广西马山县壮族中小学生头发中9种元素的含量

目的确定广西马山壮族中小学生头发中9种人体必需元素含量的正常值。方法用偏振塞曼原子吸收仪,检测了来自马山县的1093名7～16岁中小学生头发中镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜、镁9种人体必需元素的含量,并用SPSS统计软件做了统计分析。结果广西马山壮族中小学生头发中,①镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜、镁9种人体必需元素的含量没有性别差异;②铁与年龄呈负相关,但镍、硒、钴、铬、锌、钙、铜、镁的含量年龄没有相关关系;③制订了镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜、镁9种元素的头发含量的的正常值范围。结论广西马山县中学生头发中镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜、镁含量没有明显的性别差异;发铁的含量随年龄增大而减少。     

广西三江县侗族青少年头发中9种元素的含量

目的　确定广西三江县侗族青少年头发中 9种人体必需元素含量的正常值。方法　用偏振塞曼原子吸收仪 ,检测了来自三江县的 993名 7～ 16岁中小学生头发中镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜和镁 9种人体必需元素的含量 ,并用SPSS统计软件进行统计分析。结果　广西三江县侗族中小学生头发中 ,镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜和镁 9种人体必需元素的含量没有性别差异 ;硒、铬、铁、锌、钙和铜与年龄呈负相关 ;制订了镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜、镁 9种元素的头发含量的正常值范围。结论　广西三江县中学生头发中硒、铬、铁、锌、钙和铜含量有明显年龄差异 ,而镍、钴和镁却没有年龄差异。     

乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族青年与老年女性血清微量元素及骨密度的对比

 背景：雌激素通过影响骨骼细胞的新陈代谢而促进微量元素在骨骼中的储存,影响骨密度的变化。 目的：比较乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族青年女性与老年女性骨密度及血清中微量元素的差异。 方法：使用MEDILINK生产的双能X射线骨密度测量仪对乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族30-40岁(青年女性组)与60-70岁(老年女性组)女性各30人进行骨密度测定;使用美国贝克曼库尔特生产的Unicel Dxc 800 Synchron生化检验仪查血清中的微量元素钙、磷、镁、铁、铜、锌含量。比较不同年龄段女性血清中微量元素及骨密度水平。 结果与结论：维吾尔族青年女性组骨密度显著高于老年女性组(P < 0.001);维吾尔族青年女性组血清微量元素锌显著低于老年女性组(P < 0.001);其余的血清微量元素钙、磷、镁、铁、铜两组之间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。结果表明维吾尔族女性不同年龄段骨密度随体内血清中部分离子元素的改变有较大的改变。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

乌鲁木齐地区1575例孕妇血液微量元素检测结果分析

目的了解乌鲁木齐市孕妇血液中微量元素(铁、钙、锌、镁、铜)的含量,分析其异常原因,为孕妇的健康干预、营养干预提供科学依据。方法用原子吸收光谱仪测定孕妇静脉血中的微量元素,并对结果进行统计分析。结果1575名受检孕妇中92名维吾尔族孕妇,1483名汉族孕妇。1575例标本血液中的锌、铁、钙、镁、铜五元素缺乏比率分别21.78%、60.57%、50.03%、7.81%、0.63%。92例维吾尔族孕妇血液中微量元素铁、钙、镁与汉族孕妇血液中微量元素铁、钙、镁的含量存在显著性差异(P0.05),各微量元素测定结果无年龄差异。结论孕妇血液中锌、铁、钙、镁、铜微量元素缺乏,主要原因是补充不足。孕妇在加强营养方面,要根据地区环境以及民族生活习惯不同,合理摄取营养,科学补充缺乏的各种元素。     

高血血症患者血浆锌铜镁与前列腺素和血栓素相关性探讨

目的 探讨高脂血症患者中血中锌、铜、镁与前列腺素和血栓素含量变化的相关性。方法 静息状态下对高脂血症组和对照组的静脉血进行锌、铜、镁、前列环素和血栓素含量进行测定。结果 高脂血症组血中锌和血栓素明显高于对照组（P＜0．01），而镁和前列环素则明显低于对照组（P＜0．01），铜虽略有降低，但无统计学意义。结论 高脂血症能引起体内锌、镁代谢的紊乱，前列环素和血栓素的含量异常，导致体内高凝状态的产生。     

