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1.
Emily A. Partridge Douglas Canning Christopher Long William H. Peranteau Holly L. Hedrick N. Scott Adzick Alan W. Flake 《Journal of pediatric surgery》2014
Purpose
Anorectal and urologic sequelae are observed in long-term survivors of sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT). In this study we evaluate the incidence and predictors of anorectal and urologic complications in SCT.Methods
A retrospective review was performed for all SCT patients who underwent resection at a single institution between 2000 and 2012. Enrollment criteria included a minimum of 12 months follow-up. Categorical variables were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test and continuous variables by Mann Whitney test (p < 0.05).Results
Forty-five patients were studied. Anorectal complications occurred in 29%, including severe chronic constipation (n = 13) and fecal incontinence (n = 4). Urologic complications occurred in 33%, including neurogenic bladder (n = 12), vesicoureteral reflux (n = 5), and urinary incontinence (n = 7). Prenatal imaging by fetal MRI demonstrated mass effect with obstruction of the bowel (n = 4) or bladder and collecting system (n = 7) in a subset of patients with postnatal complications (anorectal 4/4, PPV 100%; urologic 6/7, PPV 86%). Postnatal complications were associated with obstructive findings on prenatal imaging, prenatal therapeutic interventions, Altman classification, perineal reconstruction, and tumor recurrence. No anorectal or urologic complications occurred in patients with Altman type I tumors.Conclusions
Urologic and anorectal complications are common in patients with SCT. Higher Altman classification and prenatal imaging suggestive of intestinal or urologic obstruction should prompt focused prenatal counseling and postnatal screening for anorectal and urologic dysfunction. 相似文献2.
Arjona Barrionuevo JD Gonzáles Vargas-Machuca MF Gómez Pulido F Gil Sacaluga L Gentil Govantes MA Martínez-Martínez A 《Transplantation proceedings》2010,42(8):3123-3125
Background
The high prevalence of classic cardiovascular risk factors in patients undergoing dialysis therapy or transplantation is associated with a 3.5- to 50-fold higher risk than in the general population. The primary cause of death in transplant recipients is cardiovascular disease.Objective
To report echocardiographic findings using a screening protocol to detect heart disease in candidates for kidney transplantation.Methods
Between November 2005 and December 2009, we examined 356 patients using 2-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography.Results
A high prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, valvulopathy, and valve calcification was observed. There was a positive correlation between valve calcification and female sex, age (P < .001), duration of renal replacement therapy (P = .01), peripheral arterial disease (P = .02), cerebrovascular disease (P = .005), and high concentration of lipoprotein(a) (P = .02).Conclusion
An echocardiographic study should be part of the initial evaluation in candidates for renal transplantation. 相似文献3.
Rich BS McEvoy MP Kelly NE Oh E Abramson SJ Price AP Cheung NK La Quaglia MP 《Journal of pediatric surgery》2011,46(1):103-107
Background/Purpose
Image-defined vessel encasement is a significant risk factor for surgical complications and incomplete resection for intermediate-risk tumors. We sought to examine the impact of vessel encasement on complications or resectability in intermediate-risk or high-risk patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 207 consecutive patients with circumferential encasement of the renal vessels, celiac axis, and/or superior mesenteric artery (SMA) who underwent resection between 1991 and 2009. Specifically, we evaluated resection rates, complications, and outcome.Results
Median age at diagnosis was 3.0 years, and 79% of patients had stage 4 disease. Of known MYCN status, 23.4% had MYCN amplification. Vessel encasement included renal vessels, celiac axis, or SMA alone in 107, 7, and 4 patients, respectively. Both the renal vessels and celiac axis were encased in 5 patients, renal vessels and SMA in 7 patients, and celiac axis and SMA in 14 patients. Sixty-three patients had all 3 vessels encased. The gross total resection (GTR) rate was 94%. No operative or postoperative deaths occurred. The overall complication rate was 34.8% (n = 72). Overall 5-year survival (±SEM) was 67.4% (±7.4%).Conclusion
Encasement of major visceral arteries in patients with neuroblastoma who have received chemotherapy does not preclude gross total resection. 相似文献4.
