萧山区425例孕妇膳食调查

目的:了解孕妇膳食状况,有针对性地对孕妇进行营养指导,改变不良饮食习惯,保证孕妇合理营养,以利于母体和胎儿的健康。方法:以浙江省萧山区425例孕妇为调查对象,对孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期的膳食摄入情况进行分析,了解不同孕期妇女蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的热能和钙、铁、锌、B族维生素等营养素的摄入情况。结果:孕妇膳食产热营养素的热能供给比例基本合理,但钙、铁、锌及维生素B1、维生素B2的摄入量较低,低于或接近参考摄入量(RNI)的50%。结论:孕妇的膳食结构比较合理,但要增加钙、铁、锌及B族维生素的摄入,特别要增加孕早期的蛋白质和热量的摄入,孕中晚期适当增加优质蛋白质及钙的摄入量,并且要重视叶酸的补充。     

包头市343例孕妇孕中、晚期膳食营养状况调查

目的 了解包头市孕妇孕中、晚期饮食习惯及营养素的摄入情况,为有针对性的指导孕妇合理膳食及进一步研究孕妇营养与健康问题提供科学依据.方法 采用半定量食物频率法,对调查对象进行膳食调查.结果 调查对象的膳食构成以谷薯类食物为主,蔬菜、奶类和鱼、禽、蛋、肉类摄入不足;孕妇膳食总能量达推荐摄入量标准(RNI)的111％,三大产热营养素的热能供给比例基本适宜,其中蛋白质摄入量达到RNI的113％,钙、铁、锌摄入缺乏,维生素B2摄入不足,维生素A、B1、C的摄入量均达到RNI的80％;孕妇在怀孕期补充过钙制剂和叶酸的比例分别为55.3％和65.2％,但对锌、铁制剂补充的人数较少.结论 包头市孕妇孕中、晚期膳食中营养素摄入尚不均衡,存在一定程度的营养缺乏现象,应加强有针对性的营养指导,尤其应适当降低动物性食物的摄入量.     

沈阳地区孕妇膳食及饮食习惯调查

目的了解沈阳地区孕妇饮食习惯及营养素的摄入情况，为有针对性的指导孕妇合理营养，保证母婴健康提供基础资料。方法对沈阳地区孕妇进行饮食习惯调查，并选取其中部分孕妇进行膳食调查。结果孕妇膳食中蛋白质摄入量达到推荐摄入量标准（RNI）的119％，而钙的摄入量仅为RNI的65％；其他主要营养素的摄入量均在RNI的80％以上；孕妇在怀孕期补充过钙制剂和叶酸的比例分别为77％和50％，但对锌、铁制剂补充的人数较少。结论沈阳地区孕妇膳食中蛋白质摄入量偏高，钙摄入量偏低。应加强孕妇合理营养的指导，尤其应增加乳制品的摄入量，适当降低动物性食物的摄入量。     

新疆喀什地区364例维吾尔族孕妇膳食营养状况调查

目的 了解新疆喀什地区维吾尔族孕妇的营养状况,为进行少数民族膳食营养指导和优生优育提供依据。方法 以364例维吾尔族孕妇为研究对象,采用综合调查表收集基本信息,采用3日24小时膳食回顾法进行膳食状况调查,收集数据并建立Excel数据库,与中国营养学会2013年制定的《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量DRIs》进行比较。结果 三大产热营养素的供热比结果中孕中、晚期蛋白质供能比低于DRIs,分别为11.60%和11.88%。孕中、晚期蛋白质的摄入量占DRIs的77.03%、69.21%,孕早、中、晚期叶酸摄入量分别占DRIs的12.67%、13.30%、14.27%;钙摄入量分别占DRIs的26.36%、22.42%、26.06%;铁摄入量分别占DRIs的87.05%、71.92%、62.76%;碘摄入量分别占DRIs的9.33%、9.44%、11.23%。蛋白质、铁、钙的来源以植物性食物为主。结论 维吾尔族孕妇膳食结构不合理,营养素摄入普遍不足,蛋白质、维生素E、维生素B1、维生素B2、烟酸、维生素C、铁摄入不足,维生素B6、叶酸、钙、碘严重缺乏。     

中国不同孕期妇女营养素补充剂的使用情况和地区差异性分析

目的了解中国妊娠期妇女在孕早期、孕中期和孕晚期营养素补充剂的使用现状和地区差异,为指导孕妇合理使用营养素补充剂提供参考依据。方法本研究数据来自中国孕产妇队列研究·协和项目,纳入15个省(自治区、直辖市)的24家医院进行首次孕检的孕早期孕妇9 189名,并在孕中期随访到5 588名孕妇,孕晚期随访到4 305名孕妇。采用问卷调查随访收集孕妇的基本信息和孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期营养素补充剂的使用情况。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行χ~2检验和多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果孕早期使用率最高的营养素补充剂是叶酸,使用率为89.1%,孕中、晚期使用率最高的是钙剂,使用率分别为78.1%和87.7%。除叶酸外,复合维生素、维生素D、钙、铁、DHA、膳食纤维、益生菌在孕中期和孕晚期的使用率均高于孕早期。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,南方地区复合维生素和益生菌的使用率在孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期均低于北方地区(P0.05);孕早期叶酸的使用率南方高于北方,孕中、晚期叶酸的使用率南方低于北方(P0.05);在孕中、晚期,中部地区维生素D、钙、铁补充剂的使用率均低于东部地区,西部地区铁补充剂的使用率也低于东部地区(P0.05);孕中、晚期西部地区孕妇DHA的使用率均高于东部地区,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论本研究中孕妇的营养素补充剂使用率较高,但是不同地区的营养素使用率存在较大差异,应结合孕妇的营养需求和膳食营养素摄入情况,有针对性地进行健康教育,帮助孕妇合理地使用营养素补充剂。     