脐带血血清中六种微量元素含量的研究

本对100例健康胎儿脐带血血清中六种微量元素（锌，铁，铜，钙，镁，锰）含量进行了测定，结果提示，所测的六种元素含量在男，田性胎儿之间似无明显差异（P＞0．05），与成人比较，胎儿的锌，铁，锰含量高于成人，铜，钙含量低于成人，镁含量与成人相近。     

鄂温克旗467例少数民族小学生微量元素检测结果分析

目的了解鄂温克旗少数民族小学生体内微量元素的含量，对防治小学生体内微量元素缺乏提供依据。方法使用Olympus全自动生化分析仪对467例小学生血清中的钙、镁、铁、铜、锌进行测定。结果467例中缺铁占19．1％，缺锌占16．1％，缺钙占9．4％，缺铜占4．1％，缺镁占3．6％；男女之间微量元素缺乏无显著性差异；不同年龄组钙、镁缺乏有显著性差异；不同民族间钙缺乏有显著性差异，其它微量元素缺乏无显著性差异。结论鄂温克旗少数民族小学生以铁、锌、钙缺乏最为严重。而钙、镁的缺乏又随年龄增加而加重，应提高认识，及时预防微量元素的缺乏。预防疾病的发生。     

高脂血症患者血浆锌铜镁与前列环素和血栓素相关性探讨

目的 探讨高脂血症患者血中锌、铜、镁与前列环素和血栓素含量变化的相关性。方法 静息状态下对高脂血症组和对照组的静脉血进行锌、铜、镁、前列环素和血栓素含量测定。结果 高脂血症组血中锌和血栓素明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),而镁和前列环素则明显低于对照组(P＜0.01),铜虽略有降低,但无统计学意义。结论 高脂血症能引起体内锌、镁代谢的紊乱,前列环素和血栓素的含量异常,导致体内高凝状态的产生。     

生物活性离子改性透钙磷石骨水泥的生物和理化性能

背景:透钙磷石骨水泥作为一种骨替代和骨填充材料,因其具有良好的生物相容性、骨传导性等优点,尤其是相比于其他磷酸钙类骨水泥具有更好的生物降解能力,在骨修复方面有重要应用价值,但也因其存在机械性能不足、固化反应快及注射性能差等问题的限制,目前一般只能用于非负重区骨的修复。目的:探讨生物活性离子(金属离子和非金属离子)改性透钙磷石骨水泥,以期拓展使用范围。方法:利用Pub Med、Science Direct和中国知网、万方数据库检索2018-2023年发表的文献,中文检索词为“金属离子,铁,铜,锶,镁,锌,非金属离子,改性,骨,透钙磷石骨水泥”;英文检索词为“metal ion,iron,Fe,copper,Cu,strontium,Sr,magnesium,Mg,zinc,Zn,non-metal ion,modification,bone,Brushite Cements”。通过阅读标题、摘要对所得文献进行初筛,排除重复及内容不相关文献,最终纳入64篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:(1)生物活性离子影响透钙磷石骨水泥水化反应过程,不同离子以离子取代的方式掺入透钙磷石骨水泥晶体结构中,改变了骨水泥晶体形态,引起凝固时间、注射性、抗压强度等理化性能改变。(2)离子改性的透钙磷石骨水泥因不同的晶体结构而产生不同的离子释放效应,不同类型离子具有如促血管生成/成骨、抗菌及抗肿瘤等特性而发挥作用,此外,透钙磷石骨水泥具有良好的生物降解性,这对于各离子性能的发挥具有极大优势。(3)不同离子改性透钙磷石骨水泥理化性能影响如下:铁、铜、锶、镁、锌、银、钴可延长凝固时间;锶、镁可提高注射性能;铜、锶、镁、银、硅可增强抗压强度;能同时改善透钙磷石骨水泥以上3种理化性能的离子有锶、镁;良好的理化性能是临床应用的前提,故离子改善透钙磷石骨水泥的凝固时间、注射性及抗压强度等性能对骨水泥的研究应用具有重要意义。(4)不同离子改性透钙磷石骨水泥生物性能影响如下:铜、锶、镁、锌、钴、锂、硅、硒具有促血管生成/成骨效应;铁、铜、镁、锌、银具有抗菌特性;镁离子具有抗炎特性;铜、硒具有抗肿瘤性。(5)综上所述,镁离子能改善透钙磷石骨水泥凝固时间、注射性和抗压强度,同时具有促新生血管生成/成骨及抗菌性,对合并感染的骨缺损治疗具有良好应用前景;此外,铜还具有抗肿瘤特性,因此铜离子在感染、肿瘤引起的骨缺损治疗方面有巨大潜力;只是目前相关研究仍处于基础研究阶段,不同离子掺杂浓度和合成条件等对透钙磷石骨水泥理化性能的影响需进一步探索,同时对于生物性能影响也需更长期的研究观察。     

