Effects of adenosine and ATP on the membrane potential and synaptic transmission in neurons of the rat locus coeruleus

Effects of adenosine (Ado) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) on the membrane potential and synaptic transmission in neurons of the rat locus coeruleus (LC) were examined, in vitro. Ado (30-300 microM) produced a hyperpolarizing response and inhibited spontaneous firing activity in neurons of the rat LC. Ado decreased input resistance of LC neurons. The Ado-induced hyperpolarization reversed polarity near the equilibrium potential of K+ (EK). Ado (100-300 microM) depressed both excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). Ado (300 microM) did not alter the hyperpolarization induced by norepinephrine (30 microM). N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, 100 microM), an A1 receptor agonist, also produced a hyperpolarizing response and depressed both the EPSP and IPSP. Another A1 receptor agonist, adenosine amine congener (ADAC, 30 microM) also produced a hyperpolarizing response and consistently depressed the EPSP and IPSP. Application of ATP (100 microM) to LC neurons caused a depolarizing response associated with an increase in the firing rate of spontaneous action potential in LC neurons. The ATP-induced depolarization was accompanied by an increased input resistance and reversed polarity at--91 mV. ATP (100 microM) consistently depressed the IPSP, while it did not change the amplitude of the EPSP in a majority of neurons. alpha, beta-Methylene ATP (alpha, beta-meATP, 30 micro/M), a P2 receptor agonist, mimicked these effects of ATP. Adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido) triphosphate (AMP-PNP, 100 microM), a non-metabolizable analogue of ATP, produced a depolarizing response in LC neurons, but it produced no obvious depression of the EPSP and IPSP. These results suggest that Ado and ATP cause inhibitory and excitatory modulation, respectively, of neuronal activity and synaptic transmission in the rat LC.     

Methylphenidate enhances inhibitory synaptic transmission by increasing the content of norepinephrine in the locus coeruleus of juvenile rats

The present study examined the effect of methylphenidate (MPH), a psychostimulant, on nor-adrenergic transmission in the locus coeruleus (LC) of juvenile rats. Intracellular recordings showed that MPH (>3 μM) produced a hyperpolarizing response associated with a decrease in the rate of spontaneously firing action potentials. MPH (1 μM) enhanced the amplitude of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) mediated by norepinephrine (NE), but did not change the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) mediated by excitatory amino acids. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that MPH (0.3-30 μM) produced an outward current (I(MPH)) and enhanced the inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) in neurons of the juvenile rat LC. MPH (30 μM) enhanced the NE-induced outward current (I(NE)). Bath-application of yohimbine (1 μM) produced an inward current and blocked the MPH-induced enhancement of the IPSC. Yohimbine (1 μM) depressed not only the I(NE) but also the I(MPH) in juvenile rat LC neurons. The current-voltage relationship of the I(MPH) showed inward rectification and reversed polarity at -91.1±4.3 mV (n=5). Ba(2+) (100 μM) blocked the I(MPH), indicating that the I(MPH) is mediated by Ba(2+)-sensitive inward rectifier K(+) current. These results suggest that MPH enhances inhibitory synaptic transmission by increasing the concentration of NE at noradrenergic synapses in juvenile rat LC neurons.     

Effects of milnacipran on the inhibitory postsynaptic potential in neurons of the rat locus coeruleus

Effects of milnacipran (MIL), a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), on synaptic transmission were examined in the rat locus coeruleus (LC). Bath-application of MIL produced a hyperpolarization associated with a decrease in input resistance of LC neurons. The MIL-induced hyperpolarization reversed polarity near the equilibrium potential of K+. The MIL-induced hyperpolarization was blocked by yohimbine (1 microM). Clonidine, but not serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), produced a hyperpolarizing potential in LC neurons. The MIL-induced hyperpolarization reversed polarity at -114 +/- 3 mV (n=4). MIL (0.1-10 microM) depressed the amplitude of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), while it enhanced the amplitude and duration of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). These results suggest that MIL hyperpolarizes LC neurons and enhances the IPSP by increasing endogenous noradrenaline (NA) concentration at synapses in LC neurons.     

