Tumefactive intracranial presentation of precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

In children, leukemia is the most common malignancy, and approximately 75% of leukemias are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Central nervous system leukemia is found at diagnosis in fewer than 5% of children with ALL. Leukemic intracranial masses have been described with acute myeloid leukemia, but ALL presenting as a mass lesion is rare. We describe a unique case of an intracranial confirmed precursor B cell (pre-B) ALL mass in a 13-year-old girl that was diagnosed by brain CT, MRI and cerebral angiography, and confirmed by biopsy. This report details pertinent history and distinguishing imaging features of an intracranial ALL tumefaction.     

Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with an intensive regimen including teniposide

Some cases of conversion from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) at relapse have been reported recently. We report three cases initially diagnosed as having ALL and showing morphological, cytochemical, and immunophenotypic features of ANLL at relapse (lineage switch). Conversion was observed among 14 patients who developed bone marrow relapse while undergoing intensive treatment with our ALL protocol, which includes teniposide, and that had been administered to 62 patients. The three cases converted at first relapse, with a mean time of 20 months (13–29 months). Clinical and immunologic characteristics of T-cell leukemia were present in one patient. Changes documented in cytogenetic studies are discussed. The underlying mechanisms for the lineage switch remain unclear as does its relation with mixed lineage leukemias, but we believe that drugs employed in our therapy protocol could have had an influence on this conversion.     

Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with an intensive regimen including teniposide.

Some cases of conversion from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) at relapse have been reported recently. We report three cases initially diagnosed as having ALL and showing morphological, cytochemical, and immunophenotypic features of ANLL at relapse (lineage switch). Conversion was observed among 14 patients who developed bone marrow relapse while undergoing intensive treatment with our ALL protocol, which includes teniposide, and that had been administered to 62 patients. The three cases converted at first relapse, with a mean time of 20 months (13-29 months). Clinical and immunologic characteristics of T-cell leukemia were present in one patient. Changes documented in cytogenetic studies are discussed. The underlying mechanisms for the lineage switch remain unclear as does its relation with mixed lineage leukemias, but we believe that drugs employed in our therapy protocol could have had an influence on this conversion.     

儿童Pre-B急性淋巴细胞白血病和急性髓系白血病特异遗传亚型

目的总结儿童急性白血病(AL)特异遗传亚型的发生率和特征,为评估预后提供依据。方法对365例AL患儿进行骨髓染色体核型检测分析白血病细胞的遗传学特点,荧光原位杂交(FISH)检测特异基因及相应位点拷贝数变异。结果 175例前体B急性淋巴细胞白血病(Pre-B ALL)和54例急性髓系白血病(AML)存在特异亚型。在Pre-B ALL中,高超二倍体最常见(33%),t(12;21)/ETV6-RUNX1、t(4;11)/MLL重排、t(9;22)、t(1;19)和iAMP21占比分别为22%、5%、3%、7%和1%。在AML中,MLL重排最常见(18%),其中t(9;11)型占56%;BCR/ABL阳性1例,FISH证实是隐匿核型ins(22;9);t(8;21)、t(15;17)和inv(16)分别占12%、15%和8%。倍体水平显示ALL高超二倍体和AML超二倍体获得染色体方式为非随机性。值得注意的是特异亚型中的变异型和不同附加异常,如额外融合,del(9p),del(12p),dup(1q)和非整倍体等畸变。结论儿童Pre-B ALL和AML中特异遗传亚型的发生率与西方儿童相似,揭示遗传异质性可能有助于预后研究。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病微小残留病监测的预后意义

目的 研究儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)化疗过程中,不同时间点监测的不同微小残留病(MRD)水平的预后意义.方法 对102例ALL患儿进行MRD监测研究,分别在患儿诱导化疗开始后第15天、第29天、第3个月、第6个月、第12个月进行MRD监测.根据患儿初诊时免疫表型特征,采用流式细胞术检测不同的四色单克隆抗体组合.常用的抗体组合包括CD45CD19CD34CD10和CD45CD19CD34CD20等.结果 102例ALL患儿的5年总体生存(OS)率和无事件生存(EFS)率分别为(86.9±3.4)%和(79.9±4.0)%,共12例患儿复发.在第15天、29天、3个月、6个月和12个月,分别有14.3%、43.9%、39.1%、39.7%和45.6%的患儿处于MRD阴性(MRD<10~(-4)).其中MRD水平能在1年内达到阴性的患儿的长期存活率明显高于MRD持续阳性的患儿[5年EFS:(92.5±3.2)% vs. (58.3±8.6)%,P<0.001].各时间点上,化疗后第15天时MRD≥10~(-2)[(79.8±10.3)% vs.(28.6±17.1)%,P<0.001]、第29天时MRD≥10~(-3)[(88.3±4.9)% vs.(51.3±14.4)%,P<0.003]、第3个月[(92.4±5.1)% vs.(65.5±7.5)%,P<0.015]、6个月[5-year EFS rates(96.3±3.6)% vs.(65.4±7.5)%,P<0.003]及第12个月[(100.0±0.0)% vs.(67.7±8.4)%,P<0.002]时MRD≥10~(-4)的患儿的5年EFS率明显较差.而第15天时MRD≥10~(-2)是独立的不良预后因素.结论 采用流式细胞术动态监测MRD水平能有效地评估ALL患儿的预后,而不同时间点上具有预后意义的MRD水平并不相同.     