广西中小学生头发元素含量的地域性差异研究

目的　探讨广西中小学生头发中的人体必需元素含量及其地域性差异。方法　用偏振塞曼原子吸收仪 ,检测了来自融水、三江和马山县的 3 0 5 0名 7～ 16岁中小学生头发中铜、镁、镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙 9种人体必需元素的含量 ,并用SPSS统计软件做了统计分析。结果　中小学生头发中除铜以外的 8种元素含量有明显的地域性差异 :①融水的镁、镍、钴、铬、铁、钙含量高于三江的 ,硒、锌含量低于三江的 ;②融水的镁、钴、铁、锌、钙含量高于马山 ,镍、铬含量低于马山的 ;③三江的硒、钴、锌含量高于马山 ,镍、铬含量低于马山。其中融水的钴、铁、钙、镁含量最高 ;三江的硒、锌含量最高 ;马山的镍、铬含量最高。结论　广西融水、三江和马山县中学生头发中镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、镁含量有明显的地域性差异     

Genetic variation in mouse femoral tissue-level mineral content underlies differences in whole bone mechanical properties

A/J mice, as compared to C57BL/6J (B6) mice, have a significantly greater total femoral mineral (ash) content which correlates with an increased femoral stiffness (resistance to deformation), but also with an increased brittleness (catastrophic failure). To determine if this whole bone variation in mineral content is indicative of significant mineral and/or matrix variation at the tissue level, femora from 16-week-old female A/J and B6 mice were isolated, embedded in PMMA, sectioned and mounted on barium fluoride infrared windows for FTIRI analyses. In addition, preliminary studies of femora from C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice were conducted, since they have an ash content intermediate to A/J and B6. Mean values for mineral-to-matrix ratio were significantly different for A/J (8.4 +/- 0.8) and B6 (7.5 +/- 0.4), as were values for collagen cross-link maturity (1.8 +/- 0.05 and 3.2 +/- 0.1, respectively). C3H mice appeared to have a mineral-to-matrix ratio intermediate of A/J and B6, and cross-link maturity greater than both A/J and B6. B6 femora had similar carbonate-to-amide ratios, carbonate-to-mineral ratios and acid phosphate levels. Thus, whole bone differences in mineral content are concurrent with tissue-level variation in mineral content and collagen maturity in inbred mice. The greater stiffness and brittleness of A/J femora are likely due to differential biological control (osteoblast activity) of the amount of mineral.     

