determination of cutoff values for RP assessment was performed by means of reference intervals and receiver operating characteristic analysis. Quantitative CA was carried out using CAAS system. RESULTS: MCE could be assessed in 42 patients. CA revealed CAD in 25 patients. Calculated cutoff values for RP-analysis (peak-stress RP >3 cardiac cycles and difference between peak stress and post stress RP >0 cardiac cycles) provided sensitive (88%) and accurate (88%) detection of CAD. Sensitivity and accuracy of 2DE were 76% and 79%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Qualitative RP-analysis based on the number of cardiac cycles required to refill myocardium with contrast is feasible during supine bicycle stress MCE and enables accurate detection of CAD.     

Identification of viable myocardium by perfusion imaging with intravenous contrast echocardiography after acute myocardial infarction

Myocardial perfusion contrast echocardiography is evolving into an effective method for the evaluation of myocardial blood flow after acute coronary events. The direct injection of ultrasound contrast agents into the aortic and coronary circulation has been shown to accurately identify areas of viable myocardial tissue. Recently, intravenous ultrasound contrast has been found to be useful in detecting microvascular blood flow after the restoration of blood flow in patients with myocardial infarction. We present the case of a patient in whom intravenous ultrasound contrast assisted in the detection of viable myocardial tissue after an acute ischemic syndrome.     

一种新型声学造影剂经静脉注射评价正常心肌血流灌注实验研究

目的:评价自行研制的Sigma新一代声学造影剂经周围静脉注射心肌声学显象效果。方法:对10条闭胸犬麻醉后经周围静脉注射Sigma造影剂(1ml/kg)进行心肌声学造影。同时观察其对实验犬心率、血压的影响。结果:注射Sigma造影剂共45次,心肌显影成功率100％,心肌显影强度2级25％(11次)、3级75％(34次)。心肌显影-时间强度曲线,造影前前壁、侧壁、后壁峰值密度(PI)分别为:0.6±0.09、0.7±0.095、0.68±0.07;曲线下面积(AUC)为0.2±0.015、0.22±0.21、0.21±0.02。心肌造影后前壁、侧壁、后壁PI分别为:11.9±1.1、10.9±0.9、10.8±1.0;AUC为13±1.3、11.7±1.05、12.7±1.2,造影前、后PI、AUC差异显著,P<0.01。造影后心率、血压均无影响。结论:Sigma新型声学造影剂具有良好的心肌显象作用,可用于评价心肌血流灌注。     

Intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography during angioplasty

Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) using power Doppler harmonic imaging (PDHI) has been reported to document regional myocardial perfusion. Two case reports demonstrate the potential of intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography during angioplasty.     

Assessment of regional myocardial hypoperfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography using intravenous bolus application in patients with acute chest pain: a double case report.

Myocardial contrast echocardiography using power Doppler harmonic imaging is able to document myocardial hypoperfusion. Two case reports demonstrate the potential of intravenous bolus application of microbubbles in patients with acute chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia to detect regional low flow conditions. The case reports will focus on the necessity to present Doppler intensity kinetics by Doppler intensity vs time plots or coloured M-modes to present the data more objectively. In addition, the hypoperfusion detected with myocardial contrast echocardiography via bolus injection of microbubbles can only be proven by changes of regional perfusion between repetitive myocardial contrast echocardiography measurements or by additional perfusion analysis, e.g. by scintiscanning.     

Abnormal myocardial flow reserve in sickle cell disease: a myocardial contrast echocardiography study

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by obstruction of microvessels leading to ischemia and necrosis. We have aimed to demonstrate whether myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is able to detect myocardial perfusion abnormalities in SCD patients and to assess their relationship with left ventricle ( LV) perfusion and systolic function. Methods: A group of 25 patients with SCD and a control group of 19 normal individuals were studied. Using MCE, myocardial perfusion reserve indices (A, β, and A×β) were obtained, before and after hyperemia with dypiridamole. LV function was also analyzed: ejection fraction (EF), index of myocardial performance (IMP), the ratio of transmitral early-diastolic flow velocity E and the pulsed tissue Doppler mitral annular early diastolic velocity Ea (E/Ea) (E/Ea), tissue Doppler mitral annular peak systolic velocity (Sa), and peak systolic strain (S) were obtained. Results: Myocardial velocity (β) and myocardial blood flow (A×β) reserves were lower in the patients than in controls (1.7 ± 0.4 vs. 3.3 ± 0.2, P = 0.000 and 2.1 ± 0.6 vs. 4.1 ± 0.2, P = 0.000, respectively). In SCD patients, a correlation was found between β reserve and EF, IMP, Sa, E/Ea, and S% and between A×β reserve and Sa. Conclusions: MCE detected abnormal perfusion reserve in patients with SCD, which correlated with systolic function indices. This suggests that perfusion plays a role in SCD ventricular dysfunction.     

Usefulness of quantitative intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography to analyze microvasculature perfusion in patients with a recent myocardial infarction and an open infarct-related artery: comparison with intracoronary myocardial contrast echocardiography.

AIMS: We analyzed the usefulness of quantitative intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography to study microvasculature perfusion after infarction in comparison with intracoronary myocardial contrast echocardiography. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-two patients with a first ST elevation myocardial infarction, single-vessel disease and an open artery (TIMI 3) were studied before discharge. Myocardial perfusion in the risk area was quantified with intracoronary and intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography. Perfusion was normal (intracoronary contrast echocardiography normalized videointensity >0.75) in 78 out of 97 dysfunctional segments (80%). Sensitivity and specificity of intravenous contrast echocardiography to predict normal perfusion were 87% and 63% for 'first-pass myocardial blood flow' (upslope of contrast arrival x peak intensity after intravenous bolus injection of contrast) and 91% and 89% for end-systolic single-triggered images captured every 6 cycles, respectively. In an analysis per patients, normal perfusion (0 or 1 hypoperfused segments with intracoronary contrast echocardiography) was observed in 22 cases (69%). End-systolic single-triggered images showed a strong correlation with intracoronary contrast echocardiography (R2 = 0.82, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous contrast echocardiography is a useful technique to analyze microvasculature perfusion soon after infarction. A quantitative analysis of single-triggered images is an easy-to-obtain and reliable method to define perfusion when compared with intracoronary contrast echocardiography.     

Digital analysis of myocardial contrast echocardiography: a clinical study using an air-filled agent in normal subjects

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether direct digital image analysis would allow improved detection of myocardial contrast. Eighteen normal subjects were recruited and separated into two groups. In group 1, the time-brightness curves of the left ventricular cavity and three myocardial perfusion beds were formed from digitized video tape, with output power and imaging time as secondary variables. In group 2, curves constructed from direct polar digital data were compared, with fundamental and second harmonic image formation as variables. In group 1 subjects, using fundamental imaging, the area under the curve in the left ventricular cavity increased slightly with intermittent imaging. No consistent myocardial opacification was identified. In group 2 subjects, using intermittent imaging, the area under the myocardial curve and peak intensity increased with high output, second harmonic imaging in the left anterior descending and right coronary artery regions. Intermittent, second harmonic imaging and digital processing can demonstrate myocardial contrast even with an air-filled agent.