自发性肝癌破裂出血的急诊动脉栓塞治疗

目的评价自发性肝癌破裂出血急诊动脉导管栓塞(TAE)治疗的疗效。方法回顾性分析1997年9月-2005年9月的16例自发性肝癌破裂出血急诊TAE治疗过程。16例患者中6例伴有低血容量性休克。结果16例患者急诊TAE治疗均止血成功,成功率100%。从肿瘤破裂出血引起失血性休克或发现血性腹水到TAE治疗结束时间为1.5～5h,平均3.6h,其中3例为1.5h。TAE止血治疗后每例患者进行了2～6次动脉导管化疗栓塞(TACE),平均3.7次,结合CT导引肿瘤内无水乙醇注射(CT-PEI)5～9次/例,平均6.8次/例;3例未再进行介入及外科治疗;1例TAE术后3d进行了肝移植手术。平均生存时间为14.3个月。结论急诊栓塞是治疗自发性肝癌破裂出血安全有效的手段。在TAE止血后对肿瘤进行TACE联合CT-PEI治疗取得了良好的效果。     

Efficacy and safety of transcatheter arterial embolization for active arterial esophageal bleeding: a single-center experience

PURPOSEThe study aimed to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for the treatment of arterial esophageal bleeding.METHODSNine patients (8 male, 1 female; mean age, 62.3±7.5 years) who underwent TAE for arterial esophageal bleeding between January 2004 and January 2020 were included. Preceding endoscopic treatment was unsuccessful in five patients and was not attempted in four patients due to the non-cooperation of the patients in endoscopic treatment. The etiologies of bleeding were esophageal cancer (n=4), Mallory-Weiss syndrome (n=3), erosive esophagitis (n=1), and esophageal ulcer (n=1). Technical and clinical success, recurrent bleeding, procedure-related complications, and clinical outcomes were retrospectively reviewed.RESULTSThe angiographic findings for bleeding were contrast media extravasation (n=8) or tumor staining without a definite bleeding focus (n=1). The bleeding focus at the distal esophagus (n=8) was the left gastric artery, whereas that at the middle esophagus (n=1) was the right bronchial artery. Technical success was achieved in all patients. The embolic agents were n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA, n=5), gelatin sponge particles (n=2), microcoils (n=1), and NBCA with gelatin sponge particles (n=1). Clinical success was achieved in 77.8% of cases (7/9); two patients with recurrent bleeding one day after the first TAE showed culprit arteries different from the bleeding foci at the first TAE. One patient who underwent embolization of both the left and short gastric arteries died of gastric infract/perforation one month after TAE.CONCLUSIONTAE can be an alternative to the treatment of arterial esophageal bleeding. TAE can be attempted in the treatment of recurrent bleeding, but there is a risk of ischemia/infarct in the gastrointestinal tract involved.

Acute arterial esophageal bleeding is a major cause of morbidity and mortality (1, 2). Peptic ulcer disease, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, esophagitis, and malignancy are the most common etiologies.Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis and treatment of upper GI bleeding (1, 3). However, as technology advances, transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with gelatin sponge particles, coils, and liquid embolic materials is increasingly used as an alternative to surgery to treat GI bleeding which is refractory to endoscopic management (4–7).TAE was first reported in 1972 as an alternative to the surgical management of GI bleeding in case of endoscopic treatment failure (8). Since then, there have been constant innovations in the embolic agents used in endovascular therapy for GI bleeding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of TAE for the treatment of arterial esophageal bleeding.     

Usefulness of dynamic renal scintigraphy in a patient with renal arteriovenous fistula treated by transcatheter embolization

Tc-99m-DTPA renal scintigraphy was performed before and after transcatheter coil embolization in a patient with renal arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Before embolization, scintigraphy showed a characteristic accumulation pattern compatible with the hemodynamics of an aneurysmal type of AVF in the vascular phase. After embolization, the effects of treatment, such as a change in the split renal function on the treated-side and the disappearance of the shunt flow through the fistula were evident. It was concluded that dynamic renal scintigraphy was very useful for patients with an aneurysmal type of renal AVF scheduled for transcatheter embolization.     

Usefulness of cone-beam volume CT with flat panel detectors in conjunction with catheter angiography for transcatheter arterial embolization

PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of cone-beam volume computed tomography (CT) (cone-beam CT) with use of flat panel detectors of the direct conversion type in conjunction with conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-nine consecutive patients (52 suspicious lesions) were prospectively examined. All patients underwent intraarterial rotational angiography with a flat panel detector system, and the cone-beam CT scans were reconstructed from the volume data set. The authors evaluated the diagnostic quality of cone-beam CT for the transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) procedure. RESULTS: The diagnostic quality of conventional DSA plus cone-beam CT with regard to tumor staining was superior to that of DSA alone. Cone-beam CT showed tumor staining in five lesions that were difficult to diagnose with confidence on the basis of the DSA findings alone. The extent of contrast medium perfusion was sufficiently visualized on all cone-beam CT scans at the tip of the catheter positioned in either the segmental or subsegmental hepatic arteries. In 42 of the 52 lesions (81%), cone-beam CT provided additional useful information for therapeutic decision making or TACE compared with DSA. CONCLUSIONS: Intraarterial cone-beam CT with a flat panel detector can provide clinically acceptable image quality in the assessment of HCC, thereby improving the detection of tumor staining due to HCC and the visualization of the extent of contrast medium perfusion.     