Peripheral and axial bone mass in Austrian free climbers

Summary The present investigation was carried out in healthy white adult males to determine the effects of exercise, in the form of free climbing, on peripheral and axial bone mass.13 men who have been regularly engaging in alpine free climbing for a mean period of nine years and, for training purposes, have been performing additional muscle building exercises (4.5 h±1 SEM per week) and 12 age matched controls were included in the study. Bone mineral content of the non-dominant distal forearm was measured by single-photon absorptiometry, and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine was determined by quantitative computed tomography.It was found that consistent exercise in the form of alpine free climbing was associated with increased bone mass of the lumbar spine (162.4 ±4.4 vs 184.8 ±7.9 mg/ml, p< 0.025). Peripheral bone mineral content of the distal forearm was slightly but not significantly increased in the free climbers (55.4 ±9.0 vs 61.1±7.4 Units, p<0.09 N.S.).The study provides additional evidence that exercise in the form of alpine climbing, is associated with increased lumbar bone mass.Abbreviations BMC bone mineral content - SPA single-photon absorptiometry - BMD bone mineral density - QCT quantitative computed tomography     

Reduced bone mass in daughters of women with osteoporosis

To determine whether premenopausal daughters of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis have lower bone mass than other women of the same age, we measured the bone mineral content of the lumbar spine and femoral neck and midshaft, using dual-photon absorptiometry, in 25 postmenopausal women with osteoporotic compression fractures and in 32 of their premenopausal daughters; we then compared the results with those in normal controls. As compared with normal postmenopausal women, women with osteoporosis had lower bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and femoral midshaft by 33, 24, and 15 percent, respectively (P less than 0.001 for each comparison by the one-tailed t-test). As compared with normal premenopausal women, the daughters of women with osteoporosis had lower bone mineral content at these sites by 7, 5, and 3 percent, respectively (P = 0.03, 0.07, and 0.15, respectively, by the one-tailed t-test). In terms of a standardized score, we calculated that the mean (+/- SEM) relative deficits in bone mineral content in the daughters of women with osteoporosis were 58 +/- 18 percent (lumbar spine) and 34 +/- 16 percent (femoral neck) of the relative deficits in their mothers. We conclude that daughters of women with osteoporosis have reduced bone mass in the lumbar spine and perhaps in the femoral neck; this reduction in bone mass may put them at increased risk for fractures. We also conclude that postmenopausal osteoporosis may result partly from a relatively low peak bone mass rather than from excessive loss of bone.     

Reduced bone mineral density and low parathyroid hormone levels in patients with the adult form of hypophosphatasia

Summary Hypophosphatasia is a heritable metabolic bone disease with characteristically reduced levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the blood, liver, kidney and bone. ALP levels are normal in the intestine and placenta. About 300 patients have been reported so far in the literature. Three kindreds with 52 known subjects are described here, whereby 12 subjects could be examined osteologically. Four subjects were patients and had clinical signs of the disease: spontaneous fractures of the metatarsals or femora and low ALP serum levels ranging between 8 and 23 U/1 (normal range 40–170 U/1). Four other members without fractures had reduced ALP levels; they might be carriers of the disease and develop symptoms later in life. The four remaining subjects had normal ALP levels and no signs of the disease. Serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were found to be in the lower normal range and serum calcium levels in the upper normal range. There was a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation between iPTH and serum calcium levels (r=–0.78). Urinary calcium excretion was increased in 3 subjects with fractures. 25-OH-D₃ levels were increased in 6 of 8 subjects without any treatment. The bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine, representing mainly trabecular bone, and single-photon absorptiometry of the forearm, measuring mainly cortical bone. Z-scores of the spinal bone mass ranged between 0.38 and –1.95 SD; Z-scores of the forearm bone mass ranged between 0.53 and –2.47 SD with the lowest values in patients with fractures. There was a significant (P<0.05) correlation between serum ALP levels and forearm BMD (r=0.83). We conclude from these data that patients with the adult form of hypophosphatasia have decreased forearm and subnormal spinal bone mass, as well as reduced serum levels of iPTH.Abbreviations BMD bone mineral density - ALP alkaline phosphatase - iPTH intact parathyroid hormone - 25-OHD₃ 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ - SD standard deviation - PEA phosphoethanolamine - PPi inorganic pyrophosphate - PLP pyridoxal-5-phosphate - cDNA clonal desoxyribonucleic acid - U/S Ca²⁺ urinary/serum calcium - DXA dual X-ray absorptiometry - DPA dual photon absorptiometry - SPAD bone density of distal forearm measured by single photon absorptiometry - SPAP bone density of proximal forearm measured by single photon absorptiometry     

