护理人员职业偏差行为量表的编制及信效度检验

目的 编制护理人员职业偏差行为量表并进行信、效度检验。方法 在文献回顾与访谈的基础上,根据职业偏差行为分类体系形成量表原始条目池;对9名专家进行2轮咨询后形成原始量表。采用便利抽样方法选取国家级护理学习班的临床护士300人进行问卷调查。结果 形成的量表包括5个维度 21个条目。探索性因子分析得到特征值大于1的因子共5个,累积方差贡献率为61.816％。量表的各因子与问卷总分的相关系数（r）为 0.650～0.871（均P＜0.01）,各因子之间的r为0.340～0.609（均P＜0.01）;内容效度指数（S-CVI）为 0.975,量表总的Cronbach′s α系数为0.937,奇偶折半信度为0.897,重测信度为0.846。结论 护理人员职业偏差行为量表具有良好的信、效度,可作为护理人员职业偏差行为的评价工具。     

To Be or Not to Be (Stressed): The Critical Role of a Psychologically Healthy Workplace in Effective Stress Management

This article explains how key practices pertaining to the psychologically healthy workplace can be used to develop a comprehensive approach to stress management in contemporary organizations. Specifically, we demonstrate the ways in which employee involvement, recognition, work–life balance, health and safety, and growth and development practices can be used to assist in the reduction of work stress and the proactive management of strain. Although many organizations strive to establish a positive environment conducive to work and well‐being, identifying where to begin can often seem like a daunting task. Currently, many stress management efforts emphasize individual‐level interventions that are simply implemented alongside existing organizational practices. We propose that a broader perspective allows for a better understanding of the stress process, resulting in the ability to consider a wider range of changes to organizational processes. Combining knowledge regarding psychologically healthy workplace practices, stress management intervention levels and the personal resource allocation framework, we present a comprehensive framework for approaching workplace stress management, which can be tailored to the unique needs of various organizations, departments and employees. By adopting this broader perspective, we believe organizations can more strategically address employee stress, resulting in more effective stress management and a profound impact on stress‐related outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Workplace telepressure and work–life balance outcomes: The role of work recovery experiences

Workplace technology has posed some challenges to worker well‐being. This research examined how workplace telepressure—a preoccupation and urge to respond quickly to message‐based communications—is related to work life balance evaluations, as well as how work recovery experiences might explain this relationship. Using an online survey design, Study 1 (N = 254) and Study 2 (N = 409) demonstrated that employees' workplace telepressure negatively related to satisfaction with work–life balance. Study 1 showed that psychological detachment may explain the relationship between workplace telepressure and satisfaction with work–life balance. In Study 2, psychological detachment and control over leisure time explained the relationship between workplace telepressure and global evaluations of work–life balance (satisfaction and effectiveness). Mastery and control experiences explained the relationship between workplace telepressure and work–family enrichment. Lastly, three recovery mechanisms (detachment, relaxation, and control) explained the link between workplace telepressure and work–family conflict. The evidence suggests that workplace telepressure is negatively associated with various employee evaluations of work–life balance, but the role of recovery experiences may depend on how work–life balance is measured.     

Workplace stress and discrimination effects on the physical and depressive symptoms of underrepresented minority faculty

Evidence-based research and interventions to address systemic institutional racism have never been more urgent. Yet, underrepresented minority (URM) professionals in research institutions who primarily produce that evidence have remained abysmally low for decades. This unique study of URM university professors assesses factors—vocational strain, role overload, discrimination, coping strategies—that contribute to health and well-being, research productivity, and ultimately their retention in high impact research positions. We administered a web-based survey assessing demographics, workplace stressors, perceived discrimination, life events, coping strategies, and physical and depressive symptoms. Study participants include 404 faculty of whom 254 are African Americans, 99 are Mexican Americans, and 51 are Puerto Ricans. Hierarchical regression analyses were employed to assess the associations between workplace stress, coping strategies, and symptoms. Results show that perceived discrimination, vocational strain, role overload, and life events directly affected physical symptoms, with self-care (p < 0.001) moderating these effects. Vocational strain and life events had direct effects on depressive symptoms with self-care (p < 0.05) and social support (p < 0.001) moderating these effects. Findings inform health care providers and university leaders about work stress and health conditions that may explain early morbidity and premature departures of URM faculty, and proffer institutional interventions to retain these faculty.     