Effects and wavelet spectral entropy analysis of rhubarb extracts rhein on synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal ca1 area in vitro

Background 5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (rhein) inhibits oxidoreduction induced by reducing nicotingamide adenine dinucleotide in the mitochondria and reducing reactive oxygen species, it also suppresses lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates. This study was to assess the effects of anthraquinone derivatives, rhein on synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell layer by intracellular recording.Methods The excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) evoked by stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals in the presence of bicuculline (15 μmol/L) was depressed by application of rhein (0.3－30 μmol/L). The amplitude of the EPSP was restored within 20 minutes after removal of rhein from the supernatant. At a concentration of 30 μmol/L, rhein reduced the amplitude of the EPSP to 42%±3.7% (n=24) of the control. Subsequently, wavelet spectral entropy was used to analyze the EPSP. Results A strong positive correlation was observed between the wavelet spectral entropy and other parameters such as amplitude, slope of rising phase and slope of descending phase of the EPSP. The paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of the EPSP was significantly increased by rhein (30 μmol/L). The inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) recorded in the presence of CNQX (20 μmol/L) and APV (40 μmol/L) is not altered by rhein (30 μmol/L). Conclusions Rhein (30 μmol/L) can decrease the frequency but not the amplitude of the miniature EPSP (mEPSP). It is suggested that rhein inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission by decreasing the release of glutamate in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.     

离体下丘脑视上核神经元的突触反应

目的:了解下丘脑视上核(SON)神经元活动的突触调制机制。方法:应用成年大鼠下丘脑冠状切片SON细胞内记录技术,观察电刺激SON背外侧区域诱发的突触反应。结果:下丘脑视上核神经元兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)和抑制性突触后电位(IPSP)具有等级性的特点,并呈现明显膜电位依赖关系,即膜超极化时EPSP幅度增大,去极化时减小,而IPSP则相反。细胞旁压力喷射外源性谷氨酸能诱发伴有膜电阻减小的去极化反应。结论:下丘脑冠状脑片中突触联系通路有较好的保存,SON神经内分泌细胞的活动受到兴奋性和抑制性突触传入的调控。     

对侧腹外侧索电刺激在新生大鼠脊髓切片运动神经元诱发的突触反应

目的:探讨对侧腹外侧索(cVLF)下行激活对离体脊髓运动神经元(MN)活动的突触调制作用。方法:应用新生大鼠(8~14 d)脊髓切片MN细胞内记录技术,观察cVLF或同侧VLF(iVLF)电刺激在MN所诱发的突触反应。结果:在32个测试的MNs,观察到cVLF电刺激可在21个MNs上诱发去极化反应(即cVLF性兴奋性突触后电位,cVLF-EPSP),在1个MN上诱发超极化反应(即cVLF性抑制性突触后电位,cVLF-IPSP),在4个MNs上诱发cVLF-EPSP后复合有cVLF-IPSP的反应。cVLF-EPSP具有刺激强度依赖性、被低钙高镁溶液取消的特性,与i VLF性EPSP相比,有潜伏期较长的特点(P<0.001)。cVLF-IPSP呈膜电位依赖性,并被印防己毒素(30μmol/L)及士的宁(1.0μmol/L)取消。结论:cVLF的下行激活可通过兴奋性和抑制性突触传递调制MN的活动,其cVLF-IPSP可能由γ-氨基丁酸A受体和(或)甘氨酸受体介导。     

