多器官功能障碍综合征小鼠脾脏树突状细胞与炎症因子变化的关系

目的探讨多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）病程中脾脏树突状细胞（DC）变化对炎症因子的影响与作用。方法采用腹腔注射酵母多糖的方法复制小鼠MODS模型，分为正常对照组和MODS组。采用流式细胞技术检测脾脏DC免疫表型，运用免疫组化技术检测脾脏中促炎因子IL-1β与抗炎因子IL-10的表达，计量观察DC与炎症因子在病程中的变化并做相关分析。结果伤后6h组，脾脏中CD11c^＋／MHC-Ⅱ’DC数目与IL-18’细胞数目均明显增多，至24h组达峰值。自48h组，CD11c^＋／MHC-Ⅱ’DC与IL-1β’细胞含量开始下降，在6天组和10～12天组降至正常组或低于正常组含量；而同时CD11c^＋／MHC-Ⅱ^-DC和IL-10阳性细胞含量则相对增多，至10～12天组阳性细胞含量显著升高达到峰值。结论DC的活性在MODS病程早期与IL-1β表达呈正相关性，在病程晚期与IL-10表达呈负相关，提示脾脏DC活性变化与促炎因子和抗炎因子均有密切的相关性。     

CCR7在多器官功能障碍综合征小鼠脾脏树突状细胞迁移变化中的作用

目的:探讨CCR7在多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)脾脏中的表达变化及其对树突状细胞(DC)迁移的影响.方法:用酵母多糖腹腔注射复制小鼠MODS模型,分为正常对照组和实验3～6小时组、24～48小时组、5～7天组及10～12天组.运用免疫组化方法检测CD11c和CD205标记阳性DC在各组小鼠脾脏中分布的变化,用流式细胞术检测CD86/CD11c和CCR7/CD11c标记阳性细胞在脾脏中含量的变化.结果:正常小鼠脾脏DC含量较少,主要分布在脾脏边缘区;在3～6小时组CCR7表达率较正常对照组显著增加,DC含量显著增加、活性增高,并向白髓T细胞区大量迁移;24～48小时组T细胞区中DC含量开始减少,而CCR7表达率升高达到峰值;5～7天组DC与CCR7含量接近正常对照组,边缘区和T细胞区均可见DC分布;10～12天组DC含量再次升高,但多呈不成熟状态,且以边缘区分布为主,CCR7表达率下降.结论:在MODS病程中脾脏DC的含量和分布变化与CCR7的表达率密切相关,CCR7可以作为评估脾脏DC迁移能力及功能活性的重要指标.     

PD-L1 blockade improves immune dysfunction of spleen dendritic cells and T-cells in zymosan-induced multiple organs dysfunction syndromes

This research is to investigate the role of tolerant spleen dendritic cells (DC) in multiple organs dysfunction syndromes (MODS) at late stage. Tolerant DC and MODS were induced by intraperotineal injection of zymosan. The immunity of DC was determined by examining interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, IL-2, major histocompatibility complex (MHC), CD86, programmed death (PD-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIR-B) or T-cell proliferation in serum, spleen homogenate, DC culture or DC/T-cell co-culture. The PD-L1/PD-1 pathway was blocked using PD-L1 antibody. The IL-12p70 in serum, spleen homogenate and DC culture supernatant were decreased at 5 d and 12 d after zymosan injection while the IL-12p40 and IL-10 were increased. The expression of MHC, cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), PD-1 and PD-L1 in spleen DCs were increased at early stage after zymosan injection. At 5 d and 12 d, the expression of MHC and CD86 was reduced while the expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and PIR-B was increased, accompanied with decreased proliferation of T-cell and decrease of IL-2 in spleen and serum. Application of PD-L1 antibody improved the above changes. At late stage of MODS mice induced by zymosan, the expression of co-stimulators and inhibitors in spleen DCs was imbalanced to form tolerant DCs which reduced the activation of T-cells. PD-L1 antibody improved the immune tolerance of DCs through intervening PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, and attenuated the inhibition of T-cell activities by tolerant DCs and the immune inhibition.     

