急性缺血性脑卒中患者血小板膜糖蛋白的表达水平与临床伤残严重程度的相关性及其临床意义

目的 分析急性缺血性脑卒中患者血小板膜糖蛋白的表达水平与临床伤残严重程度的相关性及其临床意义。方法 选取本院神经内科2018年1月-2019年3月收治的120例急性缺血性脑卒中患者为研究对象,将其设定为观察组。另选取60例健康者为对照组,通过流式细胞术检测方法来检测2组研究对象的血小板膜糖蛋白CD31、CD62p、CD63以及PAC-1的表达水平,分析其与临床伤残严重程度的相关性。结果 观察组患者的血小板膜糖蛋白CD31、CD62p、CD63、PAC-1表达水平均高于对照组(P<0.05); 观察组患者血小板膜糖蛋白CD62p与PAC-1表达水平和临床伤残严重程度评分呈正相关(Pearson相关系数分别为0.178和0.241,P<0.05); CD31、CD62p和CD63的表达水平与不同神经功能缺损程度有关,其中中度和重度急性缺血性脑卒中患者的CD31、CD62p与CD63表达水平高于轻型患者(P<0.05)。结论 在急性缺血性脑卒中患者体内血小板的活化程度较健康者来说明显升高,血小板膜糖蛋白CD62p与PAC-1的表达水平对临床伤残程度有显著影响,可作为反映急性缺血性脑卒中患者病情变化和预测康复效果的指标。     

缺血性脑卒中患者P选择素、溶酶体蛋白表达的变化及其临床意义

目的　探讨缺血性脑卒中患者P选择素(CD62P)、溶酶体蛋白(CD63)表达的规律及其临床意 义。方法　运用流式细胞术检测168例缺血性脑卒中患者(急性期及恢复期)及40名健康对照者CD62P、CD63 的表达,并与神经功能缺损程度评分(NDS)进行相关分析。结果　(1)缺血性脑卒中患者急性期CD62P、CD63 表达[(9.48±1.24)%、(8.36±1.18)%]显著高于其恢复期[(5.73±1.27)%、(4.21±1.20)%]及健康对 照组[(1.59±0.56)%、(0.92±0.38)%](均P<0.01),恢复期CD62P、CD63表达仍高于对照组(P<0.01); (2)缺血性脑卒中组急性期患者按牛津郡社区卒中计划分为4个亚型,CD62P、CD63表达在完全前循环梗死 (TACI)组[(16.45±1.13)%、(15.59±1.28)%]明显高于部分前循环梗死(PACI)组[(10.63±1.18)%、 (9.38±1.14)%]、后循环梗死(POCI)组[(10.54±1.14)%、(9.33±1.13)%]及腔隙性梗死(LACI)组 [(6.59±1.35)%、(5.53±1.20)%](均P<0.01),PACI组及POCI组明显高于LACI组(均P<0.01),而 PACI组及POCI组之间差异无显著性(P>0.05);(3)CD62P、CD63表达与NDS呈显著直线正相关(r=0.84、 r=0.817,均P<0.01)。结论　缺血性脑卒中患者急性期CD62P、CD63表达显著升高,可能参与了缺血性脑损 伤形成的病理过程,并间接反映其病情程度;恢复期CD62P、CD     

Lack of uniform platelet activation in patients after ischemic stroke and choice of antiplatelet therapy