Women's perceived frequency of disturbing interruptions and its relationship to self‐rated health and satisfaction with life as a whole

Daily occupations form a pattern dominated by a few main occupations intertwined with hidden occupations. A third category is denoted unexpected occupations or minor events that interrupt the rhythm of main and hidden occupations. The phenomenon of unexpected occupations can be interpreted as an illustration of interruptions in daily life or daily minor stressors. The study aimed to investigate women's perceived frequency of such disturbing interruptions, and possible relationships with their self‐rated health and satisfaction with life as a whole. The study included 202 women aged 38 years, and 286 women aged 50 years who replied to a mailed questionnaire. The results showed that perceived high frequency of interruptions was related to poor subjective health among the younger women, and to low satisfaction with life as a whole in both age groups. Furthermore, the younger women perceived disturbing interruptions more frequently than the older ones, and among the younger women those who had children living at home and lived with a partner experienced disturbing interruptions more frequently than those without children living at home or those living single. The results should be interpreted with caution because the measurement of perceived interruptions has not yet been subjected to psychometric evaluation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

急诊科护士工作场所心理暴力问题调查研究

目的了解急诊科护士工作场所心理暴力的流行病学特征。方法根据世界卫生组织关于工作场所暴力的定义设计调查表，对广州市16所医院273名急诊科护士工作场所心理暴力发生情况进行调查。结果273名急诊科在职护士心理暴力发生率为87.91％，其中78.75％的受害者多次遭受暴力。辱骂与威胁是心理暴力的主要表现形式。心理暴力更容易在小医院发生。护士站是急诊科发生心理暴力的常见工作场所；60．42％的急诊心理暴力事件发生在晚／夜班。急诊科护士处理心理暴力的主要方式是耐心解释(64．58％)和忍让回避(45，42％)；27．50％的受害者未将暴力遭遇告诉别人。心理暴力的主要危险因素依次为病人(或其陪同者、探视者)的要求未能得到满足、肇事者酗酒或药物滥用、候诊时间过长等。病人亲属和病人本人是主要肇事者。结论心理暴力以极高发生率存在于急诊科护士人群。需针对医院特点开展工作场所暴力防范与应对措施教育，提高急诊科护士防范心理暴力能力。     

Development and initial validation of the Perceived Scarcity Scale

Though socio‐economic status (SES) partially explains the experience of stress and health outcomes, most research to date has relied on a small number of traditional indicators that fail to capture the full domain of socioeconomic factors. The recent reconceptualization of perceived scarcity is proposed as a subjective indicator of SES when attempting to predict both stress and health outcomes. Although a conceptualization of perceived scarcity has been advanced, a psychometrically sound scale is needed to assess the utility and scientific import of this concept. No such scale exists. Therefore, the current paper describes the development, psychometric properties, and initial validation of the Perceived Scarcity Scale (PScS). Four studies using traditional scale development processes were employed to develop (Studies 1 and 2) and provide an initial validation (Studies 3 and 4) for the PScS. Results support the existing model of perceived scarcity and indicate that the measure is valid. Moreover, the scale predicted concurrent perceived stress, as well as longitudinal ratings of perceived stress, global health, quality of life, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The development of the new scale provides clinicians and researchers with a brief, validated measure that can assess the level of perceived scarcity individuals currently experience.     

带教老师对预防与应对实习护生遭受工作场所暴力知信行量表的编制与验证

目的 编制带教老师对预防与应对实习护生遭受工作场所暴力的知信行量表,并检验信效度。 方法 以知信行理论为指导,在文献回顾基础上,结合半结构访谈法及德尔菲法初步形成带教老师对预防与应对实习护生遭受工作场所暴力的知信行量表。对302名临床护理带教老师进行调查,检验量表信效度。 结果 量表包含知、信、行3个Ⅰ级维度,8个Ⅱ级维度,共44个条目。条目水平的内容效度指数为0.889~1.000,量表水平内容效度指数为0.941。探索性因子分析中,知、信、行维度分别提取4、2、2个公因子,累积方差贡献率分别为73.897%、75.388%、82.052%;验证性因子分析显示模型的适配度较好。量表的Cronbach′s α系数为0.961,各维度Cronbach′s α系数为0.920、0.904、0.977;量表折半信度为0.987,各维度折半信度为0.965、0.950、0.989;量表重测信度为0.927。 结论 量表具有良好的信效度,可作为测评带教老师预防与应对实习护生遭受工作场所暴力的有效工具。     

