Principles of laparoscopic surgery

Laparoscopic surgery is currently established as the primary modality for many procedures. It has been associated with a number of benefits over traditional open surgery, including reduced pain, shorter hospital stay and quicker return to work. Despite this, significant operative challenges and the potential for life-threatening complications exist. Surgeons must understand the specialist equipment that is required, along with how to troubleshoot common issues. Furthermore, an appreciation of the distinctive surgical techniques and technical challenges is critical in limiting the risk of significant complications. Through this article we discuss these topics in the context of the current literature, aiming to recognize common pitfalls that all surgeons should make a conscious effort to avoid. We will describe those patient groups, specifically obesity, pregnancy, elderly and bowel obstruction, in whom additional caution must be maintained. Finally, we will consider these principles in the context of the wider field of minimally invasive surgery, to include robotics, single incision, transanal microsurgery (TAMIS) and transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME). Although the landscape of minimally invasive surgery is constantly evolving, a robust understanding of the underlying principles is essential for all surgeons.     

Principles of laparoscopic surgery

Laparoscopic surgery is currently established as the primary modality for many procedures. In has been associated with a number of benefits over traditional open surgery, including reduced pain, shorter hospital stay and quicker return to work. Despite this, significant operative challenges and the potential for life-threatening complications exist. Surgeons must understand the specialist equipment that is required, along with how to troubleshoot common issues. Furthermore, an appreciation of the distinctive surgical techniques and technical challenges is critical in limiting the risk of significant complications. Through this article we discuss these topics in the context of the current literature, aiming to recognize common pitfalls that all surgeons should make a conscious effort to avoid. We will describe those patient groups, specifically obesity, pregnancy, elderly and bowel obstruction, in whom additional caution must be maintained. Finally, we will consider these principles in the context of the wider field of minimally invasive surgery, to include robotics, single incision, transanal microsurgery (TAMIS) and transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME). Although the landscape of minimally invasive surgery is constantly evolving, a robust understanding of the underlying principles is essential for all surgeons.     

Comparison of Gas-less laparoscopy-assisted surgery, hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery and pure laparoscopic surgery for radical nephrectomy

BACKGROUND: We report our experience with Gas-less laparoscopy-assisted surgery (Gas-less LAS), hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) and pure laparoscopic surgery (LS) for renal carcinoma and compare the characteristics and usefulness of these methods. METHODS: Seventeen, 14 and 16 patients were subjected to Gas-less LAS, HALS and LS, respectively. The study started with Gas-less LAS and then gradually shifted to HALS and LS. We evaluated the operative and postoperative parameters for each group. The learning curve effect was evaluated based on data from the first 10 cases of each group, which were operated on by the same surgeon and operation team. RESULTS: The learning curve of operation times in the LS group demonstrated that the operation time for this procedure is acceptable even in early-stage cases. Differences in mean operative time between the three surgical groups, excluding the conversion cases, were not statistically significant; however, there was a significant difference in blood loss volume between the groups (P 相似文献   

Single-port laparoscopic colectomy is safe and feasible in patients with previous abdominal surgery

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of previous abdominal surgery (PAS) on single-port laparoscopic colectomy (SPLC).

Methods

We studied 429 consecutive patients who underwent SPLC in our department from May 2009 to December 2013. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with PAS (PAS group) and those with NPAS (NPAS group). Operative parameters and outcomes were analyzed between the 2 groups retrospectively.

Results

SPLC was performed in 152 PAS patients and 277 NPAS patients. Eight patients in the PAS group and 6 patients in the NPAS group were converted to multiport laparoscopic colectomy (5.3% vs 2.2%, respectively; P = .077). Three patients in the PAS group and 2 patients in the NPAS group had inadvertent enterotomy (2.0% vs .7%, respectively; P = .352). No patients were converted to open surgery. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of blood loss, operative time, and postoperative outcomes.

Conclusion

Our experience has demonstrated the safety and feasibility of SPLC in patients with PAS.     

