阿司匹林对糖尿病患者心脑血管事件一级预防的荟萃分析

目的 系统评价阿司匹林对糖尿病患者心脑血管事件一级预防的疗效及安全性.方法 电子检索数据席MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane图书馆、维普数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库等,文献检索时间为建库至2009年7月,检索关键词包括阿司匹林、糖尿病、一级预防、心血管事件、心肌梗死、卒中,文献语种不限.检索纳入文献的参考文献.纳入阿司匹林降低糖尿病患者心脑血管并发症的所有前瞻性随机对照试验,评价纳入研究的方法学质量,并提取符合纳入标准的数据,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行荟专笔分析.结果 共纳入4项随机对照试验中的5883例糖尿病患者.荟萃分析结果显示:阿司匹林可使糖尿病患者卒中事件的发生率降低近30%(RR=0.71,95%CI为0.55～0.93,P=0.01),阿司匹林组与对照组主要心血管事件(RR=0.90,95%CI为0.77～1.04,P=0.15)及心肌梗死事件(RR=1.02,95%CI为0.78～1.32,P=0.90)无显著差异.阿司匹林对不同性别糖尿病患者主要心血管事件的影响无显著差异.阿司匹林可使糖尿病患者主要出血事件的发生风险增加4倍(RR=4.03,95%CI为2.09～7.78,P<0.0001),阿司匹林组与对照组心源性死亡事件(RR=0.85,95%CI为0.32～2.24,P=0.74)及全因死亡事件(RR=0.87,95%CI为0.47～1.61,P=0.67)无显著差异.结论 阿司匹林能显著降低糖尿病患者卒中事件的发生风险,增加出血事件的发生风险.     

阿司匹林对于心血管疾病一级预防的效果及安全性的系统综述及meta分析

目的使用系统综述和meta分析评价阿司匹林在心血管一级预防中的效果及安全性。方法 2014年12月利用阿司匹林、一级预防、心血管等作为检索词检索PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane Library、ClinicalTrials.gov、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国生物医学期刊引文数据库(CMCI)、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中国科技期刊数据库(VIP)及万方数据库等多个数据库。根据纳入排除标准对检索出的文献进行筛选。对纳入的文献进行方法学评价,并提取基本信息、方法学特征、干预措施和结局指标等信息。根据异质性检验选择固定效应模型或随机效应模型对各个研究的结果进行meta分析。数据分析和图表制作使用Stata11.0等软件完成。结果本研究共纳入10项研究,阿司匹林组共纳入59 365人,其中发生主要不良心血管事件(MACE)2222件(3.74%);安慰剂组纳入57 720人,发生MACE 2306件(4.00%)。使用固定效应模型的汇总结果显示出MACE风险显著减少10%(RR=0.90,95%CI:0.85~0.96,P0.000);心肌梗死风险降低16%(RR=0.84,95%CI:0.72~0.98,P=0.023);卒中风险降低了6%(RR=0.94,95%CI:0.86~1.04,P=0.211);全因死亡风险降低了5%(RR=0.94,95%CI:0.90~1.01,P=0.075);心血管死亡降低2%(RR=0.98,95%CI:0.89~1.09,P=0.776);大出血风险增加77%(RR=1.77,95%CI:1.40~2.22,P=0.000)。结论阿司匹林不适宜用于心血管疾病的一级预防,虽然可使MACE及心肌梗死事件的发生率降低,但是会增加发生大出血的风险。     