危重症十二指肠球部溃疡大出血的急诊动脉栓塞治疗

目的 探讨危重症十二指肠球部溃疡大出血经导管急症动脉栓塞术(ETAE)的临床疗效及可行性.方法 7例十二指肠球部溃疡大出血的患者,均经内镜检查确诊,临床表现危重,内科保守治疗无效后行ETAE:经右股动脉入路插管行超选择性胃十二指肠动脉或和胃网膜右动脉造影,判定出血动脉后使用合适大小明胶海绵颗粒和不锈钢圈尽量接近出血动脉...     

Method of calculating patient skin surface dose in transcatheter arterial embolization

The usefulness of interventional radiology (IVR) in clinical practice is well known. However, patient dose in IVR has recently been increased as a result of the prolongation of fluoroscopic time and the increased number of radiographies. We studied a simple method of calculating skin surface dose in patients who underwent transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by obtaining the value of a dose area product meter attached to the digital subtraction angiography system. In 20 subjects (15 men and 5 women, aged an average of 68.2+/-7.3 years, respectively) who underwent TAE, exposure conditions (tube voltage, tube current, time, and size of image intensifier) in a time series and last value indicated on the dose area product meter were recorded. A dosimetric phantom was placed at a position the same as that of the patient for TAE, the surface dose (SD) of the phantom was measured under various exposure conditions, and SD per unit mAs (SD/mAs) was obtained. Then the skin surface dose in each subject was estimated from the values of the exposure condition and SD/mAs. A high correlation was observed between the last value (x) on the dose area product meter and the estimated skin surface dose (y) (r=0.933), and the following regression equation was derived: y=0.005x-0.589. The skin surface dose calculated using the regression equation was compared with that obtained by the method recommended by the Japan Association on Radiological Protection in Medicine (JARPM), considering the value estimated from the value of exposure conditions with SD/mAs as the gold standard. The results indicated that the error in the method using the regression equation was significantly lower than that of the JARPM method (18.3+/-14.0% and 75.5+/-66.0%, respectively, p<0.01). In conclusion, the skin surface dose in TAE could be monitored with high precision using the value of the dose area product meter by obtaining the regression formula between the value of the dose area product meter and the skin surface dose estimated with the phantom values.     

Clinical evaluation of transcatheter arterial embolization for the management of retroperitoneal bleeding in cases of pelvic fracture

PURPOSE: We evaluated the clinical efficacy of TAE for the management of retroperitoneal bleeding in a case of pelvic fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 206 patients with pelvic fractures was performed. Thirty-four patients who were hemodynamically unstable or had evidence of ongoing hemorrhage required TAE. Rescue rate, effective rate, and mortality rate among the patients with multiple organ injuries were calculated. Charts were reviewed for age, Japanese coma scale (JCS), hemoglobin, blood pressures, extent of retroperitoneal hemorrhage, pelvic fracture pattern/extent of embolization, and time from judging indication of TAE to angiography. Data of patients who died of pelvic fracture hemorrhage was compared with that of others. Statistical analysis was done with analysis of variance, and the two groups were compared using Student's t-test. RESULTS: Rescue rate, success rate, and mortality rate were 76% (26/34), 91% (31/34), and 33% (8/24), respectively. Only JCS reached statistical significance. The complications of gluteal skin and muscle necrosis were experienced in one patient. Two patients with lung contusion and one patient who had suffered from idiopathic interstitial pneumonia died from disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with pneumonia. Viscorectal dysfunctions, which were observed in ten patients, were considered to be independent of TAE. CONCLUSION: TAE for pelvic fracture hemorrhage was considered effective. Complications of gluteal skin and muscle necrosis should be kept in mind.     

Successful transcatheter arterial embolization for pseudoaneurysm of the deep femoral artery in a patient with presumptive ACTA2-related vasculopathy

ACTA2-related vasculopathy is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by aortic aneurysms and dissection, and limb artery lesions are rare. We report a case of transcatheter arterial embolization for a pseudoaneurysm of a deep femoral artery in a patient with presumptive ACTA2-related vasculopathy. A 58-year-old woman was presumed to have an ACTA2 mutation based on her history of aortic diseases and family history of ACTA2 mutations. During follow-up, contrast-enhanced computed tomography for aortic diseases revealed occlusion and vessel wall abnormalities of the bilateral deep femoral arteries. Two weeks later, she complained of acute right inguinal pain without any triggering factors, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the right deep femoral artery. Vascular fragility due to ACTA2 mutation was believed to be the cause of the pseudoaneurysm. Transcatheter arterial embolization was successfully performed and no rebleeding occurred during 1.5 years after the transcatheter arterial embolization.     