Introduction
Urologic cancers are the second or third most common malignancies in renal transplant (RT) recipients. This study sought to determine the incidence of and identify possible risk factors for urologic malignancies among patients who underwent transplantation at our center.Methods
This retrospective, single-center cohort included 836 patients who underwent transplantation from 1994 to 2011 who remained under our care. A review of their medical records revealed 63 subjects with de novo cancer, including 21 with urologic malignancies (2.5%). We analyzed demographic and clinical data of cancer versus noncancer patients with differences considered to be significant at P < .05.Results
The urologic malignancies included renal cell carcinoma (n = 13), prostate cancer (n = 5), and bladder transitional cell carcinoma (n = 3). The mean follow-up time was 10 ± 3.9 years. The mean age at diagnosis was 54 ± 7.4 years and the mean time from transplantation was 4 ± 3.3 years. The mortality rate among group was 19.0%. The analysis did not show significant differences in demographic or clinical characteristics between the groups, except for the prevalence of male gender and smoking status among the cancer cohort. No significant differences were observed for other suspected risk factors, including immunosuppressive protocols, time of pretransplantation dialysis, and age.Conclusions
The development of urologic malignancies is an early event, frequently observed within 4-5 years after transplantation. Therefore, this period should be considered for routine urologic cancer screening. 相似文献5.
Background/Purpose
The long-term urologic outcome in a large series of patients with neural tube defects was evaluated.Methods
The following clinical parameters in 398 patients ranging from 1 to 37 years of age—69 with caudal regression syndrome (CRS), 244 with meningomyelocele (MMC), and 85 with spinal lipoma (SL)—were studied: congenital renal anomalies, renal function, vesico-ureteric reflux, upper tract dilatation, urodynamic pattern, and urinary continence.Results
Single kidney was much more frequent in CRS (20.3%), compared with MMC (1.2%) and SL (0%). Vesico-ureteric reflux was found in 37.7% of patients with CRS, 43.0% of MMC, and 21.2% of SL. Patients with CRS had a higher risk of impaired renal function (8.7%), compared with MMC (5.3%) and SL (1.2%). Neuropathic bladder was found in 61% of patients with CRS, 98% of MMC, and 42% of SL. Among them, clean intermittent catheterization and drugs allowed 30% of patients with CRS, 45% of MMC, and 71% of SL to be dry for more than 4 hours.Conclusions
Diagnosis influences the urologic outcome in neural tube defect. In CRS, the incidence of renal agenesis and vesico-ureteric reflux was unexpectedly high. The risk of renal damage and, in those with neuropathic bladder, of urinary incontinence, was similar to patients with MMC. 相似文献6.
Coskun AK Harlak A Ozer T Eyitilen T Yigit T Demirbaş S Uzar Aİ Kozak O Cetiner S 《Transplantation proceedings》2011,43(3):813-815
Objective
Ureteral stents are used to reduce urologic complications after renal transplantation. However, they predispose to infection. The optimal time to keep them in the urinary tract has not yet been defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of early removal at the end of 2 weeks on urinary tract infections and early urologic complications (within 3 months), such as ureteroneocyctostomy leakage as well as ureteral anastomosis stricture or obstruction.Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 48 patients who underwent renal transplantation using a ureteral stent. The patients were divided into two groups according to the time of stent removal: at the end of 2 weeks (group A; n = 10) versus at a later time (group B; n = 38).Results
The urologic complication rate was 0% in group A and the urinary tract infection rate, 2%. The urologic complication rate was 0% in group B and the urinary tract infection rate, 35%.Conclusion
Early removal of the stent at the end of 2 weeks after renal transplantation is decreased the rate of urinary tract infections. 相似文献7.