酸中毒对小鼠大脑皮层GABA能神经元电生理特性的影响

目的 探讨胞外酸中毒对小鼠大脑皮层γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）能神经元动作电位发放和突触传递功能的影响。方法 选择出生后27～30 d的小鼠20只,做大脑冠状切片,随后分为正常对照组和细胞外酸中毒组:大脑冠状切片灌流pH值为7.4的人工脑脊液,采用膜片钳全细胞电流钳模式记录动作电位阈电位、绝对不应期和动作电位峰间距,电压钳模式记录自发性兴奋性突触后电流,为正常对照组;随后将灌流人工脑脊液的pH值调为6.5,模拟胞外酸中毒,为细胞外酸中毒组。再次记录神经元动作电位和自发性兴奋性突触后电流,比较两组间以上各项指标的差异。结果 与正常对照组对比,胞外酸中毒使GABA能神经元动作电位峰间距和绝对不应期延长（P<0.01）,阈电位升高（P<0.01）,自发性兴奋性突触后电流幅度和频率增加（P<0.01）。结论 胞外酸中毒损伤大脑皮层GABA能神经元动作电位的发放和突触传递,这可能是酸中毒诱导脑功能损伤的机制之一。     

脚趾截除后大鼠前扣带回锥体神经元突触传递持续性增强

截肢患者中50%-80%经历过幻肢疼痛.前扣带回(anterior cingulate cortex,ACC)是参与疼痛情绪反应形成的一个重要部位.为揭示前扣带回在幻肢疼痛中的作用,我们采用成年大鼠右后中趾截除慢性疼痛模型,麻醉固定后在体纪录大脑前扣带回锥体神经元之间突触传递特性的变化.所记录神经元经形态学确认为前扣带回锥体神经元.结果显示,在右后中趾截除后3-7 d,大鼠前扣带回锥体神经元兴奋性突触后电位持续性增强,同时,反映突触前机制参与突触可塑性的配对脉冲易化(paired-pulse facilitation,PPF)值增大.结果 表明,大鼠在体脚趾截除引起前扣带回锥体神经元兴奋性突触后电位持续性增强,这个增强的突触传递可能参与了幻肢疼痛的形成过程.     

离体脊髓同侧中央管周围区电刺激诱发运动神经元突触反应

目的：探讨新生大鼠脊髓切片同侧中央管周围区（iPCC）向运动神经元（MN）兴奋性突触传递的细胞电生理特性。方法：应用新生大鼠（8～14 d）脊髓切片MN细胞内记录技术,观察iPCC局部电刺激在MN所诱发的突触反应。结果：在14个测试的MN,观察到iPCC电刺激可在11个MN上诱发兴奋性突触后电位（iPCC-EPSP）,在1个MN上诱发抑制性突触后电位（ iPCC-IPSP ）,在2个 MN上诱发iPCC-EPSP后复合有iPCC-IPSP的反应。 iPCC-EPSP不仅具有刺激强度依赖性和膜电位依赖性,而且可以被低钙高镁溶液或TTX（0．1μmol/L）可逆性取消。荷包牡丹碱和士的宁能增大iPCC-EPSP,但谷氨酸受体拮抗剂 APV（30μmol/L）和DNQX（1μmol/L）仅部分抑制iPCC-EPSP。结论：iPCC的激活可通过兴奋性突触传递调制MN的活动,其介导递质除谷氨酸外,可能还有其他递质的参与。     

佐替平对家兔齿状回兴奋性突触反应和长时程增强的影响

目的 观察佐替平对家兔齿状回神经元兴奋性突触反应和长时程增强(LTP)的影响作用.方法 20只成年雄性家兔(体质量2.5～3.5 kg),按随机数字表法分为对照组和佐替平1.0组、佐替平2.0组、佐替平5.0组,每组各5只.每只家兔在120分钟里,共有60次记录结果.以群峰电位(PS)幅度和兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)斜率作为齿状回神经元突触反应的观察指标.各组开始时记录基础反应,30min时分别腹腔注射二甲基亚砜0.5ml和佐替平-二甲基亚砜溶液0.5ml(佐替平的剂量依次为1.0mg/kg、2.0mg/kg、5.0mg/kg),90min时给予强直刺激,并记录相应的反应.结果 4组在单刺激前后的PS幅度和EPSP斜率均无显著性改变;对照组的PS幅度和EPSP斜率在强直刺激后[分别为(0.678±0.052)mV和(0.633±0.024)mV/ms]与注射前[分别为(0.266±0.008)mV和(0.246±0.010)mV/ms]相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),产生LTP;强直刺激后,佐替平1.0组、2.0组、5.0组均不产生LTP;佐替平5.0组强直刺激后的PS幅度和EPSP斜率[分别为(0.277±0.008)mV和(0.296±0.007)mV/ms]与对照组的同阶段结果相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 佐替平对单刺激家兔海马穿通纤维引起的兴奋性突触反应强度无影响作用,却能抑制家兔海马穿通纤维齿状回通路LTP的产生.     