INTRODUCTION: Platelets play an important role in the natural history of ischemic stroke, and are known to be activated in the acute phase. Although aspirin reduces risks of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death, the extent of platelet action and the effect of aspirin on platelet function in patients recovering from stroke remain unclear. METHODS: We studied 120 individuals divided into three equal groups: aspirin-free patients after ischemic stroke, post-stroke patients receiving aspirin (81-650 mg/daily), and aspirin-free subjects with multiple risk factors for vascular disease. Conventional platelet aggregation induced by 5 microM ADP and 5 microM epinephrine, cartridge-based analyzers (Ultegra, and PFA-100) readings, and expression of CD31, CD41a, CD42b, GPIIb/IIIa activity, CD51/CD61, CD62p, CD63, CD107a, CD154, CD165, formation of platelet-monocyte aggregates, intact (SPAN12), and cleaved (WEDE15) PAR-1 thrombin receptors by flow cytometry were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no differences between aspirin-free post-stroke patients and aspirin-free controls. Although aggregation was slightly higher, 12 out of the 14 receptor analyses, were surprisingly lower in the post-stroke cohort. Aspirin-treated patients exhibited highly significant inhibition of epinephrine-induced aggregation (p=0.0001), prolongation of the closure time (p=0.03), and reduction of the aspirin reactive units (p=0.02) measured by the Ultegra device. In addition, surface platelet expression of thrombospondin (p=0.001), GPIIb/IIIa activity (p=0.04), P-selectin (p=0.03), CD40-ligand (p=0.04), CD165 (p=0.02), the formation of the platelet-monocyte aggregates (p=0.01), and intact epitope of PAR-1 thrombin receptor (p=0.03) were significantly lower in the aspirin-treated group. CONCLUSIONS: Platelets are not activated in aspirin-free patients after ischemic stroke. Platelet function is significantly inhibited in those treated with aspirin when compared with healthy subjects with risk factors for vascular disease. Bleeding complications and hemorrhagic transformations after aggressive antiplatelet regimens could be related to the decreased or normal baseline platelet characteristics in such patients. Further analysis of platelet heterogeneity and its clinical significance remains to be determined in randomized trials.     

Hyperresponsiveness of platelets in ischemic stroke

Platelet activation and aggregation are critical in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of our study was to characterize platelet function in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and to evaluate the effect of platelet activation on clinical outcome. One hundred thirty-eight consecutive patients with TIA (n = 74) or stroke (n = 64) were enrolled in this study. Platelet aggregation in response to ADP, epinephrine, arachidonic acid, or collagen, and expression of platelet activation receptors (CD62P, CD63, LIBS-1 and PAC-1) in the acute phase and at three months follow-up were evaluated. Platelets derived from stroke patients were more hyperaggregable in response to agonists in the acute phase compared to TIA patients (p[ADP] = 0.002, p[arachidonic acid] = 0.047, p[epinephrine] = 0.020). Platelet activation was enhanced in the acute phase irrespective of the severity of the disease (stroke or TIA) and returned to baseline levels three months later. Persistent elevated platelet activation at three months follow-up (PAC-1) was associated with increased incidence of recurrent stroke (median, [interquartile range] 3.4, [3.0-5.2] versus 2.9, [2.3-4.0], p = 0.048). In conclusion, platelets are hyperactive in acute stroke compared with TIA. A more intensified dual antiplatelet therapy may be of benefit for stroke patients.     

Platelet Surface CD62p and Serum Vitamin D Levels are Associated with Clopidogrel Resistance in Chinese Patients with Ischemic Stroke