Usefulness of dopamine administration after transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization based upon portal hemodynamics]

We evaluated usefulness of dopamine administration after transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization (TAE) for the prevention of hepatic failure in experimental and clinical study. In experimental study we measured portal blood flow in dogs with doppler catheter before and after TAE. Administration of dopamine after TAE increased portal blood flow significantly. In a clinical study the usefulness of dopamine was investigated in a clinical laboratory test. It revealed that serum GOT and GPT improved earlier with dopamine administration after TAE. In conclusion dopamine increased portal blood flow and decreased hepatic parenchymal damage after TAE.     

Radiation exposure to patient and radiologist during transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate radiation exposure to patients and radiologists during transcatheter arterial embolization(TAE) for hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 39 TAE procedures performed at eight institutes, skin doses were evaluated with thermoluminescence dosimeters at the patient's back(entrance surface) and lower abdomen, and at the radiologist's forehead and abdomen. Real-time dosimeters were also used to evaluate patient skin dose. RESULTS: The patients' mean entrance surface dose was 973 +/- 681 mGy(range, 185 to 3543 mGy) with the mean fluoroscopic time of 21 minutes and 6 digital subtraction angiography(DSA) acquisitions. The dose at the patients' lower abdomen was 0.98 +/- 0.77 mGy. Doses for the radiologists were 0.04 +/- 0.04 mGy at the forehead and 0.15 +/- 0.19 mGy and 0.005 +/- 0.01 mGy at the abdomen over and under the apron, respectively. Fifty-six percent of the patients' skin dose was from DSA and 44% from fluoroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Patient skin dose may occasionally exceed the dose for transient erythema. Because a patient may have repeated TAEs, skin doses or X-ray conditions should be recorded. The exposed doses of radiologists were considered to be acceptable with proper techniques. Further efforts to reduce radiation should be directed toward both DSA and fluoroscopy.     

急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌破裂出血

目的 探讨急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌破裂出血.方法 对23例肝癌破裂出血患者采用急诊肝动脉栓塞止血.结果 22例患者均得以有效止血;1例患者因供血血管发育走行异常,导管不能达靶血管,转入外科治疗.22例患者均无复发出血及急性肝功能衰竭,9例患者经栓塞术后,再根据病情行多次介入治疗,肿瘤均有不同程度的缩小和坏死.结论 急诊肝动脉栓塞是治疗肝癌破裂出血的有效方法,可达到立即止血的目的,同时可为肝癌后续血管内治疗提供途径.     

RF钉对胸腰椎爆裂骨折椎管的间接减压作用

作者采用RF钉治疗68例胸腰段（T10－L3）爆裂型骨折。46例应用CT作术前术后骨折椎椎管前后径测量，计算间接减压的百分比。术前平均椎管入侵41．2％，术后为23．8％，平均间接减压18．2％。     

经导管动脉栓塞术在顽固性鼻出血中的应用

目的探讨经导管动脉栓塞术在治疗顽固性鼻出血中的应用价值。方法41例顽固性鼻出血患者均采用经皮股动脉穿刺,将导管插入患侧上颌动脉或超选择至出血动脉,采用明胶海绵或聚乙烯(PVA)颗粒行栓塞治疗术。结果41例患者,39例1次栓塞治愈,其余2例于术后第2天发生再出血,经再次介入治疗,治愈。结论经导管动脉栓塞术对于治疗顽固性鼻出血是一种简便、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Superselective arterial embolization for the control of postsurgical bleeding

Superselective catheterization and Gelfoam embolization of a muscular branch of the deep femoral artery was successfully performed; a profuse postsurgical bleeding requiring repeated transfusion of blood was stopped. The time of persistence, advantages and disadvantages of commonly used embolic materials are discussed. It is concluded that embolization is an effective method to stop bleeding in selected patients.     

Comparison of transcatheter arterial embolization and surgery for treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer after endoscopic treatment failure

PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of embolotherapy and surgery as salvage therapy after therapeutic endoscopy failure in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal peptic ulcer bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 70 cases of refractory peptic upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage was performed. Thirty-one cases were managed with embolotherapy and 39 were managed surgically. Demographic variables, underlying conditions, clinical findings, endoscopic treatment, transfusion requirements before and after alternative therapeutic approach, length of hospital stay, and outcomes including recurrent bleeding, need for surgery after initial alternative treatment, and in-hospital death were recorded. RESULTS: Patients who received embolotherapy were older (75.2 years +/- 10.9 vs 63.3 years +/- 14.5; P <.001) and had greater incidences of heart disease (67.7% vs 20.5%; P <.001) and previous anticoagulation treatment (25.8% vs 5.1%; P =.018). There were no differences in the rest of the pretreatment variables. No differences were found between the embolotherapy and surgery groups in the incidence of recurrent bleeding (29% vs 23.1%), need for additional surgery (16.1% vs 30.8%), or death (25.8% vs 20.5). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of differences between these two treatment alternatives, despite the more advanced age and greater prevalence of heart disease in the embolotherapy group, provides support for future prospective randomized studies aimed to evaluate the role of embolotherapy in the management of refractory peptic ulcer bleeding.