Effects of interleukin-1 beta on neurons in mammalian pelvic ganglia

The effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) on the membrane potential and synaptic transmission were examined in neurons of mammalian pelvic ganglia. Bath-application of recombinant human IL-1 beta (6-300 pM) for 10 s-5 min produced a long-lasting hyperpolarization associated with increased input resistance in 11 neurons of rat major pelvic ganglia (MPG). In other 8 neurons, IL-1 beta (300 pM) produced a biphasic response that consists of an initial depolarization followed by a long-lasting hyperpolarization. IL-1 beta 163-171 (10-100 pM), a synthetic nonapeptide analog that contains the active domain of human IL-1 beta, mimicked the effect of IL-1 beta in MPG neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA, 300 microM) produced a depolarization followed by a hyperpolarization that was blocked by picrotoxin (100 microM). Db-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (db-cyclic GMP, 100 microM) also produced an initial depolarization followed by a long-lasting hyperpolarization. These results suggest that the IL-1 beta-induced biphasic response is mediated by a GABA receptor-cyclic GMP pathway. IL-1 beta and IL-1 beta 163-171 caused an initial facilitation followed by a long-lasting depression of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in rabbit VPG. The data suggest that IL-1 beta presynaptically depressed the EPSP by reducing the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the pelvic nerve terminals.     

阿托品对氢化可的松快速作用的影响

在离体灌注的牛蛙交感神经节上,氢化可的松一方面通过Ｎ受体介导,快速抑制Ｂ细胞的快尖奋性突触后电位,引起Ｂ细胞突触 传递的阻断。氢化可的松的又同时通过Ｍ受体介导,快速增强Ｂ细胞的慢兴奋性突触 后电位,提高Ｂ细胞的兴奋性,使重复放电增加。     

氯化钐对大鼠离体颈上神经节烟碱传递的影响

目的：研究氯化钐（Samarium Chloride,SmCl3)对大鼠离体颈上神经节烟碱传递过程的影响。方法：细胞内生物电记录技术。结果：SmCl3在10^-4--10^-1mmol/L的浓度时,可逆地抑制快兴奋性突触后电位（f-EPSP）,但对乙酰胆碱（ACh)和氨甲酰胆碱（Carb)膜除极化反应无显著的影响。对细胞膜电位、膜电阻亦无明显影响。SmCl3(10^-1mmol/L)能拮抗高钙（10mmol/L),对f-EPSP的易化4作用（P＜0．01）。结论：SmCl3对烟碱的抑制作用是通过突触前机制,可能与抑制钙的内流有关。     

红藻氨酸对海马CAl区突触传递的作用

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of activated kainate receptor on both the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region. METHOD: Blind whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on the CA1 pyramidal cells in adult rat hippocampal slices to examine and analyze the effect of bath-applied kainate (10 micromol/L) on CA1 afferent fiber-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), respectively. RESULTS: Activation of kainate receptor significantly depressed both IPSCs (P <0.01) and EPSCs (P <0.01) in neurons in the hippocampus CA1 region. CONCLUSION: Activation of kainate receptors directly inhibit excitatory and inhibitory input in those neurons, which contributes to the development of epilepsy in the hippocampus by affecting the dynamic balance of the hippocampal neurons.     

毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱M2/M4受体亚型在调节脊髓背角神经元谷氨酸能递质释放中的作用

目的研究毒蕈碱胆碱能受体（mAChRs）亚型对脊髓背角感觉神经元谷氨酸能突触传递的调节机制。方法在急性切取
的腰段脊髓切片上,利用全细胞膜片钳法记录mAChRs非特异性激动剂氢化震颤素M（Oxo-M）对脊髓背角浅层神经元谷氨酸
能兴奋性突触后电流（eEPSCs）的影响,给予M2/M4受体特异性拮抗剂喜巴辛,观察mAChRs在脊髓背角浅层神经元谷氨酸能
递质释放调节过程中的作用。结果不同浓度Oxo-M使脊髓背角神经元单突触和多突触eEPSCs的幅度显著降低,其抑制强度
呈浓度依赖性,喜巴辛可以拮抗Oxo-M对刺激诱发eEPSCs幅度的抑制作用,在记录的25个细胞中,92.3%的单突触细胞和75%
的多突触细胞表现为Oxo-M抑制作用被完全拮抗,另有16%的细胞表现为部分拮抗作用。结论mAChRs激活后通过位于脊髓
背角传入神经末梢突触前膜的M2或M4受体亚型抑制兴奋性谷氨酸递质的释放,这种突触前对谷氨酸释放的调节可能是胆碱
能系统和mAChRs在脊髓水平对伤害性刺激调控的作用机制。
     

对侧腹外侧索强直刺激在脊髓运动神经元诱发的长时程增强

目的:探讨强直刺激对侧腹外侧索(cVLF),在脊髓运动神经元(MN)能否诱发突触传递的长时程可塑性变化。方法:应用新生大鼠脊髓切片MN细胞内记录技术,观察强直刺激cVLF前后,在MN诱发的兴奋性突触后电位(EP-SP,即cVLF-EPSP)的变化。结果:对cVLF施加强直刺激,有2个MNs的cVLF-EPSPs幅度增大达基础值的120%以上,且维持至少30 min,可被定义为长时程增强(LTP,即cVLF-LTP)。另外,在1个有cVLF-LTP的MN,同时观察到同侧背根刺激诱发的EPSP出现长时程增强。结论:通过强直刺激cVLF,在新生大鼠脊髓MN可诱发出突触传递的LTP,并可伴有异突触的LTP现象。     

Adenosine inhibits a GABAB receptor-mediated hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential in neurons of rat septal nuclei

Intracellular recordings were made from neurons of rat dorsolateral septal nucleus (DLSN), in vitro. Adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine (1-500 microM) hyperpolarized DLSN neurons and blocked the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the late hyperpolarizing potential (LHP) in the presence of bicuculline. Adenosine did not depress the glutamate-induced potential. Bath-application of adenosine depressed the baclofen-induced potential in 60% of the neurons. Adenosine also inhibited the LHP in the remaining 40% of neurons, while it did not depress the baclofen-induced potential in these neurons. These results indicate that adenosine inhibits the EPSP pre-synaptically whereas it inhibits the LHP both pre- and postsynaptically in rat septal nuclei.     

IGF-1对海马神经元抑制性突触传递的影响

目的观察胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)对原代培养海马神经元抑制性突触传递的影响并探讨其可能机制。方法采用无血清培养基培养海马神经元,在10~14d时用于实验。电生理实验分为正常对照组和IGF-1处理组(实验前24h加入IGF-1,终浓度为10μmol/L)。细胞免疫化学实验分为正常对照组、IGF-1处理组和MAPKS转导通路抑制剂(PD98059)预处理组(IGF-1处理前1h加入PD98059,终浓度为10μmol/L)。采用全细胞膜片钳记录方法观察IGF-1对抑制性突触后电流(IPSC)的影响,用细胞免疫化学方法观察其对γ-氨基丁酸能细胞数目影响。结果IGF-1能够显著降低IPSC的频率,但与对照组比较其幅度差异无统计学意义;IGF-1能够明显减少GABA阳性细胞数目,应用PD98059后可阻断这种作用。结论IGF-1的上述作用可能参与海马对学习记忆功能的调节过程。     