Constantine T. Frantzides Mark A. Carlson Ali Keshavarzian Jacob E. Roberts 《American journal of surgery》2010,200(2):305-307
Background
The management of high-grade esophageal dysplasia has included surveillance, endoscopic ablative techniques, and esophagectomy. Herein we describe an alternative treatment, laparoscopic transgastric esophageal mucosal resection.Methods
Laparoscopic transgastric esophageal mucosal resection was accomplished through an anterior gastrotomy. The mucosa was stripped from the Z-line to the proximal extent of the abnormal epithelium. The gastrotomy then was closed with a linear stapler, and a Nissen fundoplication was performed.Results
Six patients with high-grade dysplasia of the distal esophagus underwent mucosal resection. After 4 to 7 years of endoscopic surveillance, all patients have regenerated squamous epithelium. One patient developed nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus after 2 years and was treated medically. Two strictures were treated successfully with dilatation.Conclusions
Laparoscopic transgastric esophageal mucosal resection was a reasonable treatment for high-grade dysplasia in this small sample of patients. This technique is a potential alternative treatment for high-grade dysplasia of the esophagus. 相似文献8.
TO Sezer I Solak H Toz B Kardaslar A Er C Hoscoskun 《Transplantation proceedings》2012,44(6):1697-1699
Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate whether kidney transplantations performed using grafts with multiple arteries negatively affected renal function or increased the risk of vascular or urologic complications.Methods
Among 249 kidney transplant patient followed for at least 1 year between 2000 and 2005, we retrospectively evaluated their donor renal artery anatomy to compare postoperative vascular and urologic complications: creatinine clearance at 1, 2, and 5 years, as well as graft survival at 3 and 5 years.Results
While 214 (85.9%) displayed a single artery (group 1), 35 (14.1%) showed multiple renal arteries (group 2). Thirty-one of the group 2 allografts had two, three donors had three, and one had four arteries. The postoperative vascular and urologic complications and the creatinine clearance values at 1, 2, and 5 years of both groups were similar. The 3- and 5-year graft survivals among group 1 were 95% and 90%, whereas those of group 2 were 94% and 91% respectively (P < .05).Conclusion
Our study indicated that multiple renal arteries did not adversely affect postoperative urologic or vascular complications or kidney allograft or patient survival compared with single renal artery cases. 相似文献9.
Rodriguez MA Cass DL Lazar DA Cassady CI Moise KJ Johnson A Mushin OP Hassan SF Belleza-Bascon B Olutoye OO 《Journal of pediatric surgery》2011,46(6):1182-1185
Purpose
This study was designed to develop a prognostic factor for fetuses with sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) that may be useful to predict outcome and guide counseling early in pregnancy. We hypothesize that, in fetuses with SCT, the ratio of tumor size to estimated fetal weight in the second trimester predicts outcome.Methods
We retrospectively reviewed charts of all patients evaluated at our Fetal Center for SCT between 2004 and 2009. Estimated fetal weight and tumor volume were calculated based on prenatal ultrasound or fetal magnetic resonance imaging. Patients were stratified based on tumor volume to fetal weight ratio (TFR), and their outcomes were analyzed by Fisher's Exact test.Results
Tumor volume to fetal weight ratio before 24 weeks' gestation was predictive of outcome. Those with a TFR less than or equal to 0.12 (n = 5) had a significantly better outcome than patients with a TFR greater than 0.12 (n = 5, P < .05). All patients with poor outcomes had a TFR greater than 0.12 by 24 weeks' gestation. A TFR greater than 0.12 predicted poor outcome with 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity. All 4 patients who developed hydrops had a TFR greater than 0.12.Conclusion
In our series of fetuses with SCT, TFR before 24 weeks' gestation correlates with outcome. This novel, prenatal diagnostic tool may be useful in prenatal counseling and for early identification of high-risk fetuses. 相似文献10.
