Total knee arthroplasty for the stiff knee

The underlying cause of stiffness must be carefully evaluated when considering total knee arthrolasty for the stiff knee. Any previous skin incision must be recorded as well as the state of the extensor mechanism. The choice of prosthesis constraint should be decided on the state of the soft-tissues often released extensively to gain flexion. A quadriceps release or plasty and a tibial tubercle osteotomy are the current options for exposure, soft-tissue release and bone cuts. Postoperatively, the motion should be started early combined to pain control in order to obtain an average of 65° of flexion at follow-up. The complication rate remains high including recurrent stiffness, delayed wound healing and deep infection.     

单髁置换术与全膝关节置换术治疗膝单间室骨性关节炎近中期疗效的对比研究

目的探讨膝单髁置换术(UKA)和全膝关节置换术(TKA)治疗膝单间室重度骨性关节炎(KOA)的近中期临床疗效。方法随访本研究中因患膝单间室重度KOA接受单髁置换术的患者23例(23膝),同时期同术者施行的全膝关节置换术50例(56膝)。UKA组23位患者22名获得到了较为完整的临床随访,1例死亡。平均时间为28.6个月(4个月～7年),TKA组50位患者均获得随访,平均时间为32.9个月(2个月～7年)。对手术前后HSS评分,疼痛缓解,术中出血量及术后3d血红蛋白下降量,关节屈曲大于90°时间及屈曲大于120°膝关节数进行比较。结果UKA组与TKA组均获得满意疗效,两组患者均无假体松动,无关节翻修等严重并发症,HSS评分UKA组术前(64±5.75)分,术后末次随访(86±7.85)分(t=11.53,P0.001);TKA组术前(61±6.53)分,术后末次随访(84±7.92)分(t=18.64,P0.001)。与TKA组比较,UKA组术中出血(t=12.47,P0.001)及术后3d天血红蛋白下降少(t=13.61,P0.001),疼痛缓解相似(2=0.007,P0.05),术后膝关节屈曲到90°时间短(t=3.97,P0.05),术后能屈曲到120°的比率高。结论在严格掌握适应证的前提下,对于膝单间室重度KOA患者的手术治疗,UKA的近中期疗效可与TKA相媲美,而且UKA具有创伤小,出血少,患者耐受性好,术后恢复快的优点。     

全膝关节表面置换术治疗晚期骨性关节炎

目的总结全膝关节表面置换术治疗膝骨性关节炎的经验,探讨其治疗效果。方法对215例（226膝）骨性关节炎患者行全膝关节表面置换术,应用KSS膝关节评分系统进行疗效分析。结果178例获得随访,时间15d～11年5个月,平均（29±8．2）个月,膝关节评分平均（87±3．9）分,优良率91．5％;膝关节功能评分平均（76±9．9）分,优良率66．6％。结论全膝关节表面置换术对于严重膝骨性关节炎的疼痛缓解、功能改善方面有良好疗效。     

合并膝内翻骨性关节炎全膝关节置换的处理

目的探讨膝骨性关节炎合并膝内翻畸形者行膝关节置换时膝内翻的矫正方法。方法172例（190膝）合并内翻畸形骨性关节炎患者进行全膝关节表面置换术。术前测量膝内翻角、关节面夹角、胫骨角、胫骨内翻角及胫骨平台后倾角,其内翻角为8°～21°,参考关节面夹角、胫骨角及胫骨内翻角确定膝内翻的类型,术中根据膝内翻的类型及构成因素进行相应的胫骨截骨及适度的软组织松解。结果出现切口感染2例（2膝）,1例为急性感染,1例为迟发性感染,2例均经清创、假体取出并膝关节融合术后痊愈。术后内翻矫正157膝,仍有膝内翻33膝,内翻角3°～9°（4.8°±0.9°）。165例（182膝）获得随访,时间8～90（40±3.5）个月。末次随访时除2例感染外,余膝关节活动度为：伸直0°168膝,伸直受限＆lt;10°11膝,伸直受限11°～15°3膝;屈曲90°～130°。临床及X线检查未见明显松动迹象。HSS膝关节评分由术前12～57（30±5.5）分提高到76～89（79.2±4.3）分。结论术前明确膝内翻的类型及构成因素,术中采取针对性操作进行适度的软组织松解及正确的截骨,是全膝关节置换膝内翻获得矫正的有效方法。     