4种SGLT2抑制剂治疗射血分数降低的心力衰竭有效性和安全性的网状meta分析

目的:系统评价4种钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2(SGLT2)抑制剂治疗射血分数降低的心力衰竭(HFrEF)患者的有效性和安全性。方法:计算机检索PubMed、EMBASE、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、维普和万方等数据库，搜集关于达格列净、卡格列净、恩格列净及艾托格列净4种SGLT2抑制剂治疗HFrEF患者的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限均为建库至2022年7月1日。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后，采用R4.0.1软件进行网状meta分析。结果:共纳入24个RCT,包含11 972例HFrEF患者。网状meta分析结果显示：与安慰剂组比较，在降低心血管死亡和全因死亡发生率方面，达格列净更有优势(心血管死亡：RR=0.81,95%CI:0.69～0.94;全因死亡：RR=0.81,95%CI:0.70～0.92);在降低再入院发生率方面，达格列净和恩格列净更有优势(达格列净：RR=0.74,95%CI:0.65～0.85;恩格列净：RR=0.73,95%CI:0.63～0.84);在降低N末端B型利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)方面，卡格...     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术对于外科低危主动脉瓣狭窄患者有效性和安全性的Meta分析

目的:比较经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)与外科主动脉瓣置换术(SAVR)对于外科低危的主动脉瓣狭窄患者的有效性及安全性。方法:通过计算机检索Pubmed、EMBASE和Cochrane数据库中比较TAVR和SAVR治疗外科低危主动脉狭窄患者的文章,包括随机对照试验(RCT)及非RCT。主要结局为短期(30 d)和长期(1年)的全因死亡率和卒中发生率。次要结局为短期(30 d)和长期(1年)的并发症。结果:共纳入10篇文献,其中RCT 5篇,队列研究5篇,共7 232例患者。汇总分析表明,TAVR较SAVR短期(30 d)全因死亡率和卒中发生率低,差异有统计学意义[全因死亡率:RR=0.67,95%CI:0.46～0.97,P=0.03;卒中发生率:RR=0.67,95%CI:0.46～0.96,P=0.03];TAVR与SAVR长期(1年)全因死亡率和卒中率无统计学差异[全因死亡率:RR=0.97,95%CI:0.76～1.23,P=0.77;卒中发生率:RR=0.73,95%CI:0.53～1.01,P=0.06];TAVR术后并发症(大出血、肾损伤、新发心房颤动)风险较SAVR低,而永久起搏器植入和血管并发症发生风险较SAVR高。结论:TAVR短期(30 d)死亡和卒中风险较SAVR低,在长期(1年)死亡和卒中风险方面两者无明显差异。TAVR较SAVR术后大出血、肾损伤、新发心房颤动风险更低,永久起搏器植入和血管并发症风险更高。     

小剂量阿司匹林有助于预防女性缺血性卒中

一项调查女性心血管病一级预防益处的大型研究发现,小剂量阿司匹林对于降低心肌梗死或心源性死亡没有明显的益处,但却对降低缺血性卒中明显有益。2005年3月,这项研究结果在佛罗里达召开的美国心脏学会会议上进行了交流,并发表在NewEnglJMed上。研究人员将39876名年龄≥45岁的健康女性随机分为隔日服用100mg阿司匹林组或安慰剂组,然后对其初次严重心血管事件(即非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性卒中或心源性死亡)进行为期10年的监测。这项由美国波士顿哈佛布莱根妇女医院心血管内科的Ridke博士主持的研究,旨在评价具有心脏保护作用的阿司匹林的…     

ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后近期和远期预后的性别差异

目的:探讨ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后近期和远期预后的性别差异。方法:连续性纳入了2013年1月至2016年1月于北京友谊医院心内科行PCI的STEMI患者909例,按照性别分为男性组(n=703)和女性组(n=206)。比较两组患者的基线特征以及近期和远期的预后情况。近期终点事件为PCI后30天内全因死亡。远期终点事件包括PCI后30个月内主要不良心血管事件(MACE,包括全因死亡、非致死性心肌梗死和血运重建的复合终点)、全因死亡、心原性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死和血运重建。结果:与男性组患者相比,女性组患者的年龄更大,合并高血压及糖尿病的比例更高(P均0.05),两组患者冠状动脉病变的严重程度以及介入干预的情况差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。女性组PCI后30天内全因死亡的发生率显著高于男性组(5.3%vs 1.4%,P=0.001),但女性并非PCI后30天内死亡的独立危险因素(OR=2.41,95%CI:0.64～9.10,P=0.192)。多因素校正后,女性患者PCI后30个月内MACE (HR=0.91,95%CI:0.52～1.60,P=0.762)、全因死亡(HR=0.65,95%CI:0.29～1.45,P=0.300)、心原性死亡(HR=0.62,95%CI:0.27～1.45,P=0.279)、非致死性心肌梗死(HR=0.48,95%CI:0.17～1.36,P=0.172)以及血运重建(HR=1.28,95%CI:0.51～3.22,P=0.598)的发生风险均与男性患者相近,差异无统计学意义。结论:女性STEMI患者在PCI后近期预后较差,全因死亡发生率高,但远期预后与男性患者相似。     

新一代药物洗脱支架植入术后短期与长期双联抗血小板治疗的安全性及有效性的Meta分析

目的评价新一代药物洗脱支架植入术后短期(≤6个月)与长期(≥12个月)双联抗血小板治疗的安全性及有效性。方法计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、维普期刊数据库及万方数据库,收集有关新一代药物洗脱植入术后双联抗血小板疗程的随机对照试验,检索时间为从建库至2020年1月。结局指标包括:全因死亡率、心源性死亡率、非心源性死亡率、心肌梗死、确定或可能支架内血栓形成、卒中、靶血管血运重建、主要出血事件及总出血事件的发生率。结果共11篇随机对照试验纳入Meta分析,共19 920例患者。与长期组相比,短期双联抗血小板治疗组降低了总出血事件发生率(RR=0.77,95%CI:0.63～0.96,P=0.02),在全因死亡率(RR=0.87,95%CI:0.71～1.08,P=0.20)、心源性死亡率(RR=0.87,95%CI:0.66～1.15,P=0.32)、非心源性死亡率(RR=0.88,95%CI:0.64～1.21,P=0.43)、心肌梗死(RR=1.24,95%CI:1.00～1.54,P=0.05)、确定或可能支架内血栓形成(RR=1.21,95%CI:0.83～1.77,P=0.32)、卒中(RR=0.90,95%CI:0.63～1.28,P=0.55)、靶血管血运重建(RR=1.21,95%CI:0.95～1.54,P=0.12)、主要出血事件(RR=0.77,95%CI:0.53～1.10,P=0.15)的发生率上两组无明显差别。结论新一代药物洗脱支架植入术后短期双抗治疗的安全性及有效性不劣于长期双抗治疗,短期双联抗血小板治疗降低了总出血事件的发生率,且未增加全因死亡率、心源性死亡率、非心源性死亡率、心肌梗死、确定或可能支架内血栓形成、卒中、靶血管血运重建、主要出血事件的发生率,由于研究局限性,需要更多高质量的研究加以验证。     

规范服用双联抗血小板药物对PCI术后冠心病患者预后的影响

目的:探讨规范服用双联抗血小板药物对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)后冠心病患者预后的影响。方法:选取2008-2012年在安徽医科大学第一附属医院被确诊为冠心病并行PCI的患者489例进行随访,通过COX回归方法分析规范服用双联抗血小板药物对初级终点事件(全因死亡,非致死性脑卒中及非致死性心肌梗死)及次级终点事件(Ⅳ级心功能及再血管化治疗)的影响。结果:规范服药组初级终点事件的发生率低于非规范服药组(5%∶17%,P0.001),两组间差异有统计学意义;而次级终点事件规范用药组发生率低于非规范用药组,但两组间无统计学差异。COX回归分析发现规范服用双联抗血小板药物可减少冠心病患者初级终点事件的发生率(RR=0.315,95%CI:0.150~0.666,P=0.002),但对次级终点事件无预测价值。进一步分析显示规范服用抗血小板药物仅对卒中发生的减少有统计学意义(RR=0.085,95%CI:0.020~0.366,P=0.001),对全因死亡及非致死性心肌梗死的发生无预测价值。结论:规范服用双联抗血小板药物可减少初级终点事件,特别是卒中的发生。     