腹腔镜技术的现状与展望

腹腔镜技术在普外科手术中的应用在经历了20年的发展历程之后,已从最初的单纯胆囊切除手术逐步发展到今日涉及胃肠、肝胆、胰腺、甲状腺、乳腺和腹壁外科等普外科几乎所有手术。目前,腹腔镜正处于专科化,规范化和进一步微创化的时代,随着手术技术、手术器械的不断发展与创新,腹腔镜技术将会获得更进一步的发展。     

Current status of laparoscopic surgery of the pancreas

Laparoscopic surgery of the pancreas remains, other than for certain clear indications, primarily investigational. However, in the past few years, laparoscopic therapy for pancreatic diseases has made significant strides and will undoubtedly contribute increasingly to the care of the surgical patient with pancreatic disease. This review discusses the current status of minimally invasive surgical therapy of pancreatic diseases and reviews the current literature. There are four major areas of clinical and laboratory investigation, including diagnostic laparoscopy for staging of pancreatic cancer, laparoscopic palliation of unresectable pancreatic cancer, laparoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocyst, and laparoscopic partial pancreatectomy (pancreaticoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, and enucleation for islet cell tumors). The increased sensitivity of staging laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasound as a staging modality in the diagnosis of previously unrecognized metastatic disease from pancreatic cancer is clearly the most utilitarian application of laparoscopic technology in this patient population. Additionally, a natural extension of staging laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasound is the ability to improve the quality of life for the patient with unresectable pancreatic cancer by palliating the biliary and gastrointestinal obstruction and the debilitating pain, without the need for and morbidity of open laparotomy. Laparoscopic internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts remains early in its development but appears to have potential benefit from application of minimal access techniques. And laparoscopic partial pancreatectomy, both pancreaticoduodenectomy, and, to a lesser degree, distal pancreatectomy, remain primarily investigational without clearly established benefits from the use of minimal access techniques. Received for publication on Sep. 10, 1998; accepted on Sep. 18, 1998     

Comparison of clinical outcome of single-incision laparoscopic surgery using a simplified access system with conventional laparoscopic surgery for malignant colorectal disease

Aim Instrument crowding is encountered in single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS). Our aim was to compare the results of SILS with those of conventional laparoscopic surgery (CLS) for malignant colorectal disease. Methods The records of 27 patients who received SILS for the treatment of malignant disease using a home‐made multiple‐port system were compared with those of 68 patients who received CLS performed in a standard manner using four to five trocar sites. Results There were no significant differences in age, gender, disease stage, tumour location or tumour size between the SILS and CLS groups. The most common surgery was high anterior resection in both groups (SILS, 63.0%vs CLS, 58.8%). There were no significant differences between the groups in types of surgery performed, length of bowel resected, resection margin, blood loss, duration of surgery or postoperative complications. Postoperative pain scores were significantly higher in the SILS group than in the CLS group (3.07 ± 1.14 vs 2.41 ± 0.63, respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusions SILS is as effective as CLS, and is not associated with increased duration of surgery, blood loss or complications.     

Complications of laparoscopic renal surgery

This review will summarize reported complications of laparoscopic renal surgery (LRS) and provide a concise summary and clinical pathway to prevent, identify and manage complications associated with LRS. Complications are not reported in a uniform manner and we strongly encourage the use of the Clavien or other classification systems to facilitate future comparison. Comorbidities, body mass index, renal function, renal anomalies, and lack of surgeon proficiency may adversely affect outcomes whereas age does not. Trocar access, pneumoperitoneum, and patient positioning reflect aspects unique to laparoscopy that may present specific challenges to the urologist. Articles pertaining to complications in LRS are examined and discussed. Major and minor complication rates for LRS have reportedly ranged from 1–6% and 6–17%, respectively. Vascular, bowel, and ureteral injuries are reported as the most commonly encountered intraoperative complications. An appreciation for the data presented may allow the urologist to better avert complications in LRS.     

