Effect of PaCO2 and PaO2 on Lidocaine and Articaine Toxicity

Alterations in arterial PaCO₂ can influence local anesthetic toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of stress-induced changes in PaCO₂ and PaO₂ on the seizure threshold of lidocaine and articaine. Lidocaine (2% with 1 ∶ 100,000 epinephrine) or articaine (4% with 1 ∶ 100,000 epinephrine) was administered intravenously under rest or stress conditions to 36 rats separated into 4 groups. Propranolol and prazosin were administered preoperatively to minimize cardiovascular effects of epinephrine. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and arterial pH, PaCO₂, and PaO₂ were measured. Results showed no differences in MAP, HR, or pH. Stress significantly increased the latency period for the first tonic-clonic seizure induced by a toxic dose of both lidocaine and articaine (P < .05). Seizures were brought on more rapidly by articaine. No significant difference between toxic doses of lidocaine and articaine was noted. Stress raised the seizure threshold dose for both drugs and significantly (P < .01) increased arterial PaO₂ from 94.0 ± 1.90 mm Hg to 113.0 ± 2.20 mm Hg, and reduced PaCO₂ from 36.0 ± 0.77 mm Hg to 27.0 ± 0.98 mm Hg. In conclusion, reduction in PaCO₂ and/or increase in PaO₂ raised the seizure threshold of lidocaine and articaine. This study also confirmed that lidocaine and articaine have equipotent central nervous system toxicity.     

Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for specific IgE antibody to lidocaine,procaine and methylparaben

Although anaphylactoid reactions to local anesthetics are well known, a radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to detect specific drug reagin (IgE) anti-body has not been developed. We established RAST for local anesthetics by using carboxylic acid derivatives of lidocaine, procaine and methylparaben. Serum samples were taken from 100 volunteers who were regarded to be nonallergic to the drugs used. Negative RAST values obtained from these volunteers were 1653 ± 254(SD) cpm (lidocaine), 2750 ± 264cpm (procaine), and 2805 ± 336cpm (methyl paraben).(Kokubu M, Oda K, Shinya N: Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for specific IgE antibody to lidocaine, procaine and methylparaben. J Anesth 3: 74–79, 1989)     

Effects of bupivacaine and lidocaine on cardiac function in awake and pentobarbital-anesthetized rats

Using an implanted Doppler crystal, we evaluated emodynamic changes induced by subconvulsive doses of bupivacaine and lidocaine in awake and pentobarbitalanesthetized rats. Low doses of lidocaine (2.0 mg·kg⁻¹) and bupivacaine (0.5 mg·kg⁻¹) changed hemodynamics minimally. However, a high dose of lidocaine (8.0 mg·kg⁻¹) reduced heart rate, cardiac output, and regional myocardial wall thickening for a short period with or without anesthesia. In contrast, a high dose of bupivacaine (2.0 mg·kg⁻¹) increased mean arterial pressure and did not change heart rate or regional myocardial wall thickening in the awake state. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, a high dose of lidocaine reduced mean arterial pressure significantly shortly after the injection, but bupivacaine did not. Thus, it is unlikely that bupivacaine has more potent cardiotoxicity than lidocaine in subconvulsive doses.     