Background: To explore the association of platelet activation markers, vitamin D, and antiplatelet drugs resistance in ischemic stroke patients. Methods: A total of 230 patients with ischemic stroke were enrolled in this study. Platelet aggregation, platelet activation marker (CD62p), and vitamin D were measured after 7-14 days of dual antiplatelet treatment (aspirin?+?clopidogrel). All individuals were divided into a drug resistance group and a drug sensitive group according to the platelet maximum aggregation rate induced by antagonist adenosine diphosphate or arachidonic acid. Results: In this study, the prevalence of aspirin resistance was low (1.2%), while the prevalence of clopidogrel resistance (CR) was 24.8%, so we focused on CR. The percentage of CD62p on activated platelet [(25.74 ± 4.61) versus (12.41 ± 3.93), P < .001] and the prevalence of hypertension [93.0% (53) versus 79.8% (138), P?=?.021] in CR group were significantly higher than those in clopidogrel sensitive (CS) group, while the vitamin D concentration [(8.96 ± 4.41) versus (13.9 ± 4.84) ng/mL, P?=?.003] in CR group was significantly lower compared with the CS group. No significant difference was found in soluble P-selectin between these 2 groups [(56.2 ± 16.13) versus (54.2 ± 14.87) ng/mL, P?=?.258], neither in calcium [(2.29 ± .12) versus (2.33 ± .13) mmol/L, P?=?.821]. Logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 5.348, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.184-23.350, P?=?.026), expression of platelet CD62p (OR?=?1.095, 95% CI 1.052-1.201, P?=?.018) and vitamin D level (OR?=?.832, 95% CI .763-.934, P?=?.005) were associated with CR in ischemic stroke patients. Conclusions: CR in ischemic stroke patients is associated with several independent predictors, including increased platelet activation marker CD62p, decreased vitamin D level, and hypertension.     

Blood platelet activation markers in patients with acute cerebral infarction during the earliest stage of the disease--evaluation using flow cytometry methods

Platelet activation seems to play a critical role in a number of vascular diseases, including stroke. The aim of our study was whole-blood flow cytometry evaluation of platelet activation markers: P-selectin (CD62), glycoprotein-53 (CD63) and platelet-derived microparticle in vivo in patients with acute cerebral infarction. We investigated 50 patients (29 men and 21 women, mean age 67.8) with acute cerebral infarction. Parameters of platelet activation were measured on the 1st, 3rd and 7th day after stroke onset. Comparisons were made with 20 control patients matched age. Compared to controls (1.6 +/- 0.7%) the stroke patients showed higher expression of CD62 on the 1st (2.6 +/- 1.4%), 3rd (3.5 +/- 2.3%) and 7th (3.0 +/- 2.0%) day after stroke onset. The differences were statistically significant on all days (p < 0.05). Compared to controls (1.5 +/- 0.6%) the stroke patients had also higher expression of CD63 on the 1st (1.9 +/- 0.6%), 3rd (2.0 +/- 0.6%) day and they showed higher level of platelet-derived microparticles on the 3rd (13.0 +/- 3.0%) day after stroke onset. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Elevated expression of CD62, CD63 and platelet-derived microparticles level indicate platelet activation during the acute phase of ischaemic stroke. Flow cytometry is a useful tool for in vivo assessment of platelet activation.     

脑出血患者血小板CD62p、CD42b表达及血浆血栓素B2、6-酮前列腺素-F1a和血管性假血友病因子水平的变化及其意义

目的 研究脑出血患者血小板CD62p、CD42b表达及血浆血栓素B2(TXB2)、6-酮前列腺素-F1a(6-keto-PGF1a)和血管性假血友病因子(vWF)水平的变化及其意义.方法 对46例高血压脑出血患者(脑出血组)发病后＜3 d、1周、2周及20例高血压患者(对照组),用流式细胞仪检测血小板CD62p、CD42b表达,酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆TXB2、6-keto-PGF1a和vWF的水平,并分析脑出血患者血小板CD62p、CD42b表达与血浆vWF水平的相关性.结果 在发病后＜3 d、1周及2周,脑出血组血小板CD62p表达和血浆TXB2、vWF水平及TXB2/6-keto-PGF1a(T/K)比值均明显高于对照组(均P＜0.01).血小板CD42b表达和血浆6-keto-PGF1a水平均明显低于对照组(均P＜0.01).脑出血患者血小板CD62p表达与血浆vWF水平呈正相关(r=0.56,P＜0.01),血小板CD42b表达与血浆vWF水平呈负相关(r=-0.60,P＜0.01).结论 脑出血患者出现血小板CD62p表达和血浆TXB2、vWF水平升高,血小板CD42b表达和血浆6-keto-PGF1a水平降低.提示脑出血后有明显血管内皮功能障碍及血小板活化.     