Osteonecrosis in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The purpose of the study was to find out the prevalence of osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in complete bone marrow remission at the end of the treatment. Twenty-eight children with ALL underwent MRI of the upper and/or lower extremities. Bone marrow signal intensity was analyzed on T1-weighted images, where cir-cumscribed lesions with a rim of low signal intensity were considered typical of osteonecrosis. Osteonecrosis was found in 9 of the 28 children (32%, 95% CI 16% to 52%). Five of them were asymptomatic. They had been treated with high risk and intermediate risk protocols, both of which include a delayed intensification phase with dexamethasone. None of the patients with standard risk ALL were found to have developed osteonecrosis. Osteonecroses occurred unexpectedly in symptomless patients and in patients with mild transient symptoms treated with high risk and intermediate risk protocols. Our study suggests that the intensification phase of the treatment protocols with intensive dexamethasone medication might be responsible for the development of osteonecrosis. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 29:260–265, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Disposition of oral methotrexate in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its relation to 6-mercaptopurine pharmacokinetics

We studied the disposition pharmacokinetics of methotrexate (MTX) given orally to 16 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and its relation to the pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) in the same children. There was an eightfold variability in area-under-concentration time-curve (AUC) of MTX achieved by the same dose. Excellent correlation existed between peak concentrations and AUC0----infinity (r = 0.95, P less than 0.001). Elimination T1/2 was between 1.34 and 5 hours (mean 2.16 +/- 0.23 hr, mean +/- SE). A weak correlation existed between AUC achieved by 1 mg/m2 MTX and patients' age or body weight. Weak but significant correlation existed between AUC achieved by 1 mg/m2 of MTX vs. 6MP (r = 0.54, P less than 0.05). In 13/16 patients peak concentrations were achieved at 60 minutes. There was a significantly larger AUC of 6MP achieved by a standardized dose in longer therapy (greater than 15 mo) vs. short therapy (less than 12 mo) (462 +/- 75 and 246 +/- 58 ng.ml-1.min.mg-1.m2, P less than 0.025). No statistical differences in AUC of MTX were found between short and long therapy. The large interpatient variability in MTX pharmacokinetics supports the possibility that differences in absorption and/or clearance of the drug may affect the clinical response. Because of the excellent correlation between peak and AUC of MTX, and because 3 measurements, at 30, 60, and 90 minutes will almost invariably identify the peak, this measurement can be used to estimate AUC for purpose of correlation with clinical outcome.     

Methotrexate infusions in poor prognosis acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: I. The Norwegian methotrexate study in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood, August 1975-December 1980

One hundred fifty-three children with ALL were diagnosed in Norway in the period August 1975-December 1980. One hundred thirty-two of them received 3 infusions of methotrexate as consolidation therapy combined with methotrexate intrathecally as CNS prophylaxis. Eleven (44%) of the total 25 methotrexate cases with WBC above 50 X 10(9)/L were in CCR after 4 1/2-10 years. Two more cases had discontinued therapy, while in second remission. The event-free survival of all diagnosed 32 children in Norway with WBC above 50 X 10(9)/L was 37%. Seven infants below the age of 1 year are included in the 32 cases.     