局部利多卡因凝胶与静脉注射利多卡因在喉罩应用中的比较研究

目的探讨在喉罩使用过程中局部利多卡因凝胶与静脉注射利多卡因对维持血流动力学的稳定性是否有相同效应。方法选择2011年6月～2012年10月择期全麻下腹腔镜胆囊切除术48例,随机分为3组,每组16例。T组（局部给药组）,2％利多卡因凝胶涂抹于喉罩罩杯的双面,同时静脉注射生理盐水10ml;1组（静脉给药组）,普通水溶性润滑剂涂抹于喉罩罩杯的双面,同时2％利多卡因1．5mg／kg生理盐水稀释至10ml静脉注射;C组（对照组）,普通水溶性润滑剂涂抹于喉罩罩杯的双面,同时生理盐水10ml静脉注射。记录喉罩置入前,置入即刻,置入后1、3、5min,以及拔除喉罩前1min,拔除即刻,拔除后1、3、5min的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）,记录拔除喉罩前后并发症。结果3组置入和拔出喉罩时MAP、HR无明显变化（P〉0．05）。T组和I组MAP在喉罩置入后1min和拔出即刻、1min、3min、5min明显低于C组（P〈0．05）。拔除喉罩后3组均无喉痉挛和吞咽困难发生,咽痛、干呕并发症发生率3组差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论局部应用利多卡因凝胶与静脉注射利多卡因在喉罩使用过程中对维持血流动力学的稳定性具有相同效应。     

Bupivacaine and saline effects on articular cartilage

Isotonic saline solution causes acute inhibition of 35SO4 incorporation into intact articular cartilage slices in vitro, but there is no evidence of ultrastructural damage to chondrocytes following treatment with bupivacaine or saline solution in vivo. Also, there is recovery of 35SO4 incorporation by 1-3 days following in vivo intraarticular administration of bupivacaine in saline solution to young pigs and adult dogs. There does not appear to be any contraindication to the use of intraarticular bupivacaine based on these findings.     

硬膜外利多卡因阻滞时抗室性心律失常的利多卡因给药方案探讨

18例成年病人,随机分成三个组:硬膜外利多卡因3.2mg/kg组,硬膜外利多卡因加1∶20万肾上腺素3.2mg/kg组和静注利多卡因1mg/kg组。利多卡因药时曲线变化规律符合二室开放药代动力学模型,并按一级速率过程进行消除。硬膜外腔注入利多卡因后血药浓度峰值为3.7±1.4μg/ml和2.6+0.6μg/ml,达峰时间为13.5±3.6min和16.4±3.6min。t 1/2Ka为2.901±1.305min和3.464±2.163min.t 1/2β为148.158±41.298min和167.820±34.611 min,CL为6.991±1.124ml/kg/min和6.842±1.820ml/kg/min,Vc为0.677±0.204L/kg和0.946士0.215L/kg。静注利多卡因组Co为3.3士0.8μg/ml,t 1/2β为104.541±50.213min,CL为9.744±2.122ml/kg/min.Vc为0.323士0.127L/kg。本文用药代动力学原理和公式对硬膜外利多卡因阻滞时抗室性心律失常的利多卡因给药方案进行了探讨。     

等剂量静注不同浓度利多卡因的药动学

本文报告等剂量２％与０．５％浓度的利多卡因注射液在健康家兔静注给药后的药代动力学。采用ＦＰＩＡ法测定利多卡因血药浓度。结果表明两者在药动学上有一定差异，２％组与０．５％组相比，给药后瞬时血药浓度有所升高，分布容积减小，消除半衰期延长。提示高浓度利多卡因毒性的增加与血药浓度升高及消除半衰期延长有一定的相关性。     

Methylprednisolone treatment of patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

Treatment with a combination of pulse methylprednisolone (MP) and an alkylating agent has been reported to induce long-term remission of proteinuria in patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). We have treated 13 patients with SRNS with a course of pulse MP. There were 8 black patients and 5 white; 10 had a biopsy diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and 3 nil lesion. Initially 5 patients responded and 2 partially responded. Of the responding patients, 5 relapsed while treated with alternate-week MP therapy. Of these relapsing patients, 3 received a second course of MP plus chlorambucil; 2 responded. The patients were observed for a mean of 47 months (range 4–64 months). When last seen only the 3 patients with a biopsy diagnosis of nil lesion were protein free. There were no complications of steroid therapy. Six patients currently have end-stage renal disease and 2 have renal insufficiency. All of the 6 patients with no response to treatment were black. These data suggest that a course of pulse MP therapy alone induces short-term remission of the nephrotic syndrome in some white patients with FSGS, but in almost no blacks. Patients who relapse may respond to retreatment, but addition of an alkylating agent does not appear to induce longterm remission in patients with FSGS.     

