早中期孕妇贫血及铁储存状况的分析

目的探讨早中期孕妇贫血发生情况与铁储存情况的关系,为临床提供妊娠贫血的实验室资料。方法测定孕早期和孕中期432名孕妇的贫血相关指标RBC、Hb、HCT、MCV、MCH、MCHC,同时检测血清铁蛋白（SF）,血清可溶性转铁蛋白受体（STfR）。结果 163名早期孕妇患者贫血患病率为19.52%,269名中期孕妇贫血患病率为38.31%。孕早期组和孕中期组铁减少患病率分别为14.02%和32.18%。孕中期与孕早期组相比SF显著降低,STfR显著增高。结论孕中期妊娠贫血发生率及铁减少患病率显著高于孕早期组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;与孕早期组相比,孕中期Hb、SF显著降低,STfR显著增高（P〈0.05）。     

高热惊厥与缺铁性贫血的关系

目的 了解高热惊厥与缺铁性贫血的关系.方法 选择病例为"上呼吸道感染"的患儿1452例,检测其红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞平均容积(MCV)、红细胞平均血红蛋白(MCH)、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)和血清铁含量(SI),并计算其缺铁性贫血和非缺铁性贫血高热惊厥的发生率.结果 缺铁性贫血高热惊厥发生率为24.1%,非缺铁性贫血高热惊厥发生率为4.2%.贫血组发生率明显高于非贫血组.结论 缺铁性贫血与高热惊厥有着一定关系.缺铁性贫血可能参与或促使小儿高热惊厥的发生,也可能是引起小儿高热惊厥的直接原因之一.     

α-地中海贫血基因诊断和血液学指标分析

目的分析四川泸州地区α-地中海贫血基因突变类型和血液学指标的关系,探讨血液学指标在α-地贫筛查中的运用价值。方法采用PCR方法结合DNA芯片杂交技术,对135例可疑α-地贫患者进行基因检测分析,根据临床表现和实验室检查分为中间型组（10例）、标准型组（23例）和静止型组（12例）。同时采集同期门诊儿保健康儿童25例作为正常对照组,采用全自动血细胞分析仪分别检测四组小儿血常规红细胞数（RBC）、血红蛋白量（Hb）、平均红细胞体积（MCV）、平均血红蛋白含量（MCH）、平均血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）、红细胞分布宽度（RDW）和网织红细胞比率（RET％）等血液学指标,并进行统计学分析。结果135例可疑患者中,45例检出α-地贫基因,检出率为33．3％。共检出7种突变基因型,其中--α^SEA/αα缺失型占35．57％,-α^3.7／αα缺失型占24．44％。血液学指标结果显示,中间型组、标准型组和静止型组α-地贫患儿RBC、Hb、MCV和MCH均较正常对照组明显降低,RDW明显升高,差异有统计学意义;而MCHC和RET与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论四川泸州地区α-地中海贫血基因突变以--^SEA／αα缺失型为主;MCV、MCH和RDW等血液学指标可作为α-地中海贫血的联合筛查指标。     

宁波地区1023例正常临产期孕妇静脉血细胞参数参考范围的调查

目的为建立本地区正常孕妇血细胞参数的参考范围。方法在3个月内对宁波市1023例临产期正常孕妇的白细胞（WBC）、中性粒细胞百分比（NEU%）、淋巴细胞百分比（LYM%）、单核细胞百分比（MONO%）、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比（EOS%）、嗜碱性粒细胞百分比（BASO%）、红细胞（RBC）、血红蛋白（HGB）、红细胞平均体积（MCV）、红细胞平均血红蛋白含量（MCH）、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）、红细胞压积（HCT）、红细胞体积分布宽度（RDW）、血小板（PLT）进行了调查。结果见表1,统计显示正常孕妇部分参数与一般成人相比具有较大差异。结论初步建立了宁波市临产期孕妇静脉血细胞参数的参考范围,与国内部分报道相近。     

网织红细胞血红蛋白含量在筛查女性铁缺乏中的应用

目的 探讨网织红细胞血红蛋白含量(CHr)在筛查女性铁缺乏中的应用.方法 选取体检中心506例女性体检者作为研究对象分为:铁缺乏组(无贫血缺铁组与缺铁性贫血组112例)与对照组(394例).检测红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、红细胞分布宽度(RDW)、血清铁蛋白(SF)、血清铁(SI)及CHr等指标.结果 铁缺乏组CHr为(27.2±3.0)pg明显低于对照组的(30.6±l.3)pg,(P＜0.001).ROC曲线证实诊断女性铁缺乏CHr的曲线下面积为0.841,明显高于RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCH、MCHC和RDW等指标(P＜0.05).结论 CHr可以用于女性铁缺乏的筛查及早期诊断.     

黄芪注射液联合胰岛素治疗对糖尿病肾病Ⅲ期患者外周血红细胞参数的影响

目的:观察黄芪注射液联合胰岛素治疗对糖尿病肾病(DN)Ⅲ期患者外周血红细胞参数的影响。方法:120例DNⅢ期患者按随机数字表法分为两组:单用胰岛素治疗组(B组),黄芪注射液+胰岛素组(C组),疗程均为21天。治疗前后常规方法检测患者外周血红细胞参数红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均红细胞体积(HCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)和红细胞分布宽度(RDW-C);另选同期体检健康者作为对照组(A组),三组各60例。统计学比较组间差异。结果:治疗前B、C组红细胞各项参数检测结果差异无统计学意义(P0.05);但与A组比较,两组除Hb、RBC没有差异(P0.05)外,HCT、MCV、MCH、RDW-C均明显增加,MCHC降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。B组治疗后只有RDW-C降低有统计学意义(P0.05),其余指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。C组治疗后HCT、MCV、MCH、RDW-C水平降低和MCHC水平升高均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01),但Hb及RBC水平升高变化无统计学意义(P0.05)。C组治疗后HCT、MCV、RDW-C降低及MCHC升高较B组更显著(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:黄芪注射液联合胰岛素治疗Ⅲ期DN,可改善外周血红细胞有关参数,效果较单用胰岛素好。     