膝关节外翻畸形的人工全膝关节置换术

目的探讨膝关节外翻畸形患者行人工全膝关节置换术(TKA)的手术方法和临床效果。方法对1996年1月至2004年8月74例87个膝关节外翻畸形TKA手术进行回顾分析。患者男11例,女63例,平均年龄63岁(26~80岁);股胫角(股骨和胫骨解剖轴线的夹角)平均为21·59°(12°~40°);应用后稳定型假体,采用髌旁内侧入路、常规截骨加单纯外侧软组织松解方法。随访检查膝关节活动度、X线外翻角度及KSS评分以评价手术效果。结果术后评价随访时间33·8个月(5个月~9年),根据膝关节活动度数及KSS评分评估关节功能情况。膝关节平均活动度为112·4°(80°~130°),KSS评分平均为81·7分(71~93分),比术前提高了59分;功能评分平均为86·3分,比术前提高了59·8分。所有膝关节在行TKA后外翻畸形基本得到矫正,随访时外翻度数(股胫角)平均为8·7°(0°~11°),较术前有明显改善。随访时1例患者有膝关节轻度不稳症状,1例术前严重髌脱位患者术后髌骨存在半脱位,其余正常。结论对于膝关节外翻畸形患者,采用髌旁内侧入路、常规截骨加单纯外侧软组织松解以及安装后稳定型假体的方法,可取得比较满意的临床效果。     

人工全膝关节置换治疗膝关节骨关节炎

目的探讨人工全膝关节置换术(TKA)治疗终末期膝关节骨关节炎的临床疗效。方法对行TKA治疗的181例终末期膝关节骨关节炎患者(226膝)分别于手术后40、120、180、360 d进行定期随访观察,对患者HSS膝关节功能评分及膝关节最大活动度进行比较。结果患者均获得随访,时间1~2年。膝关节功能HSS评分:优209膝(92.5%),良13膝(5.8%),可3膝(1.3%),差1膝(0.4%),优良率98.2%。术后各时间段的HSS评分及膝关节最大活动度均较术前显著提高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TKA是治疗终末期膝关节骨关节炎的有效方法,正确的手术操作和合理的功能锻炼是取得满意临床效果决定性因素。     

人工全膝关节置换术在外翻膝的临床应用

[目的]探讨人工全膝关节置换术在外翻膝中的手术技术和临床疗效.[方法]2004年3月～2008年9月,对14例16个外翻膝行膝前正中、髌旁内侧入路,常规截骨、外侧软组织松解,后方稳定型假体或后交叉韧带保留型假体的人工全膝关节置换术进行回顾性研究.患者男3例,女11例,平均年龄60.5岁(45～77岁).经过随访比较手术前后膝关节屈伸活动度、KSS评分、膝关节X线情况来评估手术临床效果.[结果]术后平均随访42个月(24～54个月),膝关节屈伸活动度由术前平均82°(伸直0°～屈曲120°)提高到术后120°(伸直0°～屈曲150°);KSS评分:临床评分由术前平均43分(10～65分)提高到术后平均83.9分(70～100分),功能评分由术前平均52.9分(30～70分)提高到术后平均89.3分(75～100分);胫股角由术前平均16.5°(8°～30°)改善纠术后平均7°(5°～10°),膝外翻畸形得到良好的矫正.随访中无深静脉血栓、膝关节感染、髌骨半脱位或脱位并发症发生.[结论]膝前正中、髌旁内侧入路,常规截骨、外侧软组织松解,后方稳定型假体或后交叉韧带保留型假体的TKA治疗外翻膝临床疗效满意.     

人工单髁置换治疗膝单间室严重骨关节炎

目的 观察人工单髁置换(UKA)治疗膝关节单间室严重骨关节炎的疗效.方法 对52例(60膝)骨性关节炎患者行UKA.术前关节镜检查,采用微创小切口技术和Sled、M-G假体.结果 8例(8膝)因关节镜下髌骨关节面软骨损伤严重,改行关节镜清理或全膝置换术.44例(52膝)获随访1～6年.Bristol评分较术前均有升高,术前为21.93分,术后1个月达36.98分,6个月达48.12分.40例(46膝)患者术后1年胫骨假体周围出现约2 mm透光带,此后未再进一步发展,患膝无症状.结论 人工单髁置换治疗膝单间室严重骨关节炎是一种行之有效的方法,较全膝置换费用降低,创伤小,恢复快,功能好.     

Oxford单髁置换治疗膝内侧间室骨性关节炎

目的探讨Oxford单髁置换(UKA)治疗膝内侧间室骨关节炎的临床疗效。方法采用Oxford UKA治疗25例膝内侧间室骨关节炎患者(26膝)。采用膝关节功能HSS评分评价疗效。结果 25例患者均获随访,时间8~16个月。术后患膝关节疼痛均明显缓解,关节活动度改善,生活质量提高。术后2周、3个月、6个月膝关节功能HSS评分、膝关节活动度均较术前增加,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01),术后2周、3个月、6个月膝关节屈曲挛缩度数均较术前减少,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 Oxford UKA治疗膝内侧间室骨关节炎,具有术后功能恢复良好、并发症少等优点。     

