64-MSCT重建肝门静脉左支的临床解剖学研究*

目的:64-MSCT重建肝门静脉左支,观测肝内门静脉左支的形态特征和分支分布规律,以及左半肝的分叶分段,为诊断和治疗肝脏疾病提供更为详尽的形态学资料。方法:100例无肝脏疾病的成人64-MSCT增强扫描肝门静脉数据,重建肝门静脉左支,观察肝门静脉左支的形态结构,测量其主干及主要分支的相关数据并进行统计学分析。结果:肝门静脉左支横部的长和中点内径分别为(29.50±6.51) mm、(7.70±1.55)mm,矢状部的长度和中点内径分别为(18.74±4.22)mm、(6.98±1.41)mm;角部角度为(118.16±13.73)°。左外叶上段支长为(36.31±16.87)mm,其1/2处的内径为(2.93±0.87)mm;左外叶下段支长(28.46±13.56)mm,其1/2处的内径为(3.21±0.87)mm。左内叶支形态变化较大。结论:肝内门静脉主干左支的长度、内径和角部的角度变动范围较大,除供应左半肝外,还可发出分支至右前叶。其分支分布直接影响到左半肝分叶分段,具体定界应结合实际情况而定。     

肝门静脉解剖和影像三维重建的临床应用

目的 观测门静脉肝内段二级分支的形态特征和分支分布规律,为诊断和治疗肝脏疾病提供更为详尽的解剖学及影像学资料。 方法 100例无肝病的成人多排螺旋CT（64-MSCT）增强扫描肝门静脉获得数据,利用CT自带的GE ADW 4.5工作站对其进行三维重建,并结合50例成人肉眼无病变尸肝对肝门静脉进行解剖剥离,观测及比较肝门静脉分支规律并采集相关数据进行统计学分析。结果 影像重建和大体解剖的近第1肝门处肝门静脉内径分别为（11.20±1.48）mm和（10.86±2.01）mm;左、右支主干夹角分别为（93.58±24.03）°和（105.59±13.82）°;左支横部长分别为（29.50±6.51）mm和（23.90±5.29）mm,中点内径分别为（7.70±1.55）mm和（7.43±1.09）mm;右支主干长分别为（21.77±10.35）mm和（20.63±6.59）mm;中点内径分别为（9.10±1.66）mm和（9.26±1.77）mm。依据肝门静脉的分支情况可将其分为4型。结论 肝门静脉变异情况并不少见,其分支的直径与夹角等均存在一定的变化,在肝外科手术实施时,对门静脉主干分支各型应给予高度的重视。     

脐静脉连于门静脉右支伴门静脉分支变异一例

在45例7-10个月胎儿肝的ABS铸型标本中,发现脐静脉连于门静脉右支伴门静脉分支变异一例,现报道如下:脐静脉连于门静脉右支,脐切迹亦偏右,致使肝左外叶约占整个肝的2/3大小,左内叶极小。门静脉主干在脐静脉的左侧。门静脉左支较短,只有横部,其末端直接发出左外叶上、下段支。门静脉右支为出现横部、角部、矢状部和囊部,与正常的左支相同,由各部的分支多而细,在角部发出右前叶支和右后叶上段支;右后叶下段支约8小支,发自矢状部和囊部;囊部亦发出4小支至左外叶。左内叶门静脉支纤     

肝门静脉的应用解剖

目的观测肝门静脉的形态特征和分支分布规律,为诊断和治疗肝脏疾病提供更为详尽的形态学资料。方法 50例肉眼观察无病变的成人肝标本,对肝门静脉分支分型等形态特征进行解剖观察,测量肝门静脉主干及其主要分支的相关数据并进行统计学分析。结果肝门静脉主干54.0%在肝实质外分叉,其分叉点距肝实质的垂直距离为(8.94±3.17)mm;34.0%紧贴肝实质分叉。左支主干长(47.44±7.23)mm;左支横部长(23.90±5.29)mm,外径为(7.43±1.09)mm,矢部长(24.02±4.97)mm,外径为(7.07±1.36)mm,角部角度为(114.18±22.59)°;右支主干长(20.63±6.59)mm,外径为(9.26±1.77)mm。依据肝门静脉的分支情况可将其分为8型。结论肝门静脉变异情况并不少见,其分叉点距肝实质的垂直距离及左、右支主干径值与分支等均存在一定的变化,在肝外科手术实施时,对肝门静脉主干分支各型应给予高度的重视。。     

肝门静脉右支的临床解剖

目的 探讨肝门静脉右支的形态特征和分支分布规律.方法 50例肉眼观察无病变的成人尸肝进行剥离解剖,对肝门静脉右支的形态结构进行观察,测量主干及主要分支的相关数据并进行统计学分析.结果 82.0%肝门静脉分为左﹑右两支,其成角(105.59±13.82)°,依据右支主干分支将其分为5型,其中65.8%右支主干分为右后叶支...     

