六种河豚鱼组织中EPA与DHA含量调查

目的：分析河豚鱼组织中EPA(二十碳五烯酸)、DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)含量及其利用价值。方法：利用带FID检测器的气相色谱仪作为检测设备，取河豚鱼的肌肉、肝脏进行EPA、DHA定量测定。结果：河豚鱼肌肉未能检出EPA、DHA；肝脏含EPA范围0．0367．800g／kg，含DHA范围0．030-45．672g／kg；东方豚肝脏中EPA、DHA含量显著高于腹刺豚；无毒的棕腹刺豚和暗鳍腹刺豚肝脏内的EPA、DHA含量差异有统计学意义。结论：河豚鱼肝脏含有丰富的EPA、DHA。棕腹刺豚肝脏没有毒性，是摄取EPA、DHA的可利用资源。     

广东省常见河豚鱼含毒状况研究

为了解河豚鱼的带毒状况，于1996年4-12月采集了广东省沿海捕捞的4个常见品种天然河豚鱼共64尾，用ELISA检测法对河豚鱼不同组织部位进行河豚毒素(TIX)含量检测。结果显示4种河豚鱼肝脏带毒率为0-21．5％，肝脏毒力平均值范围是0．05～9．92Mu／g，其中横纹东方豚肝脏毒力最大值为106．6Mu／g，属于强毒；4种河豚鱼性腺带毒率为0-16．67％，性腺毒力平均值范围是0．2～34．1Mu／g，其中横纹东方豚性腺最大毒力属于强毒；鱼皮和肌肉的平均毒力均属无毒。本次研究初步确定黄鳍东方豚、棕斑腹刺豚和暗鳍腹刺豚3种天然河豚鱼属肌肉无毒品种，可以安全食用。     

广东省常见河豚鱼含毒状况研究

为了解河豚鱼的带毒状况，于1996年4－12月采集了广东省沿海捕捞的4个常见品种天然河豚鱼共64尾，用ELISA检测法对河豚鱼不同组织部位进行河豚毒素（TFX）含量检测。结果显示4种河豚鱼肝脏带毒率为0－21．5％，肝脏毒力平均值范围是0．05－9．92Mu／g，其中横纹东方豚肝脏毒力最大值为106．6Mu／g，属于强毒；4种河豚鱼性腺带毒率为0－16．67％，性腺毒力平均值范围是0．2－34．1Mu／g，其中横纹东方豚性腺最大毒力属于强毒；鱼皮和肌肉的平均毒力均属无毒。本次研究初步确定黄鳍东方豚、棕斑腹刺豚和暗鳍胺刺豚3种天然河豚鱼属肌肉无毒品种，可以安全食用。     

大鹏湾海域河豚鱼毒性状况研究

目的　掌握深圳大鹏湾海域河豚鱼毒性状况。方法　采集渔民在大鹏湾海域捕获的河豚鱼鲜活或冰鲜 ,采用小鼠生物试验法测定样本鱼不同组织的河豚鱼毒素 (TTX)含量。结果　共检测了五种河豚鱼样本 ,92份棕腹刺豚和 5份暗鳍腹刺豚样本鱼均未检出毒性 ;1份园斑腹刺豚、9份星点东方豚和 2 6份弓斑东方豚样本鱼各组织均检出毒性 ,肝脏毒力均值范围为 1 83 0 0～ 5 1 1 75MU/g,卵巢毒力均值范围为 2 1 2 84～ 35 4 1 0MU/g ,皮肤毒力均值范围为 9 2 1～ 38 31MU/g ,精巢毒力均值范围为 1 1 4 0～ 2 5 6 4MU/g,肌肉毒力均值范围为 7 2 3～ 9 1 7MU/g。弓斑东方豚卵巢的毒力在 3～ 4月份明显高于 9～ 1 0月份并高于其他组织。结论　本次检测的大鹏湾产的园斑腹刺豚、星点东方豚和弓斑东方豚均为有毒鱼种 ,可认为棕腹刺豚是一种可以安全利用的无毒河豚鱼种     