Role of enteral nutrition supplemented with ebselen and EHEC in pancreatitis-associated multiple organ dysfunction in rats

Objectives To investigate potential effects of ebselen and ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) on the acute phase responses and the severity of multiple organ dysfunction associated with acute pancreatitis. Methods Acute pancreatitis was induced by intraductal infusion of 5% sodium taurodeoxycholate. The increase of total protein content in the BALF was used as an indication for acute lung injury, plasma amylase for pancreatic damage, plasma bilirubin for acute liver dysfunction, and plasma creatinine for acute kidney dysfunction. Levels of interleukin (IL)-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in the BALF were determined by ELISA. Results There was a dose-related tendency for ebselen or EHEC alone to prevent organ dysfunction and reduce elevated plasma levels of IL-6 and ICAM-1 expression on circulating leukocytes 12 h after AP induction. The combination of ebselen and EHEC significantly prevented pancreatitis-induced multiple organ injury, IL-6 production and ICAM-1 expression in rats and exhibited better effects than either monocompound alone. Conclusion The combination of ebselen and EHEC may be a new potential for treatment of acute severe pancreatitis. Received 23 January 2006; returned for revision 5 April 2006; accepted by M. Parnham 4 May 2006     

The role of the microcirculation in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS): a review and perspective

Major advances in intensive care medicine during the past two decades have altered the spectrum of disease encountered by intensive care physicians, anaesthesiologists, traumatologists and pathologists. One of the most important manifestations of severe trauma or infections is the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), a life-threatening condition that often ends in multiple organ failure (MOF) and death. Evidence gathered from clinical and morphological observations in humans, taken together with experimental animal studies and a vast accumulation of in vitro data, clearly indicate that the microcirculation lies at the centre of this complex process, which results in peripheral vascular insufficiency, inadequate oxygen delivery to vital organs, and hence, severe organ dysfunction. The multifunctional nature of the endothelium makes it a prime candidate for study of the pathomechanisms of MODS. This paper reviews the evidence for the hypothesis that the microcirculation, and in particular its endothelial component, has a central role in the pathogenesis of MODS. The evidence is reviewed principally from the standpoints of classical morbid anatomy and cell pathobiology.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Christian Mittermayer on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

酵母多糖致伤MODS模型小鼠的胸腺树突状细胞病理观察

目的 研究树突状细胞在MODS免疫器官损伤中的病变特点。方法 运用光镜、电镜与免疫组化(CD1a、CD205及MIDC-8标记)方法,观察小鼠MODS模型中胸腺树突状细胞的变化特点。结果 致伤早期胸腺树突状细胞大量增生、机能活跃伴淋巴细胞大量凋亡;在缓解期(3～7天)胸腺及树突状细胞恢复正常;MODS期(8～12天)树突状细胞数量再次增加,但功能减弱。同时伴有较多树突状细胞和淋巴细胞变性凋亡。结论 树突状细胞病变是MODS免疫系统损伤的首发病变,树突状细胞的数量与机能变化与MODS模型病程具有高度平行,提示树突状细胞病变与MODS启动机制和病程转归有重要关系。     

皮肤树突状细胞亚群研究进展

皮肤树突状细胞(DC)作为重要的抗原提呈细胞,在机体免疫应答或自身耐受的发生中扮演着非常重要的角色.皮肤免疫系统中定居着多种DC亚群,主要包括表皮层中的郎格汉斯细胞(LC)与真皮层中的各种真皮DC亚群.健康皮肤中的DC亚群主要有表皮LC、真皮DC(dDC)和浆细胞DC(pDC),dDC又分为Langerin+ dDC及Langerin-dDC等.但在炎症性皮肤,如过敏性皮炎、银屑病等病变皮肤中则存在着炎症性DC亚群.DC由于其复杂的异质性群体,导致了其各亚群的特殊化功能.皮肤DC亚群的特殊化功能,为皮肤性疾病的临床治疗及新型疫苗的研发设计等都提供了良好的新策略.     