血液检验在贫血鉴别诊断中的作用

目的：分析探讨血液检验在贫血鉴别诊断中的临床应用作用。方法分别选取我院诊治地中海性贫血46例作为A组和缺铁性贫血46例作为B组,同时选取健康体检者46例作为C组,对三组研究对象进行血常规检测,观察三组患者RDW(红细胞分布宽度)、RBC(红细胞)、MCH(平均红细胞血红蛋白含量)、Hb(血红蛋白)以及MCV/RBC比值,并进行分析比较。结果 A组中的MCV/RBC、RBC两项指标均高于B组及C组,而B组的Hb、RBC两项指标均低于A组和C组,但RDW则高于A组和C组,组间比较差异性显著(P<0.05),具有统计学意义。结论血常规检测中的各项指标对贫血鉴别和诊断中具有重要作用,结合临床症状,可有效提高临床上对各型贫血的诊断率及准确率,为临床治疗提供重要依据。     

乳酸亚铁对缺铁性贫血小鼠细胞因子调控的研究

目的 探讨乳酸亚铁对缺铁性贫血小鼠外周血细胞因子表达水平的调控作用。方法 30只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和乳酸亚铁治疗组,使用全自动生化仪检测小鼠外周血中Hb、RBC、HCT、MCV、MCH和MCHC等血常规指标。ELISA试剂盒检测小鼠血清中IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、IFN-γ和TNF-α等细胞因子水平和小鼠肠道组织中T-AOC和MDA等氧化应激指标。Western blot方法检测肝脏组织中NF-κB和铁调素（Hepcidin）蛋白水平的表达。结果 乳酸亚铁有效降低模型组小鼠血常规中Hb、RBC、HCT、MCV、MCH和MCHC的指标。乳酸亚铁能降低模型组小鼠血清中IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ和TNF-α表达水平,上调IL-4和IL-10表达,降低小鼠肠道组织中T-AOC和MDA的表达,上调肝脏组织NF-κB和Hepcidin的表达。结论 乳酸亚铁能有效降低缺铁性贫血小鼠炎性细胞因子的表达水平和肠道氧化应激损伤。     

孕中晚期胎儿血细胞各项参数变化的研究

目的探讨孕中晚期胎儿血细胞各项参数变化规律,了解胎儿血细胞的生成情况,为产前胎儿宫内疾病诊断提供依据。方法采用Bayer ADVIA120全自动五分类血细胞分析仪对249例孕18～39周胎儿脐血血细胞进行以下各项参数的检测:白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞百分比(NEU%)、淋巴细胞百分比(LYM%)、单核细胞百分比(MON%)、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比(EOS%)、嗜碱性粒细胞百分比(BASO%)、红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白含量(HGB)、红细胞比容(HCT)、红细胞平均体积(MCV)、红细胞平均血红蛋白量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW)、血小板PLT等。结果孕中晚期胎儿脐血细胞各项参数中有5项(WBC、NEU%、RBC、HGB、HCT)随着孕周增加而逐渐增大;有2项(MCV、LYM%)随着孕周增加而逐渐减小;还有7项(EOS%、MON%、BASO%、MCH、MCHC、RDW、PLT)在各孕周中变化不大。脐血血细胞各项参数与出生后水平存在显著差异。结论胎儿脐血血细胞成分处在一个动态变化的过程中,不同妊娠阶段胎血中各系血细胞的构成比有较大的差异。因此探讨孕中晚期胎儿血细胞各项参数变化规律有重要意义,在诊断胎儿期贫血,炎症等宫内疾病有重要参考价值。     

水肿胎儿血液常规指标分析

目的检测Barts′（重型α-地贫）、染色体异常、病毒感染、同种免疫性（母Rh-）及其他原因所致水肿胎儿血液常规指标并与相同孕周胎儿血液常规指标比较,分析各种原因所致水肿胎儿血液常规指标变化规律,探讨水肿胎儿病因与病理的内在联系,为胎儿宫内疾病诊治提供线索。方法应用全自动血液分析仪对66例孕19~35w水肿单活胎儿脐血进行染色体,TORCH,胎儿血红蛋白检查和血常规：白细胞总数（WBC）及中性粒细胞分类（NEU%）、淋巴细胞分类（LYM%）、单核细胞分类（MONO%）、嗜酸性白细胞分类（EOS%）、嗜碱性白细胞分类（BASO%）和红细胞数（RBC）、血红蛋白（HGB）、血球压积（HCT）、红细胞平均体积（MCV）、平均体积血红蛋白（MCH）、血小板（PLT）、有核红细胞（NRBC）等检测;并按染色体、TORCH、Bart′s、其他原因的水肿胎儿分为4类和按孕周分组统计与同孕周正常胎儿比较。结果RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCH、NRBC水平在所有水肿胎（包括染色体、TORCH、Bart′s和其他原因）与同孕周正常胎儿中均有显著差异,而WBC、NEU%、LYM%、MONO%、EOS%、BASO%、PLT等数值在各组间无显著差异。结论胎儿血RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCH、NRBC水平,可作为胎儿水肿等发育异常胎儿诊断与评估的参考指标。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.