米诺环素抑制甲醛炎性痛及机制

目的：观察米诺环素对脊髓背角胶状质（substantia gelatinosa, SG）区神经元突触传递的影响,以阐明其在甲醛炎性痛中的作用机制。方法：行为学和免疫组织化学实验：将30只3~5周龄雄性SD大鼠,随机分为对照组（8只）、模型组（8只）、生理盐水模型组（6只）和米诺环素模型组（8只）。对照组采用右后足背皮下注射生理盐水,模型组（甲醛炎性痛模型）采用右后足背皮下注射5%（体积分数）甲醛溶液,生理盐水模型组和米诺环素模型组分别在模型制备前1 h腹腔注射生理盐水和米诺环素。记录4组大鼠足背皮下注射生理盐水或甲醛溶液后1 h内每5 min 缩足和舔爪的时间,共记录1 h。痛行为学记录结束1 h后,行4%多聚甲醛心脏灌流取脊髓组织,以免疫组化实验的方法观察脊髓背角c Fos蛋白的表达。电生理实验：选取26只3~5周龄雄性SD大鼠制作离体脊髓纵切片,每只大鼠随机选取2~5个神经元进行全细胞膜片钳记录,分别记录米诺环素、氟代柠檬酸和多西环素对SG神经元的自发性兴奋性突触后电流（spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents, sEPSCs）或自发性抑制性突触后电流（spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents, sIPSCs）的作用。结果：模型组与对照组比较,右侧缩足和舔爪等炎性痛行为及脊髓背角c-Fos蛋白表达显著增加;腹腔注射米诺环素可显著减轻大鼠第二相的炎性痛行为 （t= 2.957, P<0.05）, 并减少脊髓背角浅层（Ⅰ~Ⅱ）和深层（Ⅲ~Ⅳ）c-Fos蛋白的表达（t Ⅰ-Ⅱ = 3.912, t Ⅲ-Ⅳ = 2.630, P<0.05）。米诺环素显著增加SG神经元的sIPSCs的频率至用药前的220%±10%（P<0.05）,但对sEPSCs的频率（100%±1%, t=0.112, P=0.951）和幅度（98%±1%, t=0.273, P=0.167）、sIPSCs的幅度（105%±3%, t=0.568, P=0.058）均无显著影响。氟代柠檬酸和多西环素对sIPSCs的频率［分别为：（99%±1%, t=0.366, P=0.099）;（102%±1%, t=0.184, P=0.146）］和幅度［分别为：（98%±1%, t=0.208, P=0.253）;（99%±1%, t=0.129, P=0.552）］ 均无显著影响。结论：米诺环素可抑制甲醛炎性痛及减少脊髓背角c Fos蛋白的表达,这些效应与其增强SG神经元的抑制性突触传递有关,而与其抑制小胶质细胞的激活及抗生素的效应无关。     

大戟二萜醇酯对大鼠颈上神经节胆碱能传递的影响

应用细胞内生物电记录技术观察了两种大戟二萜醇酯对大鼠颈上神经节胆碱能传递的影响.灌流5或10μmol/L 的4β-大戟二萜醇-12,13-双丁酯(PDB)增大膜电阻而不影响膜电位,对刺激节前神经诱发的快兴奋性突触后电位(f-EPSP)及外源性乙酰胆碱(ACh)引起的 ACh电位均有浓度依赖性的增强作用,并诱导自发性 EPSP,表明 PDB 通过突触前、后机制易化交感神经节的胆碱能传递.4β-大戟二萜醇-12-肉豆蔻酯-13-乙酯(PMA,10μmol/L)灌流30min 对神经节细胞的电生理性质及其胆碱能传递无明显影响.