Analysis of the effects of growth hormone, exercise and food restriction on cancellous bone in different bone sites in middle-aged female rats

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of growth hormone (GH), exercise (EX), GH+EX and food restriction on cancellous bone in middle-aged female rats. Female F344 rats aged 13 months were divided into (1) age-matched controls; (2) GH treated (2.5 mg/kg. 5 day/week); (3) EX (voluntary wheel running); (4) GH+EX; and (5) food restricted (FR) (fed 60% of the ad libitum food intake). The animals were treated for 18 weeks, at the end of which they were sacrificed. Cancellous bone and cortical bone in the fourth lumbar vertebra, proximal tibial metaphysis (PTM), distal femoral metaphysis (DFM) and femoral neck (NF) were analyzed using peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT) densitometry. Growth hormone increased cancellous bone area, cancellous bone mineral content, cortical bone area and cortical bone mineral content in the vertebra, PTM, DFM and NF. The tibial muscle wet weight was increased significantly after GH treatment. Exercise increased the cancellous bone area in the vertebra, PTM and DFM. Cortical bone area and cortical bone mineral content increased after EX in the vertebra, PTM, DFM and NF. No significant change was seen in the tibial muscle wet weight after EX. Growth hormone+EX increased cancellous bone area in the vertebra PTM and DFM but had no effect in neck of the femur. Cancellous bone mineral content, cortical bone area and cortical bone mineral content increased with GH+EX in the vertebra, PTM, DFM and NF. The tibial muscle wet weight was increased significantly with GH+EX. Food restriction decreased cancellous bone area and cancellous bone mineral content in all the bones studied. The decrease was statistically significant only at the distal femoral metaphysis. The tibial muscle wet weight decreased when compared with the age-matched control, but this decrease was not statistically significant. We conclude that the effect of the dose of GH used and the levels of voluntary wheel running EX used increased cancellous bone in intact rats; the effect of GH is much greater and different bones respond with varying intensities. The effects of combined treatment of GH and EX on cancellous bone are not always significantly higher than those of GH alone. FR at the level studied has a mostly negative effect on cancellous bone.     

The influence of partial gastrectomy on biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and bone density

Summary Since it has been suggested that gastric resections are followed by changes in bone metabolism, the aim of our study was to determine the biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and radial and lumbar bone density in 15 male ulcus patients treated by partial gastrectomy (Billroth II). Comparing the data with those of a corresponding control group, the lumbar bone density measured by quantitative computed tomography was statistically significantly lower (P < 0.04) in the patient group, whereas the peripheral bone mass of the distal part of the nondominant forearm measured by single-photon absorptiometry showed no statistically significant difference. In addition, a marked increase in alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.002) and urinary excretion of hydroxyproline (P < 0.003) was found in the gastrectomy group, whereas the 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels were found to be significantly decreased (P < 0.04). Osteocalcin, a biochemical marker for osteoblast activity, and the carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), a marker of collagen formation, were slightly but not significantly higher in gastrectomy-treated patients. The serum parathyroid hormone levels were similar in both groups. As none of the patients had any radiologic evidence of osteopenia, the changes in biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and bone mass in patients who had undergone partial gastrectomy could be a marker of latent bone loss.Abbreviations DPA/SPA dual/single-photon absorptiometry - BMD bone mineral density - QCT quantitative computed tomography - PICP carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen - 250HD₃ 25-hydroxy-vitamin D - iPTH parathyroid hormone - OC osteocalcin - BMC bone mineral content     

Bone-composition imaging using coherent-scatter computed tomography: assessing bone health beyond bone mineral density