Cook BJ Lim E Cook D Hughes J Chow CW Stanton MP Bidarkar SS Southwell BR Hutson JM 《Journal of pediatric surgery》2005,40(3):478-483
Purpose
Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) with soiling in children may result from slow colonic transit (SCT) or anorectal dysfunction and/or psychological problems known as functional fecal retention (FFR). Evidence is accumulating that SCT and FFR need different treatments, but they are poorly distinguished by solid marker studies. The authors used radionuclear transit scintigraphy to categorize children with CIC as having either FFR or SCT.Methods
Children (N = 101) with CIC (and soiling) who were referred for further investigation after failure of standard treatments (diet, laxatives) received radiolabeled colloid orally, and scintillation images were collected at 0 to 2, 6, 24, 30 and 48 hours (total radiation dosage = 2 standard x-rays). Radioactivity in 6 regions (precolonic, ascending, transverse, descending, rectosigmoid, and evacuated feces) was measured, and the median position (geometric center) of radioactivity at each time was determined.Results
In children, meals normally reach the cecum at 6 hours and are evacuated in 30 to 58 hours. Fifty patients had retention of radioactivity in the proximal colon at 48 hours, indicating SCT. Analysis of the images and the geometric center showed that passage through the ascending colon and transverse colon was delayed in SCT. In 24 patients, radioactivity was passed by 30 hours, indicating normal transit or possible FFR. Twenty-two patients had retention in the rectum, indicating definite FFR. Five studies were borderline.Conclusions
Radionuclear transit scintigraphy is useful for categorizing patients with CIC as having either FFR or SCT, allowing for different treatments. Radionuclear transit scintigraphy provides more detail and greater sensitivity than solid marker studies in diagnosing CIC. Radionuclear transit scintigraphy showed that half of our patients had SCT. 相似文献11.
Gregory J. Landry Ignatius H. Lau Timothy K. Liem M.D. Erica L. Mitchell M.D. Gregory L. Moneta M.D. 《American journal of surgery》2010,199(5):641-645
Background
We report a 15-year experience with renal artery revascularization during abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair.Methods
AAA repairs from 1994 to 2009 were reviewed. Postoperative complications, renal function, patency, and survival in patients undergoing renal artery revascularization were evaluated and compared with a control group of patients undergoing juxtarenal AAA repairs not requiring renal artery revascularization.Results
Sixty patients underwent renal artery revascularization during AAA repair. Transient postoperative renal insufficiency occurred in 20 patients. Temporary hemodialysis was required in 3 patients, with none requiring permanent hemodialysis. There was 1 postoperative death. There was 1 renal artery revascularization failure at 1 month but no other graft failures at 12 months median follow-up evaluation (1-year patency, 97%). In comparison with the control group, transient renal insufficiency and pulmonary complications (33.3% vs 19.8%; P = .042) were more common with renal artery revascularization, with no differences in long-term renal complications or mortality.Conclusions
Renal artery revascularization can be performed during AAA repair with excellent patency and minimal morbidity. 相似文献12.
Charlie T. Huins Arvind Singh Ravi Kumar Lingam Ali Kalan 《Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery》2010,143(1):141-701
Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of half-Fourier-acquisition single-shot turbo-spin-echo (HASTE) diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) in the detection of cholesteatoma.Study Design
Prospective blinded comparative study.Setting
London teaching hospital.Subjects and Methods
Subjects comprised 32 consecutive patients with suspected primary or residual cholesteatoma. HASTE DWMRI was performed on all patients an average of three months before mastoid surgery and evaluated for the presence of cholesteatoma. Radiological findings were correlated with intraoperative findings.Results
HASTE DWMRI accurately predicted the presence or absence of cholesteatoma in 30 of 32 patients. Residual cholesteatoma was correctly diagnosed by DWMRI in 12 of 14 cases and correctly excluded in six, with two false-negative results caused by movement artifact and keratin pearls less than 2 mm. All primary cholesteatomas were correctly identified. Sensitivity and specificity were 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-0.99) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.54-1.0), respectively, whereas positive and negative predictive values were 1.00 (95% CI 0.86-1.00) and 0.75 (95% CI 0.35-0.97), respectively.Conclusion
Our study supports the increasing but small body of evidence that non-echo-planar imaging (i.e., HASTE) DWMRI performs well in the detection of cholesteatoma. We propose that HASTE DWMRI should be performed on all patients before their second-look surgery to provide valuable information to the operating surgeon. 相似文献13.
Background
Caecal volvulus accounts for 30% of all cases of volvulus of the colon.Methods
We recorded clinical data and accurate images of volvulus of the cecum.Results
A detorsion with resection and primary anastomosis was performed. We reviewed the management and surgical strategies for cecal volvulus.Conclusions
Caecal volvulus is an uncommon entity with potentially severe outcomes and requires surgical management. 相似文献14.