Mentored retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal surgery in children: a safe approach to learning

OBJECTIVE: To review the feasibility of introducing advanced retroperitoneal renal laparoscopic surgery (RRLS) to a paediatric urology division, using the mentorship-training model. Although the scope of practice in paediatric urology is currently adapting endoscopic surgery into daily practice, most paediatric urologists in North America have had no formal training in laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: The study included four paediatric urologists with 3-25 years of practice; none had had any formal laparoscopic training or ever undertaken advanced RRLS. An experienced laparoscopic surgeon (the mentor) assisted the learning surgeons over a year. The initial phases of learning incorporated detailed lectures, visualization through videotapes and 'hands-on' demonstration by the expert in the technique of the standardized steps for each type of surgery. Over 10 months, ablative and reconstructive RRLS was undertaken jointly by the surgeons and the mentor. After this training the surgeons operated independently. To prevent lengthy operations, conversion to open surgery was planned if there was no significant progression after 2 h of laparoscopic surgery. RESULTS: Over the 10 months of mentorship, 36 RRLS procedures were undertaken in 31 patients (28 ablative and eight reconstructive). In all cases the mentored surgeons accomplished both retroperitoneal access and the creation of a working space within the cavity. The group was able to initiate ablative RRLS but the mentor undertook all the reconstructive procedures. After the mentorship period, over 10 months, 12 ablative procedures were undertaken independently, and five other attempts at RRLS failed. CONCLUSION: Although the mentored approach can successfully and safely initiate advanced RRLS in a paediatric urology division, assessing the laparoscopic practice pattern after mentorship in the same group of trainees is warranted. Ablative RRLS is easier to learn for the experienced surgeon, but reconstructive procedures, e.g. pyeloplasty, require a high degree of skill in laparoscopic technique, which may only be acquired through formal training focusing primarily on suturing techniques.     

Indications for laparoscopic surgery for Crohn''s disease using the Vienna Classification

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcome of laparoscopic surgery for Crohn's disease and clarify the indications using the Vienna Classification. METHOD: Between September 1994 and July 2004, 107 patients with Crohn's disease underwent 124 procedures. Of these, 91 laparoscopic procedures formed the basis of this study. The Vienna Classification, which consists of three subgroups - age at diagnosis (A1-2), location (L1-4) and behaviour (B1-3) - was applied to compare the conversion to open surgery and incidence of postoperative complications. RESULTS: Conversion to open surgery was necessary in 12 (13.2%) patients. Major and minor postoperative complications occurred in five (5.5%) and 13 (19.8%) patients respectively. The conversion rate, major and total complications in the B3L3/4 subgroup were significantly greater than in the other subgroups. Multivariate analysis showed that B3L3/4 was the only predictive factor for all complications. However, the incidence of major and all complications in the B3L3/4 subgroup did not differ between the open and laparoscopic surgery groups. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic surgery for Crohn's disease is the procedure of choice for all uncomplicated cases (B2L1-4, B3L1/2). For patients in the complicated group (B3L3/4), laparoscopy is also feasible and justified; however, the surgeon must be aware of the propensity for higher rate of conversion.     

经肛门拖出式腹腔镜与传统腹腔镜手术治疗直肠癌近期疗效差异的meta分析

目的比较经肛门拖出式腹腔镜手术与传统腹腔镜手术治疗直肠癌患者的近期疗效。方法检索2009年1月至2019年7月期间PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、中国知网、中国生物医学、万方、维普科技期刊等国内外数据库中发表的有关经肛门拖出式腹腔镜与传统腹腔镜手术治疗直肠癌疗效比较的文献,并严格按照纳入排除标准筛选合格的文献,利用Stata12.0软件进行统计学分析。结果共纳入文献19篇,包含直肠癌患者2 683例。meta分析结果显示,与传统腹腔镜组比较,经肛门拖出式腹腔镜组的手术时间缩短[WMD=–6.78,95%CI为(–11.96,–1.60),P<0.01]、术中出血量降低[WMD=–14.94,95%CI为(–23.48,–6.40),P<0.01]、术后肠道功能恢复时间提前[WMD=–13.55,95%CI为(–18.24,–8.85),P<0.01]、术后住院时间缩短[WMD=–1.60,95%CI为(–2.00,–1.21),P<0.01]、总并发症发生率降低[OR=0.50,95%CI为(0.38,0.67),P<0.01]且术后切口感染发生率降低[OR=0.19,95%CI为(0.08,0.45),P<0.01],而在淋巴结清扫数目[WMD=–0.02,95%CI为(–0.44,0.40),P=0.92]、切缘距肿瘤距离[WMD=0.13,95%CI为(–0.30,0.55),P=0.56]和吻合口漏发生率[OR=0.97,95%CI为(0.62,1.50),P=0.87]方面两者的差异无统计学意义。结论经肛门拖出式腹腔镜较传统腹腔镜手术对直肠癌的治疗更具低创性、安全性和可靠性,具有进一步推广及研究价值,但由于本研究纳入文献可能存在不可避免的偏倚等影响,故未来还需要更多的临床随机对照研究进一步探索。     