Serum Concentrations and Urinary Excretion of Lidocaine and its two Desethylated Metabolites after Spinal Anaesthesia using Lidocaine or Lidocaine with Phenylephrine

In 13 patients undergoing transurethral prostatic resection under spinal anaesthesia with heavy lidocaine or with heavy lidocaine plus phenylephrine hydrochloride, the serum concentrations of lidocaine, monoethylglycinexylidide and glycinexylidide and their renal excretion were measured with a HPLC method. Seven patients were given lidocaine alone 1.25 mg/kg and six lidocaine 1.25 mg/kg mixed with phenylephrine hydrochloride 3 mg. There was no significant difference between the two groups either in the serum levels of lidocaine or in the renal excretion rate of lidocaine and its metabolites. This finding gives support to the opinion that phenylephrine in low doses has no prolonging effect on spinal anaesthesia performed with heavy lidocaine.     

甲基强的松龙在胸椎管狭窄症围手术期的应用

目的探讨甲基强的松龙(MP)在胸椎管狭窄症围手术期应用的价值.方法对82例胸椎管狭窄症采用单纯后路胸椎板切除术患者进行回顾性研究.所有患者手术减压前30min给予MP 1000mg冲击.76例减压术后第1日起每日200mg递减,术后第5d停药.术后出现脊髓缺血再灌注(IR)损伤6例,其中3例MP用法同上;另3例术后出现脊髓IR损伤时即刻按NASCIS-Ⅱ方案治疗.结果本组76例术后呈现不同程度的恢复.另6例术后出现脊髓IR损伤,其中术后MP每日200mg递减治疗的3例患者神经功能恢复较慢,1例于术后6个月恢复至正常,2例术后1年随访时肌力恢复满意但肢体仍有麻痛感;采用NASCIS-Ⅱ方案治疗的3例患者中,2例于治疗后48h神经功能基本恢复正常,1例于术后1个月双下肢功能完全恢复正常.发生应激性溃疡1例.结论胸椎管狭窄症手术减压患者围手术期应用MP,具有预防和治疗脊髓继发性损伤的作用.     

Effects of intravenously administered lidocaine on pulmonary vagal afferents and phrenic nerve activity in cats

The ability of lidocaine to suppress activity of single vagal afferent fiber and that of phrenic nerve was studied in 20 cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Slowly adapting stretch receptors (SAR, n = 16) and rapidly adapting stretch receptors (RAR, n = 7) were identified by their discharge pattern to pulmonary inflation. Intravenous lidocaine (1mg·kg^–1 or 2mg·kg^–1) produced a suppression of SAR activity but not of RAR activity. Suppression of phrenic nerve activity lasted much longer than that of SAR. These findings indicate that iv lidocaine acts more dominantly on CNS than on peripherals. We conclude that iv lidocaine prevents cough and hemodynamic changes caused by airway manipulation mainly through its action on CNS and not on peripherals (peripheral nerves or their receptor).(Aoki M, Harada Y, Namiki A, et al.: Effects of intravenously administered lidocaine of pulmonary vagal afferents and phrenic nerve activity in cats. J Anesth 6: 395–400, 1992)     