Myung Woul Han 《Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery》2010,143(3):341-347
Objective
To evaluate clinical features and the diagnostic accuracy of office-based endoscopic incisional biopsy in patients with nasal cavity masses.Study Design
Diagnostic test assessment with chart review.Setting
Tertiary referral center.Subjects and Methods
From January 1997 to August 2006, preoperative diagnosis was achieved using endoscopic incisional biopsy in 521 patients. Cytopathologic and histologic findings were categorized as malignancy, benign neoplasm, or non-neoplastic lesion. Preoperative imaging was done in 462 patients (computed tomography: 438 cases; magnetic resonance imaging: 24 cases). We investigated the accuracy of endoscopic incisional biopsy and preoperative imaging by comparing it with pathologic results from tumor resection as the “gold standard.”Results
Most of the patients had unilateral nasal symptoms (e.g., nasal obstruction, unilateral epistaxis, unilateral facial pain), and the clinical symptoms were of little diagnostic value in the differentiation of tumor and inflammatory lesion. The sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic incisional biopsy were 43.7 and 98.9 percent, respectively, for the diagnosis of nasal cavity malignancies, and 78.2 and 96.2 percent, respectively, for the diagnosis of benign neoplasms. The sensitivity and specificity of preoperative imaging were 78.3 and 97.5 percent, respectively, for the diagnosis of nasal cavity malignancies and 66.4 and 86.3 percent, respectively, for the diagnosis of benign neoplasms. Combining the two modalities increased diagnostic accuracy in nasal cavity masses.Conclusion
Endoscopic incisional biopsy alone did not ensure accurate diagnosis of nasal cavity tumors, but in combination with preoperative imaging it was helpful for the diagnosis of nasal cavity malignancies. 相似文献15.
Margulis V Master VA Cost NG Leibovich BC Joniau S Kuczyk M Mulders PF Kirkali Z Wirth MP Hirao Y Rawal S Chong TW Wood CG 《European urology》2011,60(4):673-683
Context
Although an ever-increasing number of patients are being incidentally diagnosed with small renal masses, there is still a sizable portion of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Those with locally advanced disease present a challenge because they may be difficult to distinguish from those with organ-confined disease at the time of diagnosis. However, this distinction is important because they may require a different management strategy. These advanced RCC patients include those with venous tumour thrombi, extracapsular tumour extension, adjacent organ involvement, as well as nodal disease.Evidence acquisition
A thorough literature search of the following terms was undertaken: advanced renal cell carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma venous tumour thrombi, renal cell carcinoma extra-capsular extension, renal cell carcinoma nodal metastasis, and locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma. An international expert panel convened by the International Consultation on Urologic Diseases and the European Association of Urology reviewed these articles.Evidence synthesis
Review of the available literature allowed for assessment of the level of evidence for the diagnosis, management, and therapy of locally advanced RCC with the ultimate goal of providing a synthesis of this information with a consensus statement from leaders in the field.Conclusions
Despite the advances in prognostic markers and targeted molecular therapies for RCC, currently the only curative treatment for locally advanced RCC is aggressive surgical resection. 相似文献16.
Lisandra Stein Bernardes Remi Salomon Stephen Lortat-Jacob 《Journal of pediatric surgery》2011,46(7):1412-1418
Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of prenatal ultrasound markers to predict postnatal renal prognosis in fetuses with posterior urethral valves.Methods
Medical files on fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of posterior urethral valves from 2000 to 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. Data from prenatal follow-up included gestational age at diagnosis, ultrasound renal parenchyma evaluation, and presence and time of oligohydramnios onset. Prenatal parameters studied were correlated to postnatal renal function.Results
Thirty-one male fetuses were included. Six pregnancies were terminated. Of the remaining 25 pregnancies that were continued, 4 children had abnormal creatine and 21 normal creatinine levels at follow-up. Presence and time of oligohydramnios onset did not differ between groups (P = .43). Ultrasound detected bilateral renal abnormalities in 3 fetuses (75%) with altered renal function, and 10 fetuses (55%) with normal creatinine, at follow-up.Conclusions
None of the ultrasound parameters evaluated were able to reliably predict postnatal renal function. 相似文献17.