哈尔滨市孕妇孕期膳食摄入调查及评价

目的调查孕妇孕能量及膳食营养素摄入情况,找出存在的营养缺陷与问题。方法调查孕妇孕能量及膳食营养素摄入情况,分析营养缺陷与问题。结果哈尔滨市孕妇能量摄入是合理的,但蛋白质和脂肪供能比例偏高,碳水化合物供能比例偏低;维生素A与核黄素摄入量为边缘不足,硫胺素摄入不足,与中国居民营养素参考摄入量（RNI）比较维生素A差异无统计学意义,后两者差异极有统计学意义（P值均〈0.01）;膳食纤维摄入量低于推荐的摄入范围;维生素B6和叶酸摄入不足,与适宜摄入量或RNI相比较差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.001）;钙、铁与锌的摄入不能满足随着孕龄增加而需要量的增加;其他营养素摄入都是充足的。结论哈尔滨市孕妇在孕早、中与晚期的膳食摄入均有一定缺陷,应对孕妇开展经常性的营养与健康教育。     

广州市孕中期妇女营养素补充剂使用情况

目的 探究广州市孕中期妇女营养素补充剂使用率及使用量情况并进行评估。方法 2017年3月―2018年11月在广州市某医院纳入常规产检的孕20～28周孕妇,采用经信效度检验的问卷面对面收集孕妇过去1个月的营养素补充剂及食物摄入情况,根据相应成分表分别计算各营养素摄入量,其中营养素总摄入量等于补充剂来源摄入量加食物来源摄入量。结果 1 035名孕妇中,孕中期营养素补充剂使用率为80.2%;大部分孕妇使用复合类补充剂;各营养素中钙(76.2%)和叶酸(51.6%)补充率最高。除铜外,其余营养素食物摄入量均存在一定比例的孕妇未达到平均需要量(estimated average requirement, EAR)、推荐摄入量(recommended nutrient intake, RNI)或适宜摄入量(adequate intake, AI),特别是维生素B6、叶酸和钙;进一步纳入营养素补充剂摄入量分析发现使用组营养素总摄入量达到EAR、RNI/AI的比例均有所提高,且使用组总摄入情况优于未使用组(如使用组孕妇钙总摄入量达到RNI的比例为61.4%,而未使用组仅为8.8%)。结论 广州市孕中期...     

十堰地区农村汉族和土家族孕妇膳食状况调查

目的 调查和比较十堰地区农村汉族和土家族孕妇的膳食状况.方法 抽取214名农村孕妇,用自设计食物频率问卷调查其膳食状况并作比较.结果214名农村孕妇摄入食物种类较全面,但水产类、奶类和水果类的摄入低于推荐摄入量;优质蛋白摄入量占总蛋白质摄入的45％左右,动物性来源的铁比例较低;维生素A、叶酸、钙、铁和锌摄入严重不足,汉族孕妇脂肪、尼克酸和锌的摄入量高于土家族孕妇,而钙摄入量低于土家族孕妇.(P＜0.05).结论 本地区农村孕妇部分营养素摄入不足,应当积极开展营养教育,增加奶类、豆类、水产品等动物性食品的摄入.     

兰州市7093例孕妇常见膳食微量元素摄入水平现状调查

目的通过兰州地区孕妇常见微量元素摄入状况调查,定量分析本地区孕妇膳食微量元素摄入水平,为围孕期科学合理的膳食指导提供科学依据。方法选取2017年在甘肃省妇幼保健院围产医学中心接受产检的正常孕妇7 093例,采用1个月膳食回顾法,通过计算机辅助支持决策系统计算孕妇膳食微量元素摄入量,以《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2016版)》为评价标准,分析不同妊娠期孕妇的膳食微量元素摄入水平。结果本研究共调查孕早期妇女608例,其钙、钠、铁、锌、碘的日摄入量分别为推荐摄入量(RNI)的83. 65%、156. 61%、103. 01%、108. 73%、17. 91%;孕中期妇女6 213例,钙、钠、铁、锌、碘的摄入量分别为RNI的73. 15%、123. 97%、106. 42%、87. 68%、19. 57%;孕晚期妇女272例,钙、钠、铁、锌、碘的摄入量分别为RNI的86. 05%、133. 80%、91. 07%、84. 73%、22. 95%。结论本地区妊娠女性在孕期应加强碘摄入,控制钠摄入,在孕中晚期应加强钙和锌的补充,在孕晚期应加强铁的补充。     

甘肃会宁地区406名2～4岁儿童膳食调查分析

目的:了解会宁地区406名2～4岁儿童的膳食结构及营养素摄入状况,为改善其营养状况提供基础资料。方法:采用24h膳食回顾法、称重法和半定量食物频率法对调查对象进行膳食调查。结果:调查对象膳食构成以粮谷类食物为主,杂粮摄入较多,为42.1g;动物性及豆类摄入较少,鱼虾类摄入量仅为1.4g。能量的摄入基本满足需要,但达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的人数比例较低,碳水化合物供能比偏高,饱和脂肪酸供能比例较高。蛋白质达到RNI的人数比例只有22.7%,来源于动物性及豆类食物的占26.7%。铁的摄入量较高,但主要来源于植物性食物。钙、锌、维生素A及维生素C摄入均不足。结论:调查对象膳食结构不合理,部分营养素供给不足。应加大营养知识普及,改进食物加工方法,改善该人群的营养状况。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.