机器人辅助后腹腔镜肾上腺醛固酮瘤切除术

目的探讨机器人辅助后腹腔镜下治疗肾上腺醛固酮瘤的临床应用及手术疗效。 方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院泌尿外科自2015年1月至2018年1月行机器人辅助后腹腔镜肾上腺醛固酮瘤切除术患者的临床资料及术后随访结果。 结果21例患者,其中男性7例、女性14例,左侧12例、右侧9例,均行保留肾上腺手术,手术均获得成功,手术时间(110.54±29.21)min,出血量(25.12±10.01) ml,住院时间5.15～1.21 d,术后无严重并发症发生。术后随访时间0.5～2年,比较患者术前与术后1年的血压、血钾、血醛固酮/肾素、降血压药物种类等指标,各项指标均得到明显缓解,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05),21例患者中血压恢复正常6例(28.6%),15例(71.4%)术后仍持续高血压,其中13例(86.7%)患者减少降血压药物使用。 结论机器人辅助后腹腔镜肾上腺醛固酮瘤切除术安全有效,是肾上腺原发性醛固酮增多症外科手术治疗的较好选择。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜与传统腹腔镜治疗妇科良性疾病的对比研究

目的通过经脐单孔腹腔镜与传统腹腔镜手术的对比研究,探讨经脐单孔腹腔镜手术在妇科良性疾病治疗中的应用价值。 方法2016年11月至2018年1月在中国航天科工集团七三一医院及河北医科大学第二医院妇科收治的80例妇科良性疾病的患者,根据手术方式分为经脐单孔腹腔镜手术组及传统腹腔镜手术组,每组40例,对两组的手术时间、术中出血量、中转开腹率、术后排气时间、疼痛评分、住院时间、并发症进行比较。 结果两组手术均成功,无中转开腹手术,随访至术后1年未发生并发症。两组的术中出血量、术后排气时间、住院时间相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);单孔腹腔镜手术组的手术时间长于传统腹腔镜手术组[(111.00±54.90)min比(79.67±42.45)min],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但单孔腹腔镜手术组术后3 d疼痛的视觉模拟评分低于传统腹腔镜手术组[(2.6±0.92)分比(2.0±0.98)分],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论经脐单孔腹腔镜手术微创、安全可行,相较于传统腹腔镜手术能够明显减轻术后疼痛。     

Single-incision laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer

AIM: To determine the effect of single-incision laparoscopic colectomy(SILC) for colorectal cancer on short-term clinical and oncological outcomes by comparison with multiport conventional laparoscopic colectomy(CLC).METHODS: A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE for the time period of 2008 to December 2014 to retrieve all relevant literature. The search terms were "laparoscopy", "single incision", "single port", "single site", "SILS", "LESS" and "colorectal cancer". Publications were included if they were randomized controlled trials, case-matched controlled studies, or comparative studies, in which patients underwent single-incision(SILS or LESS) laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Studies were excluded if they were non-comparative, or not including surgery involving the colon or rectum. A total of 15 studies with 589 patients who underwent SILC for colorectal cancer were selected.RESULTS: No significant differences between the groups were noted in terms of mortality or morbidity. The benefit of the SILC approach included reduction in conversion rate to laparotomy, but there were no significant differences in other short-term clinical outcomes between the groups. Satisfactory oncological surgical quality was also demonstrated for SILC for the treatment of colorectal cancer with a similar average lymph node harvest and proximal and distal resection margin length as multiport CLC.CONCLUSION: SILC can be performed safely with similar short-term clinical and oncological outcomes as multiport CLC.     