Reactive leptin resistance and the profile of platelet activation in acute ischaemic stroke patients

Leptin is an adipokine that in vitro enhances agonist-induced platelet aggregation and adipokine expression. Hyperleptinaemia represents a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We conducted a prospective evaluation of the potential link between blood platelet activation and plasma leptin levels in post-stroke patients. Using five-colour flow cytometry, the platelet surface expression of CD40L, CD62P, the subpopulations of monocyte-platelet aggregates and platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) as well as the plasma leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOb-R), leptin/sOb-R ratio, the plasma adiponectin, and leptin/adiponectin ratio were assessed in 98 stroke patients on the first (V?), 10th (V? ) and 90th (V?) day after stroke and once in 78 age-, gender- and vascular risk factor-matched disease controls. We demonstrated that at V0 leptin resistance, defined as leptin/sOb-R ratio, was higher than in the controls [1.1 (0.5-1.8 vs. 0.5 (0.2-1.1); p=0.02]. After adjustment according to the factors which influence platelet activation, we confirmed the relationship between percentage of circulating PMPs and plasma leptin level (B=0.18; p=0.02) or the leptin/sOb-R ratio (B=0.23; p=0.02) in normal-weight subjects in the acute phase of stroke. No correlation could be demonstrated between the adipokine parameters and the percentage of monocyte-platelet aggregates or expression of platelet pro-inflammatory glycoproteins. In conclusion, formation of PMPs on the first day following an ischaemic stroke shows a positive correlation with leptin levels and with resistance to leptin. Leptin level does not seem to affect the expression of platelet surface proinflammatory glycoproteins.     

脑梗死急性期血小板功能定量分析

目的:探讨不同类型脑梗死急性期血小板功能的变化以及与各种危险因素的关系。方法:应用流式细胞术测定160例脑梗死患者及50名正常对照组的血小板α颗粒膜糖蛋白(CD62p)、溶酶体颗粒膜糖蛋白(CD63)和血小板膜表面糖蛋白(CD41)表达的百分率,分析这些血小板糖蛋白与脑梗死类型和伴发的危险因素的关系。结果:各组血小板CD62p、CD63、CD41阳性的百分率均高于正常对照组(P<0.05～0.01),以大动脉粥样硬化组升高最明显(P<0.01～0.001)。脑梗死相关的危险因素影响血小板活化,且与伴发程度和危险因素种类相关(P<0.05～0.01)。结论:血小板功能的活化程度与脑梗死的类型和伴发的危险因素显著相关。     

Increased platelet count and leucocyte-platelet complex formation in acute symptomatic compared with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis

OBJECTIVE: The risk of stroke in patients with recently symptomatic carotid stenosis is considerably higher than in patients with asymptomatic stenosis. In the present study it was hypothesised that excessive platelet activation might partly contribute to this difference. METHODS: A full blood count was done and whole blood flow cytometry used to measure platelet surface expression of CD62P, CD63, and PAC1 binding and the percentage of leucocyte-platelet complexes in patients with acute (0-21 days, n = 19) and convalescent (79-365 days) symptomatic (n = 16) and asymptomatic (n = 16) severe (> or =70%) carotid stenosis. Most patients were treated with aspirin (37.5-300 mg daily) although alternative antithrombotic regimens were more commonly used in the symptomatic group. RESULTS: The mean platelet count was higher in patients with acute and convalescent symptomatic compared with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. There were no significant differences in the median percentage expression of CD62P and CD63, or PAC1 binding between the acute or convalescent symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The median percentages of neutrophil-platelet (p = 0.004), monocyte-platelet (p = 0.046), and lymphocyte-platelet complexes (p = 0.02) were higher in acute symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients. In patients on aspirin monotherapy, the percentages of neutrophil-platelet and monocyte-platelet complexes (p = 0.03) were higher in acute symptomatic (n = 11) than asymptomatic patients (n = 14). In the convalescent phase, the median percentages of all leucocyte-platelet complexes in the symptomatic group dropped to levels similar to those found in the asymptomatic group. CONCLUSION: Increased platelet count and leucocyte-platelet complex formation may contribute to the early excess risk of stroke in patients with recently symptomatic carotid stenosis.     

