推进实施性研究在中国公共卫生领域的应用

随着医学实践的迅速发展,循证医学将最佳证据、临床经验和患者价值有机地结合,循证公共卫生在公共卫生领域的作用也日益突显。然而,仅有约50%的循证医学证据能够真正转化成常规的卫生保健服务,且转化过程耗时长。为了弥合从最佳证据到临床或公共卫生应用之间的鸿沟,实施性研究作为一门新兴学科应运而生。本文介绍了实施性研究的产生背景、发展、理论和方法,并讨论其在中国公共卫生领域的应用及面临的挑战。     

World health organization perspective on implementation of International Health Regulations

In 2005, the International Health Regulations were adopted at the 58th World Health Assembly; in June 2007, they were entered into force for most countries. In 2012, the world is approaching a major 5-year milestone in the global commitment to ensure national capacities to identify, investigate, assess, and respond to public health events. In the past 5 years, existing programs have been boosted and some new activities relating to International Health Regulations provisions have been successfully established. The lessons and experience of the past 5 years need to be drawn upon to provide improved direction for the future.     

我国卫生领域胜任力研究综述

胜任力是一种新兴素质观,强调与工作岗位相关且能产生优秀绩效的个体特征。对我国卫生领域胜任力相关研究进行梳理分析,发现其研究内容主要围绕各类卫生人才胜任力模型的构建而展开;研究对象始于四类卫生机构管理者,集中于医院院长与护士并向卫生技术人员延伸;研究方法聚焦于行为事件访谈法、问卷法及统计分析法。同时针对当前卫生领域胜任力研究存在的主要问题提出了相应建议：统一对胜任力概念的认识、强化对模型的实证研究与应用、提升研究的系统性以及加强组织层面胜任力研究。     

Assessing implementation mechanisms for an international agreement on research and development for health products

The Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) are currently debating the substance and form of an international agreement to improve the financing and coordination of research and development (R&D) for health products that meet the needs of developing countries. In addition to considering the content of any possible legal or political agreement, Member States may find it helpful to reflect on the full range of implementation mechanisms available to bring any agreement into effect. These include mechanisms for states to make commitments, administer activities, manage financial contributions, make subsequent decisions, monitor each other’s performance and promote compliance. States can make binding or non-binding commitments through conventions, contracts, declarations or institutional reforms. States can administer activities to implement their agreements through international organizations, sub-agencies, joint ventures or self-organizing processes. Finances can be managed through specialized multilateral funds, financial institutions, membership organizations or coordinated self-management. Decisions can be made through unanimity, consensus, equal voting, modified voting or delegation. Oversight can be provided by peer review, expert review, self-reports or civil society. Together, states should select their preferred options across categories of implementation mechanisms, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. The challenge lies in choosing the most effective combinations of mechanisms for supporting an international agreement (or set of agreements) that achieves collective aspirations in a way and at a cost that are both sustainable and acceptable to those involved. In making these decisions, WHO’s Member States can benefit from years of experience with these different mechanisms in health and its related sectors.     

健康管理研究领域关键词共词分析

摘要:目的 通过关键词共词分析揭示我国健康管理领域主题结构及热点研究领域。方法 检索CNKI数据库,收集2005-2015年国内有关文献,导出题录,用Bibexcel生成高频关键词共词矩阵,用SPSS19.0进行聚类分析和多维尺度分析,用Ucinet软件进行网络分析。结果 聚类分析显示近年健康管理领域的研究主题可以划分为9个类别。结论 我国健康管理研究领域广泛,主题结构及热点研究领域代表性强。     

Health technology assessment,research, and implementation within a health region in Alberta,Canada

OBJECTIVES: To determine the need for and implement health technology assessment (HTA) to inform decision making and policy within a regional health care system in Calgary (Alberta, Canada). METHODS: Published literature and organizational materials for the Calgary Health Region (CHR) and HTA units worldwide were reviewed. Key individuals within the provincial health ministry (Alberta Health and Wellness), CHR, the University of Calgary (U of C), funding agencies, and HTA organizations were consulted in a structured fashion. A structure for a regional HTA program was developed, taking into account relationships between these organizations. RESULTS: A locally focused HTA and implementation unit was deemed desirable. The Calgary Health Technology Implementation Unit (CaHTIU) was established. The CaHTIU was designed to efficiently integrate with CHR planning as well as undertake independent research activities. HTA activities focus primarily on CHR needs and are managed by a Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) that consists of CHR management and other key individuals. Working groups contribute to and coordinate HTAs and implementation under the leadership of the unit Director, and include content as well as management individuals. The unit cooperates where appropriate with extant Canadian HTA organizations. CONCLUSIONS: The Calgary HTA unit is unique in Canada, because it functions within a regional health care system as well as a research institution. Advantages include a local focus in terms of applied HTAs, a systematic process for implementation of recommendations, and a collaborative atmosphere for research within the U of C.     

浅析上海市《护士条例》实施中存在的问题与对策

《护士条例》贯彻实施3年来,医疗机构的护理管理依然存在护理人力配备不足,尤其是精神卫生中心和老年护理院;基层医疗机构和民办医疗机构内护士培训不足;医疗机构护士职业防护缺少相关标准等问题,《护士条例》各项规定的落实需要进一步明确政府职责,加强各项配套管理。     

面向卫生政策研究的协同科研系统的设计与实现

介绍了一个面向卫生政策研究的协同科研系统,分析了该系统的协同需求,设计了课题管理、协作交流、科研资源、课题文档、课题成果和个人工具等功能模块。系统架构由数据层、应用层和用户层组成,采用B/S模式进行总体设计并实现了卫生政策研究的协同科研系统。