A new approach to hand-assisted laparoscopic liver surgery

Background  The best type of laparoscopic approach in solid liver tumours (SLTs), whether total laparoscopic surgery or hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS), has not yet been established. Our objective is to present our experience with laparoscopic liver resections in SLTs performed by HALS using a new approach. Methods  We performed 35 laparoscopic resections in SLTs, of which 26 were carried out using HALS (in 25 patients) and 21 patients had liver metastases of a colorectal origin (LMCRC) (1 patient had 2 resections), 1 metastasis from a neuroendocrine tumour of the pancreas, 1 hepatocarcinoma on a healthy liver, 1 primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma and 1 giant haemangioma. Mean follow-up was 22 months. Operation  One right hemihepatectomy, one left hemihepatectomy, five bisegmentectomies II–III, three bisegmentectomies VI–VII and 16 segmentectomies (five of S. VI, three of S. VIII; three of S. V; two of S. IVb; one of S. II; one of S. IV; and in the remaining case resection of S. III and VI plus resection of a metastasis in S. VIII). Main outcome measures  Morbidity and mortality, conversion to open procedure, intraoperative blood loss, intra- and postoperative transfusion, length of stay and survival. Results  There were no intra- or postoperative deaths, nor were there any conversions. One patient presented with morbidity (3.8%) (liver abscess). Mean blood loss was 200 ml (range 0–600 ml). One patient required transfusion (3.8%). Mean operative time was 180 min (range 120–360 min). Mean length of hospital stay was 4 days (range 2–5 days). The actuarial survival rate of the patients at 36 months with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma (LMCRC) was 80%. Conclusions  Liver resection with HALS reproduces the low morbidity and mortality rates and effectiveness (3-year survival) of open surgery in SLTs when indicated selectively.     

Thromboprophylaxis in laparoscopic abdominal surgery

Background: Since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there has been a great concern regarding the increased risk of thromboembolism following laparoscopic surgery. However, in the absence of clear guidelines, the use of thromboprophylaxis in laparoscopic abdominal surgery is controversial. Methods: The evidence for and against routine and selective thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominal procedures was reviewed based mainly on published British and Danish surveys, together with the author's own survey. An attempt was made to come up with a generally‐accepted protocol for thromboprophylaxis in laparoscopic surgery. Results: Less thromboembolic events were encountered by laparoscopic surgeons who adopt routine thromboprophylaxis. More thromboembolic events following laparoscopic abdominal surgery were encountered by surgeons adopting selective thromboprophylaxis policy. Conclusion: Routine thromboprophylaxis seems to be more effective in protection against thromboembolism. However, this warrants further confirmation by prospective randomized trials.      

脾破裂手助腹腔镜切除术的应用

目的:探讨手助腹腔镜技术在脾破裂切除术中的应用。方法:用手助腹腔镜技术为15例外伤性脾破裂患者行脾切除术。结果:14例顺利完成手术,1例术中大出血中转开腹,平均手术时间105min,术中平均失血110ml,平均住院6.5d。结论:手助腹腔镜技术治疗外伤性脾破裂是安全可行的,适用于无脑、胸损伤,血液动力学稳定的患者。     

结直肠癌腹腔镜手术与开腹手术的分析比较

结直肠癌是危害人类健康的主要恶性肿瘤之一,手术仍然是目前主要的治疗手段.腹腔镜结直肠癌手术已开展了十余年,不断发展,在结直肠外科领域逐渐巩固了地位.本文就结直肠癌的腹腔镜手术与开腹手术在安全性、对机体病理生理的影响、疗效等方面进行比较,探讨腹腔镜在结直肠癌治疗中的应用价值.