Platelet activation in acute, decompensated congestive heart failure

BACKGROUND: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism, stroke and sudden death. This may be related to abnormalities of thrombogenesis and platelet activation. A comprehensive assessment of platelet (dys)function in acute decompensated heart failure (AHF) is lacking, and we hypothesised that such patients would show greater abnormalities in platelet indices, compared to stable CHF and healthy controls. METHODS: We measured soluble P-selectin (sP-sel, by ELISA); platelet surface P-selectin (CD62P%G) and CD63%G expression by flow cytometry; and platelet structural indices [mean platelet volume (MPV), mean platelet mass (MPM) and mean platelet component (MPC)] in 22 patients with AHF (pre- and posttreatment), who were compared to 68 patients with stable congestive heart failure (CHF, all with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50%) and 23 healthy controls. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the 3 study groups in MPV (p<0.001), MPC (p=0.001), platelet surface P-selectin (CD62P%G, p<0.0001) and platelet surface CD63P%G (p=0.017). On post-hoc analyses, AHF patients had higher platelet surface P-selectin (CD62P%G) compared to stable CHF patients and healthy controls (Tukey's test, all p<0.05), whilst CD63%P was similarly high in both disease groups, compared to healthy controls. Platelet surface P-selectin (p=0.032), CD63 (p=0.024) and CD40L (p=0.024) were significantly reduced following treatment of AHF, though platelet morphology and sP-sel levels were not significantly changed. CONCLUSION: AHF patients demonstrate some abnormalities of platelet activation compared to stable CHF patients and healthy controls. These platelet abnormalities are modified by treatment, raising the possibility that platelets may partly contribute to the pathophysiology of adverse complications associated with AHF.     

Increased platelet surface expression of P-selectin and thrombospondin as markers of platelet activation in essential thrombocythaemia

Essential thrombocythaemia (ET) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder associated with an increased risk of both thromboembolic and bleeding complications. Platelet activation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of prethrombotic conditions. The platelet surface expression of p-selectin (CD62p) and thrombospondin (TSP) has been shown to correlate with platelet activation. In the present study, we used a flow cytometric assay to study whether the fraction of platelets expressing CD62p and TSP is increased in newly diagnosed ET. Thirty-four patients with newly diagnosed ET and 25 healthy control subjects were investigated. The proportion of platelets expressing the activation-dependent antigens CD62p and TSP was higher in patients with ET (CD62p: 14.7+/-15.0%; TSP: 12.4+/-9.9%) as compared with healthy control subjects (CD62p: 3.0+/-4.0%; TSP: 3.2+/-3.2%; p< 0.001). In ET, there was a linear correlation between platelet surface expression of CD62p and TSP (p<0.0001, r=0.83). At diagnosis of ET, 20 patients were symptomatic and 14 asymptomatic. Compared with asymptomatic ET patients there was no difference in the expression of CD62p (18.3+/-16.2% vs. 14.5+/-13.4%) and TSP (14.4+/-9.8% vs. 12.8+/-9.5%) in symptomatic ET patients. In conclusion, increased expression of platelet neoantigens is present at the diagnosis of ET. Both activation-dependent epitopes CD62p and TSP are increasingly expressed on the platelet surface in newly diagnosed ET patients.     