流感疫苗接种对心力衰竭患者结局影响的Meta分析

目的:采用Meta分析方法评价流感疫苗接种对心力衰竭患者全因死亡和住院的影响。方法:计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、CBM、CNKI、WanFang Data和VIP数据库,搜集流感疫苗接种对心力衰竭患者全因死亡和住院影响的观察性队列研究,检索时限均为建库至2019年2月1日。由两名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用Review Manager 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入7个研究,包括156 544例患者。流感疫苗接种降低心力衰竭患者的全因死亡风险[RR=0.72,95%CI(0.63,0.83),P0.001],但未降低其住院风险[RR=0.98,95%CI(0.83,1.14),P=0.77]。亚组分析结果显示:①流感疫苗接种降低心力衰竭患者流感季、非流感季、1年随访期间和长期随访期间(最长4年)全因死亡风险[RR流=0.52,95%CI(0.39,0.69),P0.001;RR非流=0.80,95%CI(0.70,0.90),P0.001;RR1年=0.76,95%CI(0.63,0.92),P0.001;RR长期=0.82,95%CI(0.81,0.83),P0.001];②流感疫苗接种降低心力衰竭患者流感季心血管(CV)住院风险[RR=0.84,95%CI(0.76,0.93),P0.001],但未降低非流感季CV住院和长期随访期间(中位随访时间27个月)全因住院风险[RR非流=1.04,95%CI(0.91,1.19),P=0.56;RR长期=1.07,95%CI(0.97,1.18),P=0.17]。结论:流感疫苗接种可降低心力衰竭患者不同季节全因死亡风险和流感季CV住院风险。     

替罗非班在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗前应用的Meta分析

目的 系统评价替罗非班在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗前使用的有效性和安全性.方法 系统搜索数据库中关于替罗非班在STEMI患者中的随机对照试验,其中每位STEMI患者均接受阿司匹林和氯吡格雷二重抗血小板治疗以及随后的PCI治疗.应用RevMan 5.0软件进行数据的统计学处理.结果 筛选出4个随机对照试验为合格试验,其中811例入选替罗非班组和813例入选对照组.在应用PCI治疗STEMI之前常规使用替罗非班组30天主要不良心血管事件(MACE)下降(RR=0.63,95％ CI为0.44～0.90,P=0.001),未显著降低非致死性再次心肌梗死发生率(RR=0.67,95％ CI为0.34～1.31,P=0.24),全因死亡率下降(RR =0.61,95％CI为0.35～1.05,P=0.007),且没有显著增加严重出血发生率(RR=1.21,95％CI为0.67 ～2.16,P=0.53).结论 在急性STEMI患者接受直接PCI时,常规早期应用替罗非班联合阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双重抗血小板治疗可减少30天MACE发生率,而并不增加严重出血发生率.     

Low-dose aspirin in patients with stable cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis

Objective

Many recommendations for aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease are based on analyses of all antiplatelet therapies at all dosages and in both stable and unstable patients. Our objective was to evaluate the benefit and risk of low-dose aspirin (50-325 mg/d) in patients with stable cardiovascular disease.

Methods

Secondary prevention trials of low-dose aspirin in patients with stable cardiovascular disease were identified by searches of the MEDLINE database from 1966 to 2006. Six randomized trials were identified that enrolled patients with a prior myocardial infarction (MI) (n = 1), stable angina (n = 1), or stroke/transient ischemic attack (n = 4). A random effects model was used to combine results from individual trials.