多器官功能障碍综合征小鼠肺间质树突状细胞的病理学观察

目的探讨肺间质树突状细胞在多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）免疫紊乱及脏器损伤机制中的变化与作用。方法C57BL／6小鼠腹腔注射酵母多糖复制MODS模型,分为正常、3—6h（致伤早期）、12～48h[失控性全身炎性反应（SIRS）期]、5～7d（恢复期）和10～12d（MODS期）组。光镜与电镜观察各组小鼠肺及间质树突状细胞的病变;运用免疫组织化学方法检测间质树突状细胞表面标记物CD11c和CD205,共刺激分子CD80和CD86在肺中的表达水平;逆转录-聚合酶链反应法检测趋化因子SLC及其受体CCR7在肺中的表达情况;流式细胞术检测MODS各期小鼠外周血CD4^＋与CD8^＋的T淋巴细胞数量与比值。结果致伤早期,肺间质树突状细胞显著增生,共刺激分子CD80和CD86低水平表达,趋化因子SLC及其受体CCR7在肺组织中表达水平开始上升,外周血T淋巴细胞CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值下降;SIRS期,间质树突状细胞继续增生,CD80和CD86标记阳性细胞数显著上升（与正常组比较均P〈0．01）,SLC与CCR7在肺组织中表达明显高于正常组（均P〈0．01）,外周血T淋巴细胞CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显下降（与正常组比较P〈0．01）;MODS期,肺间质树突状细胞高度增生,但CD80和CD86表达显著减少（与SIRS期比较P〈0．01）,肺组织中SLC表达水平继续上升,而CCR7表达水平明显下降（与SIRS期比较P〈0．01）,外周血T淋巴细胞CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值显著下降。结论肺间质树突状细胞在MODS中的变化可能参与并影响了MODS病程中的免疫失衡与免疫抑制过程。CCR7的表达水平可以作为估价间质树突状细胞迁移活性和机体免疫应答水平的一个指标。     

多器官功能障碍综合征小鼠脾脏树突状细胞病理学观察

关于多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的发病机制,一般认为免疫系统的调节和制约是重要因素。树突状细胞是近年被认识到的一种极其重要的免疫辅助细胞,在启动免疫应答反应与调控细胞免疫功能方面具有关键作用。以往我们经研究认识到树突状细胞参与了MODS免疫系统损伤的启动机制,是引发免疫功能紊乱和免疫抑制的重要始动因素。在此基础上,拟研究脾脏树突状细胞在MODS病程中的病变特点与意义。     

树突状细胞疫苗在肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用

树突状细胞是机体内专职的抗原提成细胞,能激活初始型T细胞,因此在免疫反应中具有独特的作用.近年来DC在肿瘤的免疫治疗中的作用受到重视,其发展迅速.本文就这方面的研究进行综述,包括DC与肿瘤发生发展的关系、DC在肿瘤治疗中的具体应用方式、DC疫苗的临床应用研究进展,并重点讲述了以DC为中心的基因治疗方面的进展.     

Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma: a report of four paediatric cases and review of the literature

AIMS: To report a series of four paediatric cases of interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma (IDCS) and add to the known extranodal sites of occurrence for this tumour. Neoplasms derived from interdigitating dendritic cells are rare, with only 33 cases being reported in the literature (Medline search). These tumours usually occur in lymph nodes in the adult population. METHODS AND RESULTS: The patients were a 10-year-old girl with a large soft tissue mass bulging into the left chest, a 12-year-old girl with a right paraspinal mass, a 21-month-old boy with generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly and a 6-year-old girl with a large bladder mass. Paraffin blocks and haematoxylin and eosin slides were available in all cases. In addition, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were performed. A diagnosis of IDCS was made in all cases. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of IDCS can rarely be entertained on clinical information alone. Microscopically, there is a wide spectrum of features. Thus, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are crucial in making the diagnosis. The differential diagnosis includes inflammatory pseudotumour, follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, true histiocytic lymphoma, malignant Langerhans cell histiocytosis, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, melanoma, and a range of sarcomas. IDCS displays aggressive behaviour and approximately half of the patients die of the disease.     

The influence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on dendritic cell levels in mouse lymphoid organs

To ascertain whether the development of dendritic cells (DC) in mouse lymphoid organs is dependent on granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), we determined the number of DC in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes of normal mice, of mice with the genes coding for GM-CSF or its receptor inactivated, and of transgenic mice with excessive levels of GM-CSF. DC were extracted from the tissues and enriched prior to flow cytometric analysis. The total DC level and the incidence of DC expressing lymphoid-related markers (CD8^hiCD11b^lo) and myeloid-related markers (CD8^loCD11b^hi) were monitored. Both in GM-CSF null mice, and GM-CSF receptor null mice, DC of all surface phenotypes were present in all lymphoid organs; only small decreases in DC levels were recorded, except for the lymph nodes of GM-CSF receptor null mice which showed a more pronounced (threefold) decrease in DC numbers. Since the GM-CSF receptor null mice lacked the β chain common to the GM-CSF, interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-5 receptors, the development of DC in the absence of GM-CSF was not due to common β chain mediated developmental signals elicited by IL-3 or IL-5. In GM-CSF transgenic mice, there was only a 50 % increase in DC numbers in thymus and spleen, paralleling an increase in overall cellularity, but a more pronounced (threefold) increase in DC numbers in lymph nodes. There was no evidence that GM-CSF had a selective effect on any particular DC subpopulation defined by CD8 or CD11b expression. We conclude that the development of most lymphoid tissue DC can proceed in the absence of GM-CSF, although this cytokine can produce some elevation of DC levels. It is not clear whether the enhancing effect of GM-CSF is direct or an indirect effect mediated by other cytokines.     