个体化抗血小板治疗对缺血性卒中二级预防的效果研究

目的 研究个体化抗血小板治疗在缺血性卒中二级预防的效果。 方法 选择2013年3月-2014年5月于陕西省人民医院就诊的急性缺血性卒中患者207例,随机分为 常规治疗组与个体化治疗组。常规治疗组应用阿司匹林100 mg/d抗血小板治疗。个体化治疗组应用 Essen卒中风险评分量表（Essen Stroke Risk Score,ESRS）将高危组给予氯吡格雷75 mg/d,低危组给 予阿司匹林100 mg/d抗血小板治疗。7 d后进行血栓弹力图（thromboela stogram,TEG）及CYP2C19基因型 检测,结合TEG及CYP2C19基因型结果,决定抗血小板治疗方案。随访1年,比较个体化治疗组和常规 治疗组患者终点事件发生率。 结果 CYP2C19快代谢基因型、中间代谢基因型患者应用氯吡格雷的血小板抑制率明显高于慢代谢 型,结果差异有显著性（P =0.018,P =0.015）。个体化治疗组（112例）和常规治疗组组（95例）终点事 件发生率差异无显著性（P＞0.01）。 结论 CYP2C19快代谢基因型、中间代谢基因型患者应用氯吡格雷的血小板抑制率明显高于慢代谢 型。与阿司匹林常规治疗方案相比,利用CYP2C19基因多态性与TEG检测指导下的个体化抗血小板方 案未显示降低缺血性卒中后终点事件发生率,可能需要更大规模、随访时间更长的研究。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者CD62E+微粒水平变化及与血管危险因素的相关性

目的 探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者CD62E+微粒水平变化及其与血管危险因素的相关性.方法 选取92例急性缺血性脑卒中患者和80例非脑卒中患者,利用FACSCalibur流式细胞仪对所有研究对象血浆中CD62E+微粒水平进行检测,收集急性缺血性脑卒中患者的一般资料,利用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评估患者的神经功能缺损情况,利用Barthel指数评价患者的预后,分析CD62E+微粒水平与患者一般资料、NIHSS评分和Barthel指数的相关性.结果 急性缺血性脑卒中患者血浆CD62E+微粒水平为(1.67±0.53)个/μl,高于对照组的(0.98±0.37)个/μl,差异有统计学意义(t=9.861,P<0.05);相关分析显示,急性缺血性脑卒中患者血浆CD62E+微粒水平与脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2水平呈正相关(r=0.335,P<0.05);NIHSS评分≤5分患者的血浆CD62E+微粒水平低于NIHSS评分>5分患者(P<0.05);Barthel指数<50分的患者血浆CD62E+微粒水平高于Bar-thel指数≥50分的患者(P<0.05);Pearson相关分析显示,急性缺血性脑卒中患者血浆CD62E+微粒水平与NIHSS评分呈正相关(r=0.593,P<0.05),与Barthel指数呈负相关(r=-0.614,P<0.05).结论 急性缺血性脑卒中患者血浆CD62E+微粒水平升高,且与患者病情严重程度和预后密切相关.     

脑梗死患者血浆ICAM-1、CD62p、CD63的动态变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨脑梗死患者血浆细胞间黏附分子（ICAM-1）、血小板表面P选择素（CD62p）、溶酶体颗粒糖蛋白53（CD63）的动态变化及其临床意义。方法 用流式细胞仪观察60例脑梗死患者发病3d、7d、14d外周血中ICAM-1、CD621，CD63的变化，并与20名健康者进行比较。结果 脑梗死3d、7d上述3项指标明显高于14d及正常对照组（均P〈0．05），而3d与7d间则差异不显著（P〉0．05）；ICAM-1与CD62p、CD63间无相关关系（r=0．1385、0．1632，均P〉0.05）；CD62p与CD63呈显著正相关（r=0.746，P〈0．05）；3项指标与临床神经功能缺损程度评分无相关性（r=0.1462、0.2145、0．368，均P〉0．05）。结论 脑梗死后ICAM-1表达增强，介导了粒细胞与脑血管内皮发细胞间的黏附，同时血小板表面CD62p、CD63表达增强，反映了血小板的活化程度与功能状态，评介导了血小板与中性粒细胞及内皮细胞间的黏附，促进了脑梗死的发生和发展，加重了脑组织的损伤。     