Results

Six studies randomized 9853 patients. Aspirin therapy was associated with a significant 21% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events (nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, and cardiovascular death) (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.88), 26% reduction in the risk of nonfatal MI (95% CI, 0.60-0.91), 25% reduction in the risk of stroke (95% CI, 0.65-0.87), and 13% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality (95% CI, 0.76-0.98). Patients treated with aspirin were significantly more likely to experience severe bleeding (odds ratio 2.2, 95% CI, 1.4-3.4). Treatment of 1000 patients for an average of 33 months would prevent 33 cardiovascular events, 12 nonfatal MIs, 25 nonfatal strokes, and 14 deaths, and cause 9 major bleeding events. Among those with ischemic heart disease, aspirin was most effective at reducing the risk of nonfatal MI and all-cause mortality; however, among those with cerebrovascular disease, aspirin was most effective at reducing the risk of stroke.

Conclusion

In patients with stable cardiovascular disease, low-dose aspirin therapy reduces the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, and increases the risk of severe bleeding.     

氯吡格雷与阿司匹林抗血小板治疗ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者的系统评价

目的 系统评价氯吡格雷与阿司匹林双重抗血小板治疗ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,ST-AMI)患者的有效性和安全性. 方法 应用计算机检索美国国立生物医学信息中心PubMed医学数据库、荷兰医学文摘embase数据库、Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验数据库(2007年第3期)和中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中文科技期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、维普资讯网中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)、万方医学数据库,同时筛检纳入文献的参考文献.收集氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林治疗ST-AMI的随机和半随机对照试验,两名评价员独立评价文献质量和提取资料,并采用RevMan 4.2软件对资料进行Meta分析. 结果共纳入10个研究,52 433例患者.Meta分析结果显示:(1)与单用阿司匹林比较,氯吡格雷与阿司匹林双重抗血小板治疗能降低任何原因导致的死亡(RR=0.91,95% CI为0.85～0.97)、再发心肌梗死(RR=0.80,95%CI为0.72～0.89)、脑卒中(RR=0.81,95% CI为0.68～0.96)、心肌梗死后心绞痛(RR=0.35,95% CI为0.19～0.66)、冠状动脉内血栓(RR=0.73,95% CI为0.64～0.83)和降低死亡、再发心肌梗死或脑卒中的联合终点事件(RR=0.89,95% CI为0.84～0.95)的发生率;(2)改善心力衰竭和梗死相关动脉TIMI血流情况比较,差异无统计学意义(RR=0.97,95% CI为0.92～1.03;RR=1.14,95%CI为1.00～1.30;P＞0.05);(3)氯吡格雷与阿司匹林双重抗血小板治疗与单用阿司匹林比较,并发症出血相似(RR=1.1l,95% CI为0.92～1.34). 结论 与单用阿司匹林比较,联用氯吡格雷和阿司匹林能降低ST-AMI患者的死亡(任何原因)、再发心肌梗死、脑卒中及梗死后心绞痛、冠状动脉内血栓和降低死亡、再发心肌梗死或脑卒中的联合终点事件的发生率,但在改善心力衰竭和梗死相关动脉TIMI血流方面两者疗效相当.短期氯吡格雷和阿司匹林双重抗血小板治疗与单用阿司匹林发生出血并发症相似.     

Low-dose aspirin therapy for chronic stable angina. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of myocardial infarction among patients with chronic stable angina. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, trial. PATIENTS: The study included 333 men with baseline chronic stable angina but with no previous history of myocardial infarction, stroke, or transient ischemic attack who were enrolled in the Physicians' Health Study, a trial of aspirin among 22,071 male physicians. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned to receive alternate-day aspirin therapy (325 mg) or placebo and were followed for an average of 60.2 months for the occurrence of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: During follow-up, 27 patients had confirmed myocardial infarctions; 7 were among the 178 patients with chronic stable angina who received aspirin therapy and 20 were among the 155 patients who received placebo (relative risk, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.63; P = 0.003). While simultaneously controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors in a proportional hazards model, an overall 87% risk reduction was calculated (relative risk, 0.13; CI, 0.04 to 0.42; P less than 0.001). For the subgroup of patients with chronic stable angina but no previous coronary bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty, an almost identical reduction in the risk for myocardial infarction was found (relative risk, 0.14; CI, 0.04 to 0.56; P = 0.006). Of 13 strokes, 11 occurred in the aspirin group and 2 in the placebo group (relative risk, 5.4; CI, 1.3 to 22.1; P = 0.02). No stroke was fatal, but 4 produced some long-term impairment of function. One stroke, in the aspirin group, was hemorrhagic. CONCLUSION: Our data indicated that alternate-day aspirin therapy greatly reduced the risk for first myocardial infarction among patients with chronic stable angina, a group of patients at high risk for cardiovascular death (P less than 0.001). Although our results for stroke were based on small numbers, they suggested an apparent increase in frequency of stroke with aspirin therapy; this finding requires confirmation in randomized trials of adequate sample size.     