国人肝段在冠状断层上的划分

目的：为肝内微小病变精确定位诊断和外科治疗提供冠状断层解剖学依据。方法：采用30例上腹部连续冠状断层标本、20例肝内门静脉和肝静脉解剖正常的薄层MSCT断层图像及其三维重建图像,在冠状断层上对其门静脉肝段进行精确划分。结果：经胆囊、门静脉左支及肝左静脉的冠状断面上,肝中静脉主干是划分右前上叶和左前下叶的识别标志,门静脉左支角部是左前下叶的段间裂识别标志,亦是右前上叶和左前下叶的亚段间裂识别标志。经肝门静脉主干的冠状断面上,门静脉右前支主干是右前上叶的段间裂识别标志,该层面以前为右前上叶的腹侧段,该层面以后则为右前上叶的背侧段。经网膜孔的冠状断面上、下腔静脉的右缘是划分尾状叶和右半肝的识别标志,门静脉右后支主干是划分右前上叶背侧段和右后下叶下段的标志,经下腔静脉和肝右静脉的冠状面上,肝右静脉主干是划分右前上叶的背侧段和右后下叶上段的标志;门静脉右后支主干是右后下叶的段间裂识别标志。结论：国人门静脉肝段在冠状断面上的精确划分,不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,且有利于探索新的和更加安全的外科术式。     

右半肝内门静脉的断层影像解剖学研究

目的 探讨右半肝内门静脉的走行、分布规律及门静脉肝裂和肝静脉的关系,进而为肝段的划分提供断层解剖学依据. 方法使用30例上腹部连续断层标本(10例横断面、20例冠状面)以及20例多层螺旋CT图像和三维图像,探讨右半肝内门静脉的分支类型和常见变异以及肝内门静脉和肝静脉之间的关系. 结果 50例标本和图像中,右半肝内门静脉均可分为前上和后下两组分支.76%(38150)的门静脉右前支的分支向后分布至肝右静脉后方的部分区域.40%(20/50)的门静脉右后支的起始部向尾侧发出的第一分支分布至肝右静脉前的部分区域.门静脉右前支的分布区域,越过肝中静脉偏向左侧,在15例无门静脉右支主干的标本和图像中尤其明显.肝右前叶无明显横裂存在.门静脉的亚段分型有显著的个体差异,且无优势分支类型. 结论右半肝可分为右前上叶和右后下叶,两叶之间为一弯曲的"裂隙".肝右前上叶有一恒定的纵裂存在.肝右静脉不是右叶间裂的准确定位标志,尤其在其上份和下份.肝中静脉不是正中裂的准确识别标志,尤其在门静脉右支主干缺如的人群中.     

肝右前叶Glisson系统的解剖结构特点及其临床意义

目的观察右前叶Glisson系统的解剖结构特点,为实施右前叶病灶的精准肝切除术提供解剖学基础。方法剥离解剖20例成人无病变尸体肝脏标本,对肝右前叶Glisson系统进行形态学观察,采集相关数据并进行统计学分析。结果 G右总分出G右后与G右前的两支型占95%,G右总分出G右前与G6、G7的3支型占5%。G右总长(2.36±0.56)cm,G右前长(2.61±0.72)cm。G右前根部距肝脏面的深度(1.99±0.43)cm,G右前末端距膈面的深度(4.84±1.95)cm,G右前主干与MHV主干的最短距离(1.61±0.90)cm,G右前主干与RHV主干的最短距离(1.89±0.80)cm,G右前主干与MHV主干的夹角(74.4±16.8)°,G右前主干与RHV主干的夹角(73.1±19.6)°。右前叶Glisson系统的主干末端呈Couinaud型占20%,竜崇正型占65%,复合型占15%;3级分支数目呈2~6支不等。结论右前叶Glisson系统走形存在着明显的个体差异,分布情况不完全符合Couinaud 8段所描述,在实施右前叶精准肝切除术之前应掌握右前叶Glisson系统的解剖特点,有助于设计合理的手术方式。     

第一肝门的腹腔镜肝脏手术入路解剖学研究

目的:为腹腔镜肝脏外科提供第一肝门的应用解剖及手术入路设计。方法:成人尸体肝脏标本30例结合临床手术入路设计,研究肝门静脉主干及其属支的管径、汇合形式及分支直径、长度(从分叉至进入肝实质),横沟的长度、门静脉分叉点与肝方叶尖、尾状叶尖的距离。观察肝门静脉左、右支在横沟内与左、右肝动脉及肝左、右管的伴行关系。结果:①肝门静脉在胰颈或胰体之后由肠系膜上静脉、脾静脉[直径分别为(11.42±2.85)mm、(7.91±3.06)mm]汇合而成。其汇合类型分为3型;②横沟呈槽状,长度为(4.19±0.36)cm;③肝门静脉左支长为(1.45±0.17)cm,直径为(11.97±1.65)mm;④门静脉右支长为(1.57±0.05)cm,直径为(11.75±0.98)mm。结论:腹腔镜下解剖分离第一肝门是可行的;肝门阻断入路操作简单,效果切实;还可以进行手术区域的肝门管道预处理及肝门静脉保护。     

肝门静脉肝内分支的形态观测及临床意义

目的 测量肝门静脉入肝后的左干、右干的有关数据，为临床肝脏疾病导管介入治疗等应用提供形态学资料。方法 取无肝病死亡后的人体肝脏标本，用游标卡尺和三角尺等进行有关数据的测量。结果 肝门静脉左干横部的长度为23～33mm；横部的根部外径为6．2～10．8mm；左干矢状部外径为6．5～9．9mm；左干外上叶支外径为3．3．6．5mm。肝门静脉右支主干长度为15～25．8mm；根部的外径为8．4～12．0mm；右后叶支外径为5．0～9．4mm；右前叶支外径为4．6～9．2mm。结论 有关形态学测量数据在肝脏疾病的导管介入性治疗和诊断应用中具有一定的参考价值。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964