Endothelial Progenitor Cells Count after Acute Ischemic Stroke Predicts Functional Outcome in Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis

ObjectivesCirculating Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) predict cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary disease. However, the predictive value of EPCs after ischemic stroke is not well established. We aimed to study the prognostic role of EPCs in patients with acute ischemic stroke and carotid atherosclerosis, focusing on post-stroke functional outcome and stroke recurrences.Materials and MethodsWe studied consecutive adult patients with an acute (<7 days) anterior circulation ischemic stroke and carotid atherosclerosis. Cardioembolic strokes were excluded. We measured circulating EPCs by flow cytometry (CD34+/CD133+/KDR+) at inclusion (7±1 days after stroke) and at one year of follow-up. At three months and at one year we registered the modified Rankin Scale score, stroke recurrences and coronary syndromes during the follow-up.ResultsWe studied 80 patients with a mean age of 74.3±10.4 years. We divided the population in tertiles according to the EPCs count. At three months we observed a favorable outcome in 25/36 (69.4%) patients in the lowest, 19/22 (86.4%) in the medium and 21/22 (95.5%) in the highest tercile (p=0.037). In the multivariable analysis a higher EPCs count was associated with favorable functional outcome after adjusting for age and baseline NIHSS score (OR=3.61, 95%CI 1.34-9.76; p=0.011). This association persisted at one year of follow-up. We did not find association between counts of EPCs and stroke recurrence.ConclusionsIn patients with acute ischemic stroke and carotid atherosclerosis, a higher count of EPCs was associated with favorable functional outcome in the mid and long-term follow-up. Counts of EPCs did not predict stroke recurrences.     

Low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) plus dipyridamole versus dipyridamole alone in the prevention of stroke in patients with reversible ischemic attacks

A total of 243 patients who had reversible ischemic attacks (RIA) were submitted to clinical trial to determine whether dipyridamole (400 mg/day) (D) or aspirin (100 mg/48 hours) + dipyridamole (300 mg/day) (ASA + D) would produce significant reduction in the subsequent occurrence of RIA and completed stroke. One hundred and fifteen were selected for Group ASA + D and 71 were treated with dipyridamole only. The treatment groups were similar in relation to age, sex, risk factors, duration and presumed vascular territory of RIA, incidence of alterations of arterial supra-aortic trunks, cerebral infarct (CT scan), and platelet function. Patients were followed for a mean time of 21 months. At the end of the study, 21.7% of the ASA + D group and 19.7% in the D group had suffered new episodes of RIA or completed stroke (p = 0.88). Frequency of stroke (reversible ischemic neurologic deficit or completed stroke) was 7.8% in the ASA + D patients and 9.8% in the D patients (p = 0.83). Subgroup analysis did not show significant differences either. It is concluded that ASA + D has no significantly greater beneficial effect than that observed with D alone in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic cerebral ischemia. However, a statistical Type II error cannot be excluded by the reduced number of recurrences.     

Levels and value of platelet activation markers in different subtypes of acute non-cardio-embolic ischemic stroke

Introduction

Platelet activation and its interaction with leukocytes are important in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. This study aimed to evaluate the value of platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte interaction in different subtypes of acute, non-cardio-embolic ischemic stroke.

Methods

Fifty-four patients with acute, non-cardio-embolic ischemic stroke, including 32 small-vessel and 22 large-vessel diseases, were evaluated. Platelet activation markers (CD62P, CD63, and CD40L) and platelet-leukocyte interaction were measured by flow cytometry at different time points (< 48 hours and Days 7, 30, and 90 post-ischemic stroke). Markers were also evaluated in 28 other stroke patients in the convalescent stage (3 to 9 months after acute stroke) and in 28 control subjects.