Periodontal disease and risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease in U.S. male physicians

OBJECTIVES: We sought to prospectively assess whether self-reported periodontal disease is associated with subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in a large population of male physicians. BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease, the result of a complex interplay of bacterial infection and chronic inflammation, has been suggested to be a predictor of cardiovascular disease. METHODS: Physicians' Health Study I was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of aspirin and beta-carotene in 22,071 U.S. male physicians. A total of 22,037 physicians provided self-reports of presence or absence of periodontal disease at study entry and were included in this analysis. RESULTS: A total of 2,653 physicians reported a personal history of periodontal disease at baseline. During an average of 12.3 years of follow-up, there were 797 nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 631 nonfatal strokes and 614 cardiovascular deaths. Thus, for each end point, the study had >90% power to detect a clinically important increased risk of 50%. In Cox proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted for age and treatment assignment, physicians who reported periodontal disease at baseline had slightly elevated, but statistically nonsignificant, relative risks (RR) of nonfatal myocardial infarction, (RR, 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92 to 1.36), nonfatal stroke (RR, 1.10; CI, 0.88 to 1.37) and cardiovascular death (RR, 1.20; CI, 0.97 to 1.49). Relative risk for a combined end point of all important cardiovascular events (first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke or cardiovascular death) was 1.13 (CI, 0.99 to 1.28). After adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors, RRs were all attenuated and nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS: These prospective data suggest that self-reported periodontal disease is not an independent predictor of subsequent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged to elderly men.     

Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events

BackgroundThe efficacy and safety of aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain debatable.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes with aspirin for primary prevention of CVD after the recent publication of large trials adding >45,000 individuals to the published data.MethodsRandomized controlled trials comparing clinical outcomes with aspirin versus control for primary prevention with follow-up duration of ≥1 year were included. Efficacy outcomes included all-cause death, cardiovascular (CV) death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and major adverse cardiovascular events. Safety outcomes included major bleeding, intracranial bleeding, fatal bleeding, and major gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Random effects DerSimonian-Laird risk ratios (RRs) for outcomes were calculated.ResultsA total of 15 randomized controlled trials including 165,502 participants (aspirin n = 83,529, control n = 81,973) were available for analysis. Compared with control, aspirin was associated with similar all-cause death (RR: 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93 to 1.01), CV death (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.00), and non-CV death (RR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.05), but a lower risk of nonfatal MI (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.94), TIA (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.89), and ischemic stroke (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.79 to 0.95). Aspirin was associated with a higher risk of major bleeding (RR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.33 to 1.69), intracranial bleeding (RR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.55), and major GI bleeding (RR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.34 to 1.73), with similar rates of fatal bleeding (RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.78 to 1.55) compared with the control subjects. Total cancer and cancer-related deaths were similar in both groups within the follow-up period of the study.ConclusionsAspirin for primary prevention reduces nonfatal ischemic events but significantly increases nonfatal bleeding events.     