小切口单髁置换术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎94膝的中短期疗效研究

[目的]探讨小切口单髁置换术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎的中短期疗效与手术技术。[方法]回顾性分析本院2003年1月～2010年6月收治的87例(94膝)经小切口单髁置换术治疗的膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎患者的资料。对患者膝关节疼痛VAS评分、关节活动度、膝关节HSS评分、关节力线等进行评估分析,分析单髁关节置换临床效果、遇到的问题及应对方法。[结果]术后平均随访3.4年(6个月～7年),返修2例,无感染、深静脉血栓、假体脱位等,HSS评分由术前61.05分增至92.67分,优良率达92%。VAS评分由术前6.46分降至2.80分。术后疼痛缓解率94%。膝屈曲度平均达127.53°。术后力线平均内翻2°。[结论]小切口单髁置换术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎中短期疗效满意,具有创伤小、恢复快、症状改善明显、术后功能良好等特点。     

Neglected irreducible posterolateral knee dislocation

Knee dislocations are rare injuries. Posterolateral knee dislocations are only a small subset of them. There is a paucity of literature regarding the management of such neglected cases. We report here, a case of neglected irreducible posterolateral knee dislocation treated with open reduction and isolated posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction followed by gradual rehabilitation with good outcome at 3 years followup.     

全膝关节表面置换治疗严重膝关节畸形

目的探讨人工全膝关节表面置换术(TKA)治疗严重膝关节畸形临床疗效。方法应用全膝关节表面置换治疗严重膝关节畸形36例(48膝)。使用HSS评分标准评估分析术前、术后膝关节功能及术后疼痛、膝关节活动度的改善情况。43膝采用后稳定型人工全膝关节假体,5膝采用CCK型人工全膝关节假体。结果术后早期均无感染等并发症发生。术后X线片示假体位置良好,下肢力线良好。患者均获得随访,时间6～18个月。HSS评分术前为(41±5.3)分,术后6个月为(87.7±6.5)分。手术优良率为83.3%。患者疼痛、功能方面及活动度均有明显改善。结论全膝关节置换术对严重膝关节畸形的治疗效果满意。但应严格掌握手术适应证。     

Total knee arthroplasty using the total condylar III knee prosthesis

Twenty-seven total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) were performed in 24 patients using the total condylar III knee prosthesis (TCP III) and were evaluated clinically and radiographically with a mean follow-up period of 4 years. Eighteen were revision TKAs, and nine were primary knee arthroplasties. Evaluations were made using the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee scale as well as the Knee Society radiographic evaluation method. Clinical results for all knees were 11% (3 of 27) excellent, 70% (19 of 27) good, 15% (4 of 27) fair, and 4% (1 of 27) poor. The one poor rating resulted from an intraoperative vascular injury. The results showed no statistical difference between revision and primary TKA. After operation, pain relief, range of motion, walking, function, and activity level improved in both the primary and revision patients. Radiolucencies 2 mm or greater in width were found in 6 of the 27 tibial components, in none of the 27 femoral components, and in 1 of the 19 patellar components. Only two tibial implants showed progressive radiolucencies. No correlation was found between the radiographic position of the implants and the clinical results. The authors conclude that the TCP III is a satisfactory choice for TKA in selected knees in which there is significant instability and in which intramedullary fixation is required.     

单髁置换术治疗膝单间室骨性关节炎的近期疗效

目的探讨单髁置换术治疗膝关节单间室骨性关节炎的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析26例经单髁置换术治疗的膝关节单间室骨性关节炎患者(28膝)的资料。采用HSS评分对患者术后膝关节疼痛与关节活动度进行评估,测量术后膝关节力线,分析手术的适应症证及术后疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间3~32个月。28膝术后关节负重内侧间室疼痛明显减轻或消失,膝屈曲度为122°~135°(128.39°±4.69°),术后力线内翻角度为1.2°~4.0°(2.51°±0.10°)。术后HSS评分:优24膝,良2膝,可2膝。结论单髁置换术治疗膝关节骨性关节炎具有创伤小、恢复快、症状改善明显、延缓全膝置换时间等特点,近期疗效较好。     

Two-stage conversion of fused knee to total knee arthroplasty

We report 2 cases of conversion of fused knee to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by way of soft-tissue expansion. Case 1 had had multiple operations on the infected total knee, which was arthrodesed 7 months before conversion. Case 2 had had knee arthrodesis for an intra-articular comminuted fracture 5 years and 10 months before conversion. In both patients, a tissue expander was placed subcutaneously upon the patella and the patellar tendon to gradually expand the anterior knee skin for later coverage and knee flexion. After takedown of the arthrodesis, a fully constrained rotating-hinge prosthesis was implanted as the second-stage procedure. The final range of flexion was 95 degrees in both knees with patients' subjective satisfaction.     