低浓度可调笑氧混合气体镇静、镇痛联合利多卡因局部浸润麻醉在肛门直肠手术中的应用

目的探讨低浓度笑氧混合气体镇静、镇痛联合利多卡因局部浸润麻醉在肛门直肠手术中的应用价值。方法将在笔者所在医院接受肛门直肠手术的300例患者分为对照组154例和观察组146例。对照组采用单纯利多卡因局部浸润麻醉,观察组采用低浓度笑氧混合气体镇静镇痛联合利多卡因局部浸润麻醉,比较2组患者术前及术后生命体征的变化及其镇静、镇痛效果。结果所有患者均完成肛门直肠手术。对照组与观察组相比,其手术前后心率、血压及血氧饱和度变化的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对照组和观察组的手术操作时间分别为（36.3±6.8）min与（35.4±6.5）min,差异无统计学意义（t=0.607,P=0.544）;观察组的镇痛效果（Z=-6.859,P=O.000）及镇静效果（Z=-5.275,P=-0.000）均优于对照组。结论低浓度笑氧混合气体镇静、镇痛联合利多卡因局部浸润麻醉较单纯利多卡因局部浸润麻醉,其镇痛及镇静效果均较好,患者术中和术后生命体征平稳,使用安全,值得临床推广应用。     

关节软骨缺损修复的实验与临床

关节软骨的修复一直是骨科领域尚未完全解决的一大难题。现就关节软骨损伤后促进自身修复、组织或细胞移植修复、组织工程修复等方面对关节软骨修复方法作一综述。     

超常量扩张促进皮肤软组织扩张器内利多卡因的渗透作用

目的：探讨超常量扩张对皮肤软组织扩张器内利多卡因的渗透作用。方法：实验分为常量扩张组和超常量扩张组，注入2％的盐酸利多卡因后将扩张囊置入生理盐水中，分别于2，8、24h取样，用高效液相色谱仪测定囊外的药物浓度。结果：扩张器对利多卡因有渗透作用，超常量扩张组各个时间点渗透到扩张囊外的利多卡因浓度大于常量组。结论：超常量扩张可增加利多卡因的渗透性，在患者注水过程中可减轻疼痛。     

成纤维细胞生长因子对兔关节软骨损伤的修复作用

目的：观察成纤维细胞生长因子对兔关节软骨组织损伤的修复作用。方法：于６例兔股骨外侧髁最高点膝关节面处钻孔,在术中及术后将ＦＧＦ注射入钻孔的膝关节腔,每只动物对侧作自身对照,注射生理盐水或不予处理。１月后作大体及病理组织学观察。结果：实验组关节面钻孔部位５例已封闭,较平整光滑;而对照组４例关节面未完全封闭,粗糙,凹凸不平;２例已封闭,但不平整。光镜下实验组关节软骨钻孔部位有明显的软骨性修复。结论：成纤维细胞生长因子能促进兔关节软骨损伤的修复     

甲基泼尼松龙与葛根素联用对预防脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的作用

 目的 探讨甲基泼尼松龙(methylprednisolone, MP)联用葛根素对预防脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的作用。方法 80只SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性药组、治疗组,每组20只。空白组仅暴露腹主动脉,其他三组均通过夹闭肾下腹主动脉30 min造成脊髓缺血再灌注损伤。阳性药组在损伤前30 min于鼠尾静脉注射30 mg/kg的MP,治疗组注射10 mg/kg的MP及30 mg/kg的葛根素,模型组注射与阳性药组MP等容量的生理盐水。3 h后采用向大鼠耳缘静脉注射10 ml空气的方法每组各处死10只,而后取其脊髓标本匀浆后测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、钠-钾三磷酸腺苷酶(Na-K ATP)的表达水平。每组余10只大鼠在麻醉清醒即刻、再灌注12 h、24 h后按BBB评价标准对后肢功能进行评分,于24 h后采用同样方法处死每组剩余大鼠并取脊髓标本观察脊髓神经元形态。结果 模型组、阳性药组、治疗组于再灌注3 h后的SOD、Na-K ATP表达水平明显低于空白组,阳性药组和治疗组明显高于模型组,且阳性药组和治疗组比较无明显差异。BBB评分阳性药组和治疗组明显高于空白组和模型组,且阳性药组和治疗组无明显差异。再灌注24 h后,脊髓神经元显微镜下观察显示阳性药组和治疗组损伤程度相当,均明显低于模型组。结论 MP与葛根素联用对预防脊髓缺血再灌注损伤具有明显的保护作用。