Metabolic syndrome as a cardiovascular risk factor in patients with type 2 diabetes

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the cardiovascular risk associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes.Patients and method. Prospective cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes. The baseline presence of components of metabolic syndrome as defined by the World Health Organization was determined. The main dependent variable was a combination of coronary events (onset angina, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction) and cerebrovascular events (transient ischemic attack, fatal or nonfatal stroke and lower limb amputation). Secondary end points were coronary events and stroke. We calculated the predictive power of the presence of metabolic syndrome and of different numbers of its component features. RESULTS: 318 patients were included. Mean duration of follow-up was 4.6 years (SD 1.5 years). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 77.0%. The rates of cardiovascular events, coronary events and stroke, expressed per 1000 patient-years, were 14.0, 5.6, and 8.4 respectively in patients without metabolic syndrome, and 33.3, 20.7, and 11.7 respectively in patients with metabolic syndrome (P=.058 cardiovascular events; P=.05 coronary events). In the multivariate analysis, the simultaneous presence of all four metabolic syndrome components significantly increased the global cardiovascular disease risk (RR=5.0; 95% CI, 1.6-15.9; P=.006) and the risk of coronary heart disease (RR=7.4; 95% CI, 1.3-41.1; P=.02), but not the risk of stroke. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous presence of all four metabolic syndrome components is associated with an increase in the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

P2Y12 Inhibitors versus Aspirin Monotherapy for Long-term Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) need long-term antiplatelet therapy to decrease the risk of future ASCVD events. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov (inception through September 2021) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating P2Y₁₂ inhibitors vs aspirin for secondary prevention of ASCVD events. Seven RCTs including a total of 56,982 patients were included in this analysis. The median follow-up duration was 22.8 (IQR 12) months. When P2Y₁₂ inhibitors were compared with aspirin as long-term antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention of ASCVD events, there was a significant decrease in the risk of myocardial infarction [RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.72-0.94], and stroke [RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83-0.99]. However, there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality [RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.92-1.12], or cardiovascular mortality [RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.83-1.08] between P2Y₁₂ inhibitors and aspirin users. Additionally, there was no significant difference in major bleeding events [RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.74-1.04], or all bleeding events [RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.90-1.33] between P2Y₁₂ inhibitors and aspirin groups. Use of P2Y₁₂ inhibitor monotherapy is associated with lower rates of myocardial infarction and stroke in ASCVD patients without any significant difference in mortality, or bleeding compared to aspirin monotherapy.     

Network meta-analysis of nine large cardiovascular outcome trials of new antidiabetic drugs

The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to indirectly compare the cardiovascular (CV) safety of new antidiabetic medications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Data synthesisA search of the Embase and MEDLINE databases was conducted systematically to identify cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of new antidiabetic medications (DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors) in patients with T2DM. The primary outcomes were the composite endpoint of CV death, nonfatal MI, and nonfatal stroke (MACE), death from CV causes, nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke and death from any cause. Hospitalization for HF and unstable angina were evaluated as secondary endpoints. A total of 9 trials, including 87,162 patients, met the eligibility criteria and were retained for the analysis.The NMA results showed no significant differences among the DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, alogliptin, and saxagliptin) in any of the CV endpoints. Similarly, no significant changes were seen in the NMA among the GLP-1 receptor agonists nor the SGLT-2 inhibitors. The pairwise meta-analysis showed that DPP-4 inhibitors have a CV safety profiled comparable to placebo. GLP-1 agonists on the other hand, showed significant reduction in MACE (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.87–0.97), death from CV causes (RR = 0.88; 95% CI 0.80–0.97), and death from any cause (RR = 0.89; 95% CI 0.82–0.96). SGLT-2 inhibitors showed significant reduction in hospitalization for heart failure events (RR 0.72; 95% CI 0.6–0.86) compared to placebo.ConclusionThis meta-analysis has shown that new antidiabetic medications do not impose any additional CV risk. The indirect comparison among the medications of each class resulted in no significant changes regarding CV endpoints and death from any cause.