单髁置换术治疗单间室膝关节骨关节炎

目的探讨单髁置换术治疗单间室膝关节骨关节炎的临床效果。方法对18例膝关节骨关节炎患者采用单髁置换术治疗。结果手术时间80～120（92±9.89）min,出血量130～325（206±45.74）ml,手术切口一期愈合,未发生手术并发症。18例均获随访,时间12～25个月。KSS膝评分：优9例,良6例,中3例;KSS功能评分：优9例,良5例,中4例。膝关节KSS评分、WOMAC评分和膝关节活动度在术前和末次随访时比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,股胫角角度有改善。结论单髁置换术治疗单间室膝关节骨关节炎是创伤小、效果好的治疗方法。     

膝关节纤维化

膝关节纤维化的概念被用于描述以膝关节活动障碍为主的一系列膝部症候群。Vernon et al（1994年）首先提出关节纤维化的概念,即由于关节内瘢痕组织形成导致的关节活动度丢失。Cosgarea et al（1995年）将那些膝关节伸展活动度减少10°以上或屈曲活动度〈125°的病例定义为膝关节纤维化。而Shelbourne et al（1996年）则认为任何与健侧下肢对比存在屈伸功能障碍的病例均应称为膝关节纤维化。     

Management of the painful knee

The painful knee is one of the most common musculoskeletal presentations to primary and secondary care. It is important to distinguish between acute and chronic causes of knee pain, since the urgency of diagnosis and management can be vastly different. This short review covers the common diagnoses that are frequently encountered, with a systematic approach to confirming the diagnosis, and a management strategy.     

Anterior knee pain following primary total knee arthroplasty

Despite improvements in technique and technology for total knee arthroplasty (TKA), anterior knee pain impacts patient outcomes and satisfaction. Addressing the prosthetic and surgical technique related causes of pain after TKA, specifically as it relates to anterior knee pain, can aid surgeons in addressing these issues with their patients. Design features of the femoral and patellar components which have been reported as pain generators include: Improper femoral as well as patellar component sizing or designs that result in patellofemoral stuffing; a shortened trochlear groove distance from the flange to the intercondylar box; and then surgical technique related issues resulting in: Lateral patellar facet syndrome; overstuffed patella/flange combination; asymmetric patellar resurfacing, improper transverse plane component rotation resulting in patellar subluxation/tilt. Any design consideration that allows impingement of extensor mechanism anatomical elements has the possibility of impacting outcome by becoming a pain generator. As the number of TKA procedures continues to increase, it is increasingly critical to develop improved, evidence based prostheses that maximize function and patient satisfaction while minimizing pain and other complications.     

影响骨关节炎患者全膝关节置换术后关节功能的相关因素分析

[目的]探讨影响骨关节炎患者全膝关节置换术后关节功能的相关因素.[方法]对41例43膝骨关节炎终末期行全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)患者术前、术后半年的膝关节功能进行HSS评分,应用Pearson相关分析及多重线性回归对术后膝关节HSS评分与患者年龄、体重指数、疼痛评分、术前膝关节活动度(ROM)、内翻畸形程度、手术前后股骨前髁偏距(ACO)变化情况,术后胫骨平台后倾角(PSA)等因素进行统计分析;并分析手术前后股骨前髁偏距(ACO)变化情况,术后胫骨平台后倾角(PSA)与术后膝关节ROM之间的关系.[结果]Pearson相关分析结果可以看出术前疼痛评分、术前膝关节ROM、术后胫骨平台PSA、手术前后股骨ACO变化与术后膝关节功能HSS评分呈正相关;体重指数、膝内翻畸形程度与术后膝关节功能HSS评分呈负相关.逐步回归分析经筛选后纳入方程的变量只有术后胫骨平台PSA (P＜0.01)、术前疼痛功能评分(P＜0.01)、体重指数(P＜0.05),根据标准回归系数的绝对值大小排序,对应变量的作用排序为术后胫骨平台PSA (0.555)＞术前疼痛评分(0.357)＞体重指数(0.187).ACO术前大于术后组的患者术后膝关节ROM明显好于ACO术前小于术后组(P＜0.05).术后胫骨平台PSA 7°～9°组术后膝关节活动度最好.[结论](1)术前疼痛评分、术前膝关节ROM、术后胫骨平台PSA、术前术后股骨ACO变化与术后膝关节HSS评分呈正相关,体重指数、膝关节内翻畸形与术后膝关节功能HSS评分呈负相关;(2)术后胫骨平台PSA、术前疼痛评分、体重指数对术后半年膝关节HSS评分影响显著;(3)股骨ACO变化对术后膝关节活动度有影响,术后胫骨平台PSA7°～9°膝关节活动度好.