Quantitative analysis of bone composition is necessary for the accurate diagnosis and monitoring of metabolic bone diseases. Accurate assessment of the bone mineralization state is the first requirement for a comprehensive analysis. In diagnostic imaging, x-ray coherent scatter depends upon the molecular structure of tissues. Coherent-scatter computed tomography (CSCT) exploits this feature to identify tissue types in composite biological specimens. We have used CSCT to map the distributions of tissues relevant to bone disease (fat, soft tissue, collagen, and mineral) within bone-tissue phantoms and an excised cadaveric bone sample. Using a purpose-built scanner, we have measured hydroxyapatite (bone mineral) concentrations based on coherent-scatter patterns from a series of samples with varying hydroxyapatite content. The measured scatter intensity is proportional to mineral density in true g/cm3. Repeated measurements of the hydroxyapatite concentration in each sample were within, at most, 2% of each other, revealing an excellent precision in determining hydroxyapatite concentration. All measurements were also found to be accurate to within 3% of the known values. Phantoms simulating normal, over-, and under-mineralized bone were created by mixing known masses of pure collagen and hydroxyapatite. An analysis of the composite scatter patterns gave the density of each material. For each composite, the densities were within 2% of the known values. Collagen and hydroxyapatite concentrations were also examined in a bone-mimicking phantom, incorporating other bone constituents (fat, soft tissue). Tomographic maps of the coherent-scatter properties of each specimen were reconstructed, from which material-specific images were generated. Each tissue was clearly distinguished and the collagen-mineral ratio determined from this phantom was also within 2% of the known value. Existing bone analysis techniques cannot determine the collagen-mineral ratio in intact specimens. Finally, to demonstrate the in situ potential of this technique, the mineralization state of an excised normal cadaveric radius was examined. The average collagen-mineral ratio of the cortical bone derived from material-specific images of the radius was 0.53+/-0.04, which is in agreement with the expected value of 0.55 for healthy bones.     

Vitamin-D nutrition and bone mass in adolescent black girls

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between bone mass and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone in African-American adolescent girls. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional sample at a suburban research center. METHODS: Twenty-one adolescent black girls 12-14 years of age, were studied during winter with biochemical measurements of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Bone mass assessment was done with dual energy x-ray absorbsiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the radius (p-QCT). Anthropometric, physical activity and nutritional data were collected. RESULTS: All participants were vitamin-D deficient (serum 25-OHD level <50 nmol/L), of whom nine (43%) were severely vitamin-D deficient (serum 25-OHD level <20 nmol/L). Mean daily intake of dietary calcium was 540 mg/d and vitamin D was 195 IU/d. There was a positive correlation, although statistically not significant, between serum 25-OHD and various bone mass measurements. Serum PTH was inversely correlated to total body BMD (r = -0.51, p = 0.02) and other bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, total femur and mid-radius. CONCLUSION: Vitamin-D insufficiency is a widely prevalent problem among adolescent African-American girls. Our data implies that enhancing vitamin-D nutrition resulting in lower serum PTH levels could potentially influence their peak bone mass.     

Rapid determination of cancellous bone mineral loss in ovariectomized rats by a subtraction technique

We present a rapid technique for determining cancellous bone mineral changes in small experimental animals. We used the distal centimeter of the right femur from ovariectomized (OX) (N = 30) and shamovariectomized (ShOX) (N = 28) rats, aged 90 days at surgery and killed at times from 125-540 days postsurgery. We used dual photon absorptiometry to scan the segment three times: intact, after parasagittal splitting, and after removing all cancellous bone. We equated the difference between the second and third scans to cancellous bone mineral content (Cn.BMC). To validate this, we compared it with histomorphometrically determined bone volume (BV/TV) of the proximal tibial metaphysis of the same rat. Parasagittally splitting the segment removed no detectable mineral. OX rats had 40% less Cn.BMC than ShOX rats. However, OX rats had 80% lower BV/TV than ShOX rats. The subtraction technique not only makes a rapid, reasonable assessment of cancellous bone loss in OX rats but permits a smaller sample size than histomorphometry. The histomorphometric technique finds a greater difference between OX and ShOX rats because it examines a region where cancellous bone loss is more marked than does the scanning technique. The current technique measures bone of not only the central secondary spongiosa but also the juxtacortical region and the primary spongiosa, where OX-related differences are less prominent. The principles of this subtraction technique proved workable. However, for the future, we recommend a two-scan technique using a dual energy X-ray scanner. It is likely to take only 20-30 min per specimen to assess cancellous bone mineral.