Results

Patients with ischemic stroke had significantly increased circulating CD62P, CD63, platelet-monocyte interaction, and platelet-lymphocyte interaction in the acute stage compared with the convalescent stage and control groups. Levels of CD62P and CD63 were significantly higher in the large-vessel disease group than in the small-vessel disease group, and differences in CD62P were significant even at one month. The CD40L level in the poor outcome group was significantly higher than that in the good outcome group. Stroke patients with diabetes mellitus and large-vessel disease were associated with poor outcome.

Conclusions

Patients with large-vessel cerebral infarction elicit higher platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte interaction compared to small-vessel infarction. Further large scale trials are warranted to evaluate the relationship between platelet activation markers and outcome in stroke patients under different anti-platelet therapies, and to clarify optimal treatment.     

Dipyridamole decreases protease-activated receptor and annexin-v binding on platelets of post stroke patients with aspirin nonresponsiveness

BACKGROUND: Although controversial, the phenomenon of aspirin resistance (AR) has been correlated in some small studies with poor clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Even less is known regarding the role of AR in the post stroke population. The reason for and the underlying mechanism of AR is unknown. We hypothesized that excessive formation of thrombin on the platelet surface may contribute to this phenomenon and assessed how dipyridamole affects multiple platelet and thrombin generation biomarkers in AR patients after ischemic stroke. METHODS: Whole blood samples from 20 post stroke AR patients were pretreated with dipyridamole, simulating the therapeutic range, and then incubated for 45 min at 37 degrees C. Platelet characteristics were assessed by aggregometry, cartridge-based analyzer, and receptor expression by flow cytometry. Markers of thrombin generation were measured in the autologous plasma by ELISA. RESULTS: Pretreatment of blood with dipyridamole resulted in 22-26% diminished expression of intact PAR-1 receptor (p=0.021 and p=0.024) and 28-31% decrease of annexin V binding (p=0.031 and p=0.02) after incubation with 2 microg/ml and 4 microg/ml of dipyridamole, respectively. Platelet aggregation and thrombin generation markers were not affected in vitro by dipyridamole. CONCLUSIONS: Dipyridamole may be capable of overcoming increased prothrombinase complex formation and be in part able to compensate for AR in patients with moderate carotid stenosis. This phenomenon may explain the clinical advantages of Aggrenox, known to reduce ischemic events in post stroke patients as proven in clinical trials, though an additional antithrombotic benefit beyond the platelet inhibition by aspirin alone.     

症状性颈动脉狭窄伴有同侧中动脉狭窄的介入治疗效果研究

目的   比较单纯颈动脉支架置入术治疗和联合颈动脉、大脑中动脉支架置入术治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄伴有中动脉狭窄的缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）患者短期终点事件发生率。 方法  回顾2010年1月～2013年12月采用血管内支架治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄伴有同侧大脑中动脉狭窄的缺血性卒中或TIA患者的临床资料。根据治疗情况将患者分为单纯颈动脉支架置入术治疗组和联合颈动脉、大脑中动脉支架置入术治疗组。比较两组术后90?d终点事件（包括同侧缺血性卒中复发、症状性脑出血及死亡风险）的发生率。 结果  共有21例患者纳入本研究,男性15例,女性6例,平均年龄（58.5±3.6）岁,其中16例患者进行了颈动脉支架治疗,5例患者进行了颈动脉联合中动脉支架治疗。颈动脉支架治疗组90?d终点事件发生3例（18.75%）,颈动脉联合中动脉支架治疗组发生1例终点事件（20%）,两组间差异无显著性（P=0.952）。两组发生的终点事件均为缺血性卒中复发,无症状性脑出血及死亡患者。 结论  对于伴有颈动脉及大脑中动脉狭窄的缺血性卒中或TIA患者,与单纯颈动脉支架治疗相比同时进行颈动脉及大脑中动脉支架治疗手术未减少术后90?d同侧缺血性卒中复发风险。