Langerhans cell sarcoma arising from the root of tongue: a rare case

Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS), a rare malignant disease with markedly malignant cytological features and poor outcome, originates from Langerhans cells and most commonly affects the lymph nodes, skin, and bone. This paper presents the case of a 58-year-old female with LCS at the root of her tongue, with neither local recurrence nor distant metastasis observed during 47 months of follow up following radiotherapy for more than one month after complete tumor resection. Histological and immunophenotypic tests revealed that the malignant tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein, CD1a, and LCA, and partially positive for CD3ε. By contrast, the tumor cells were negative for langenin, CD30, HMB45, PCK, CK5/6, and P63. Their Ki-67proliferation index ranged from 30% to 40%. This neoplasm was diagnosed as LCS according to the classification of WHO2008. This work is the first report on LCS arising from the root of tongue. This rare case may serve as a reference for future clinical studies.     

催乳素对小鼠脾脏CD11c+树突状细胞合成细胞因子的调控

本研究采用逆转录-多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法,在mRNA水平上了解不同浓度的催乳素(PRL)对小鼠脾脏树突状细胞CD11c+(spleen CD11c-positive dendritic cells,SDC)合成细胞因子的影响。结果表明,低(0.01 nmol/L)、中浓度(0.1nmol/L)的PRL可以上调IL-6、IL-10、IL-12和TNF-α的水平而高浓度(1 nmol/L)则降低它们的表达(IL-12除外)。这提示PRL可能通过改变抗原提呈细胞SDC细胞因子的合成,进而参与调节机体的生理或病理性免疫反应。     

Retinal ganglion cell dendritic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) may be regarded as a target biomarker in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We therefore explored the possibility that RGC degeneration, rather than cell loss, is an early marker of neuronal degeneration in a murine model of AD. RGC dendritic morphology and dendritic spine densities of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons were quantified in 14-month-old transgenic mice expressing the APP(SWE) (amyloid precusor protein-Swedish mutation) mutation (Tg2576). The dendritic integrity of RGCs was found to be significantly reduced in the absence of significant RGC loss in Tg2576 mice compared with age-matched wild-type controls. In hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, we observed dendritic spines to be present at a lower frequency from the same animals, but this did not reach significance. Synaptic and mitochondrial protein expression markers (PSD95 [postsynaptic density protein 95], synaptophysin, and Mfn2 [mitofusin 2]) showed no significant changes in RGC synaptic densities but a highly significant change in mitochondrial morphology with a marked reduction in the integrity of the mitochondrial cristae. Our findings suggest that, in a well-characterized mouse model of AD, RGC dendritic atrophy precedes cell loss, and this change may be because of accumulations of amyloid-β. Because RGC dendrites are confined to the inner plexiform layer of the retina, imaging techniques that focus on this layer, rather than the loss of RGCs, may provide a sensitive biomarker for monitoring neural damage in AD.     

Ultrastructural identification of the splenic follicular dendritic cells in the chicken

Background: There is a need to identify the follicular dendritic cells (FDC) of the chicken spleen at the ultrastructural level during a secondary immune response. Methods: The cells were identified after intravenous priming BSA and boosting with biotinylated BSA conjugated to colloidal gold particles. Monoclonal antibodies raised specifically either to chicken IgG or IgM were used to characterize these immune complex-trapping cells. Results: The FDC had an irregular morphology which varied through time, supporting the existence of two types of FDC in the chicken spleen, one showing filiform cell processes, the other provided with beaded dendrites. When the filiform dendrites were observed, the FDC bound the antigen on their surfaces. These dendrites showed an intrincate convoluted configuration, forming tightly wrapped networks near the cell body. The networks had the same features as those described in mammals as antigen retaining reticulum (ARR). In chickens, the ARR, which represents sites of antigen localization on FDC, reached maximum development on day 5 after the second injection of BSA and had disappeared by day 8. At this time FDC had beaded dendrites. Conclusions: Antigen is retained on FDC in the chicken spleen for long periods of time. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.