棕腹刺豚肌肉营养成分与品质的评价

[目的]评价棕腹刺豚（L.wheeleri）肌肉营养成分与品质,为棕腹刺豚的利用提供科学依据。[方法]参照食品检验国标方法测定5尾棕腹刺豚肌肉的营养成分。蛋白质营养价值评价采用氨基酸比值系数法,以W HO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,并与全鸡蛋蛋白质进行对照比较。[结果]棕腹刺豚肌肉中粗蛋白质量分数19.30%,粗脂肪质量分数1.94%,水分质量分数78.50%,碳水化合物质量分数0.26%。肌肉中含有18种氨基酸,总量为18.49%（质量分数,鲜样）,其中9种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的44.52%,必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合W HO/FAO的标准。棕腹刺豚的第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸（Met＋Cys）,氨基酸比值系数分为71.00,5种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的44.86%。[结论]棕腹刺豚有较高的食用价值与保健作用。     

棕腹刺豚肝脏Cu Zn Mn的营养评价

目的:了解棕腹刺豚肝脏Cu、Zn、Mn营养价值。方法:用INQ法进行棕腹刺豚肝脏Cu、Mn、Zn含量的营养评价。结果:棕腹刺豚肝脏Mn、Cu的INQ值均低于1,而Zn的INQ值大于1。结论:棕腹刺豚肝脏是人体补充Zn的重要来源之一。     

广东省4种民间食用河豚鱼毒素检测

广东省地处沿海,海域河豚鱼资源丰富,当地居民素有食用河豚鱼的习惯,尤其是棕斑腹刺纯、弓斑东方(鱼屯)等被大量食用[1].为掌握广东省常见食用河豚鱼的毒性,对2008-2009年在广东省海域内采集居民经常食用的4种河豚鱼的毒性进行检测分析,为河豚鱼的安全食用管理提供依据,以促进河豚鱼资源的开发利用,预防河豚中毒发生.     

棕腹刺豚肌肉蛋白质营养价值评价

为改变中国蛋白质资源不足的现状,研究开发新的蛋白质资源已成为营养学家的共识.张风雷等曾系统地分析测定了深圳大鹏湾海域的棕腹刺豚肌肉的多种营养成分,并通过经口急性毒理试验证明其为无毒类物质,倡导将其作为食物新资源加以利用[1].     

浙江省沿海河豚鱼生态分布和毒素检测

目的 了解我省沿海河豚鱼毒性分布情况。为控制和降低中毒事件发生，合理开发河豚鱼资源。方法 采用生物学鉴定方法分别测量体长、体重、性腺识别和称重、观察鱼体的斑纹(斑点)等鉴定鱼种。采用直接竞争抑制ELISA法，测定河豚鱼肌肉、性腺、肝、皮的带毒情况。结果 采集的河豚鱼种类共有9种，以黄鳍东方豚为主，占63．02％；季节分布以4、5、6月获得的标本为多，占总数的54．62％。带毒检测中，8份TTX含量较高的标本分别为菊黄东方豚的肝、皮部位，分别达445鼠单位，按东方河豚毒素毒力单位判定，可判为“强毒”等级；黄鳍东方豚其TTX含量较低。结论 菊黄东方豚是我省常见的河豚鱼种类之一，毒素检测显示其皮及肝脏为强毒，应加强对这一鱼种的识别和控制食用。     

学龄前儿童发锌,发钙水平及相关因素分析

目的：了解学龄前儿童发锌、发钙水平及其相关影响因素。方法：采用原子吸收光谱法测定学龄前儿童发锌、发钙含量，采用称重法进行为期5天膳食调查。结果：发锌、发钙含量分别为121．8±49．50μg／和792．25±432．32μg／g；锌、钙不足率分别为37．4％和39．2％；发锌含量正常与不足两者间发钙水平（846．81±481．02μg／g、683．06±240．32μg／g）及钙不足率（31．3％和52．5％）均有显著性差异。锌、钙的每人日膳食摄入量分别占RDA的95．33％、42．35％；植物性食物来源分别为69．44％、67．06％。结论：锌、钙的食物来源不合理，锌可能与钙的代谢有关，在补钙时应注意同时补锌。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.