Background
Combined cardiac surgery and pulmonary resection using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been described previously. There are a few reports of combined procedures done without using CPB. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) eliminates organ dysfunction and suppression of immune system related to extracorporeal circulation.Methods
Six patients underwent combined OPCABG and lung resection during a 4-year period. Follow-up ranging from 9 months to 3 years is available for these patients.Results
Malignant pathology was the diagnosis in 5 patients and 1 patient was diagnosed with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Right upper lobectomy was performed in 3 patients, left upper lobectomy was performed in 1 patient, right upper and middle bilobectomy was performed in 1 patient, and bilateral lung volume reduction was performed in one patient. Prolonged air leak occurred in 1 patient postoperatively and another patient experienced small right-sided residual pleural space that was resolved at 6 weeks follow-up. There were no operative deaths but there were 2 late deaths. Evidence of recurrence for angina or malignancy upon follow-up was not detected.Conclusions
A combined procedure is a safe approach in patients diagnosed with concomitant coronary artery and pulmonary disease. Avoidance of CPB may decrease the incidence of postoperative complications. 相似文献18.
Lima M Lalla M Aquino A Dòmini M Tursini S Ruggeri G Pelusi G Pigna A Tani G Pilu GL Prandstraller D Salfi N 《Journal of pediatric surgery》2005,40(10):e1-e5
Background
Fetal and neonatal hepatic arteriovenous fistulas are rare and associated with a high mortality rate; they can be prenatally detected by ultrasonography. Management of these malformations can be a challenge for pediatric surgeons.Methods
Two patients with a prenatal diagnosis of intrahepatic arteriovenous shunts were treated at our institution in the last 2 years. A hepatic complex arteriovenous malformation fed respectively by prominent branches of the hepatic artery and of the celiac trunk rising from dilated suprarenal aortae and draining into suprahepatic veins was detected. In the first case, an embolization was performed; in the second, the surgical resection of the vascular malformation was the treatment of choice.Results
The first patient died after embolization and before surgery for hemodynamic complications. The second patient, at a follow-up of 16 months, is alive and doing well.Conclusion
Hepatic resection is the treatment of choice for localized intrahepatic arteriovenous malformation. Theoretically, embolization could be curative or reduce the size of a malformation, making consequent hepatic resection feasible. Results do not support this theory because of the high rate of complications recorded that brought in every case, ours included, to the death of the child. 相似文献19.
Ratto GB Costa R Vassallo G Alloisio A Maineri P Bruzzi P 《The Annals of thoracic surgery》2004,78(1):234-237
Background
We retrospectively reviewed our 12-year experience in the surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer invading the left atrium. End points of the study were overall survival and factors potentially affecting survival.Methods
Nineteen consecutive patients with lung cancer invading the left atrium underwent surgery. Three patients with N2 disease underwent induction chemotherapy. Patients with either incomplete resections or pN2 disease received postoperative chemoradiotherapy.Results
Five-year survival was 14%, and the median survival time was 25 months. These figures refer to a very homogeneous group of patients with respect to the extent of atrial infiltration. Patients with N2 disease tended to have a worse outcome than patients with N0 or N1 disease (p = 0.06). The 3 patients with N2 disease who underwent induction chemotherapy were alive and disease-free at 30, 15, and 11 months from surgery. Survival was not affected by histology, type of surgery, or completeness of resection. Three patients with residual cancer in the atrial resection margin underwent postoperative chemoradiotherapy and are alive at 25, 17, and 15 months after surgery.Conclusions
In spite of the poor survival rates we report, the present experience suggests that more-favorable results could be expected by the routine preoperative use of positron emission tomographic scan staging, a more-extensive assessment of atrial invasion, the application of induction chemotherapy in patients with N2 disease, and postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with tumors abutting the atrial resection margin. 相似文献20.
Gow KW Chen MK;New Technology Committee Barnhart D Breuer C Brown M Calkins C Ford H Harmon C Hebra A Kane T Keshen T Kokoska ER Lawlor D Pearl R 《Journal of pediatric surgery》2010,45(11):2227-2233