SCMC-ALL-2005方案治疗儿童B细胞型急性淋巴细胞白血病疗效观察

目的评估上海儿童医学中心-急性淋巴细胞性白血病-2005(SCMC-ALL-2005)治疗方案治疗儿童B细胞型ALL的疗效。方法按照SCMC-ALL-2005方案,5家医院对2005年5月1日至2009年4月30日新发B细胞型ALL患儿进行诊断、治疗和随访。结果研究期间共收治B细胞型ALL患儿601例,539例(89.68%)随访至2011年9月30日。601例患儿中,低危284例、中危231例、高危86例,均按照诊疗建议治疗。诱导期间缓解率为98.84%(7例未缓解),第一次事件发生时的中位时间为35个月(2.94年),至随访终止日的539例随访病例中共完成治疗403例(74.77%);低危组完成治疗223例(86.43%),中危组150例(73.17%),高危组30例(39.47%),三组间的差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。采用KaplanMeier方法评估患儿随访3年的总生存率为(83.3±1.8)%,3年无事件生存(EFS)率为(79.2±1.9)%;随访5年总生存率为(79.5±3.3)%,5年EFS率为(70.9±3.7)%。低、中、高危三组间3年及5年EFS率差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论SCMC-ALL-2005方案治疗儿童B细胞型ALL的疗效比较满意,多中心协作有助于儿童白血病的规范化治疗。     

The age incidence of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Mexico City

The objective of this population-based survey was to assess the peak age of incidence of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children in Mexico City (MC). All patients were classified according to their immunophenotype, and only B-cell precursor and T-lineage were analyzed. Rates of incidence were calculated x10 children. Of the 364 children from MC who were included in this study, immunophenotyping had been performed for 81.6%. The frequency of B-cell precursor ALL was 76.1%, whereas T lineage ALL showed a frequency of 23.6%. Peak age for ALL was 2 to 3 years of age. B-cell precursor ALL was the major contributor to peak age; T lineage ALL showed a peak among 1 and 3 years of age. We conclude that the age peak for children with ALL in MC is within the ranges reported for developed countries and that B-cell precursor ALL is the main contributor to these peak.     

Oral mucositis and salivary methotrexate concentration in intermediate-dose methotrexate therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The relationship between salivary methotrexate (MTX) concentration and severity of oral mucositis after administration of MTX was investigated in six children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. They received two administrations of MTX at 500 mg/m2 with one third given bolusly and the remainder by 24-hour continuous infusion. No significant difference among patients or administration session was observed in serum MTX concentration. Detectable concentrations of salivary MTX (greater than 0.01 microM) were observed during nine of the ten infusions. A concentration of 0.1 microM or more, apparently lasting at least 12 hours, was observed during one infusion and followed by severe mucositis. During two of the ten infusions for different patients, concentrations of 0.04 to 0.07 microM and 0.02 to 0.04 microM, apparently lasting at least 12 and 18 hours, respectively, were observed, followed by moderate mucositis. During the other seven infusions, either much shorter or no increase in salivary MTX concentration was observed, with only mild or no subsequent mucositis. Analysis by Kendall's rank method showed a statistical correlation between concentration at 6 hours of infusion and severity of oral mucositis. The findings suggest that the early secretion of MTX into saliva has a significant role in the development of oral mucositis in leukemic children.     

大剂量MTX治疗小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病毒副反应分析

目的分析大剂量甲氨蝶呤(MTX)治疗小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的毒副反应及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2016年1月-2018年1月包头市第四医院儿科100例ALL患儿的临床资料,所有患儿均给予大剂量MTX治疗,分析患儿毒副反应发生情况及其影响因素。结果 100例ALL患儿中共接受328例次大剂量MTX治疗,262例次发生毒副反应,检出率为79. 9%,其中胃肠道反应占20. 7(68/328)、骨髓抑制占20.1%(66/328)、肝功能异常占12. 5%(41/328)、排泄延迟占6.1%(20/328),肾功能异常占11. 6%(38/328)、皮肤黏膜损伤占8.8%(29/328)。毒副反应发生组与未发生组患儿的24h、48h、72h的MTX血药浓度(C24、C48、C72)及24h、48h的尿pH值(pH24、pH48)比较,差异有显著性(P <0. 05);但二组性别、年龄、体质量、体表面积、MTX剂量比较,差异无显著性(P> 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,高C24、C48、C72和低pH24、pH48可能是ALL大剂量MTX治疗后毒副反应发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 C24、C48、C72和pH24、pH48与ALL患儿经大剂量MTX治疗后发生毒副反应可能相关,对C24、C48、C72升高和pH24、pH48降低的患儿应提高警惕。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病预后相关因素的研究进展

目前儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病比较肯定的预后因素主要有年龄、性别、初诊时外周血白细胞数、急性白血病的FAB分型以及一些细胞免疫学、遗传学方面的指标.分子遗传学指标如p-gp、CASP8AP2、CRAC、CCR9和CD103、OPAL1、Ras、Aven等以及所采用的治疗方法也与预后有关.