基层医院护士工作场所暴力与其生存质量的相关性研究

目的探讨护理人员工作场所暴力与其生存质量的关系,为预防护理人员遭受工作场所暴力、提高护理人员生存质量提供理论依据。方法采用生存质量量表（WHOQOL-100）对285名护理人员的生存质量进行调查,并由其自行评价过去1年内是否遭受工作场所暴力、工作场所暴力类型及原因。结果180名（63．16％）护士在过去的一年里遭受过工作场所暴力。基层医院护士是否受到工作场所暴力其生存质量的总体状况、心理、环境、精神支柱维度的评分有统计学差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。工作场所暴力与生存质量呈显著负相关（均P〈0．05）。结论遭受工作场所暴力对护理人员的生存质量有影响,应采取措施预防和控制工作场所暴力的发生。     

基层医院护士工作场所暴力与其生存质量的相关性研究

目的 探讨护理人员工作场所暴力与其生存质量的关系,为预防护理人员遭受工作场所暴力、提高护理人员生存质量提供理论依据.方法 采用生存质量量表(WHOQOL-100)对285名护理人员的生存质量进行调查,并由其自行评价过去1年内是否遭受工作场所暴力、工作场所暴力类型及原因.结果 180名(63.16%)护士在过去的一年里遭受过工作场所暴力.基层医院护士是否受到工作场所暴力其生存质量的总体状况、心理、环境、精神支柱维度的评分有统计学差异(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).工作场所暴力与生存质量呈显著负相关(均P＜0.05).结论 遭受工作场所暴力对护理人员的生存质量有影响,应采取措施预防和控制工作场所暴力的发生.     

Thermal stress in the U.S.A.: effects on violence and on employee behaviour

Many researchers have claimed to find a link between temperature and aggression; we use U.S.A. data to confirm strong seasonal patterns in several types of violent crime. We also report seasonal patterns in U.S.A. workplace data (strikes, and quitting jobs). We suggest a medical explanation for these seasonal patterns, based on stress hormones (adrenaline, and perhaps noradrenaline and/or testosterone). The human body generates adrenaline in response to excessive heat; adrenaline is helpful in keeping the body within safe limits, but we think that as a side effect it leads to aggression (which is often inappropriate). We examine the shape of the curve relating temperature to aggression. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development and psychometric validation of a Domestic Violence Coping Self-efficacy Measure (DV-CSE)

Psychometric properties of a Domestic Violence Coping Self-Efficacy Measure were examined. Two-hundred eighty three women assaulted within the past 6 months were recruited. Internal reliability of the measure was very good (alpha = .97). Principle components factor analysis indicated one primary factor accounting for 56% of the variance. The measure was positively associated with optimism, adaptive coping, and healthy psychological functioning, and negatively associated with trauma-related distress, negative mood, and maladaptive coping. A small positive association with social desirability was found. This measure may have significant clinical utility in helping survivors by indicating areas where individuals feel especially vulnerable or empowered.     

Work stress assessment and instability of employment: complementary contribution of different data sources

From 2000 to 2003 a prospective research on work stress was conducted in Belgium. One hypothesis was that besides stress experienced by the worker and induced by local and direct working conditions, additional stress caused by work instability can be identified. In order to take this hypothetical difference into account in our sample, administrative data was used to build a contextual variable relying upon an index of economic sectoral ‘instability’ of employment. Thus 90 semi‐structured interviews were conducted in four selected firms presenting contrasted levels of job instability. Additionally, self‐administered questionnaires were sent to all workers in these firms. Results issued from the interviews with key informants and from the self‐administered questionnaires indicate that our index is a good tool for the selection of firms in terms of instability. Stress appraisal is very congruent across the different sources of information: index of instability, interviews and questionnaires. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

精神科男护士体面劳动感知及影响因素研究

目的 调查精神科男护士体面劳动感知水平,并分析其影响因素。 方法 采用便利和整群抽样法,抽取河南省6所精神疾病医院328名精神科男护士为研究对象,使用一般情况调查表、体面劳动感知量表、中国护士工作压力源量表进行调查。 结果 精神科男护士体面劳动感知得分为（44.77±7.55）分,工作压力得分（92.24±9.90）。回归分析显示,工资收入、聘用形式、是否值夜班、是否遭受工作场所暴力、工作压力是精神科男护士体面劳动感知的影响因素（均P＜0.05）,可解释总变异的39.7%。 结论 精神科男护士的体面劳动感知处于较低水平,可通过加强宣传力度和组织支持度,并根据影响因素制订切实有效的干预方案,提高其体面劳动感。     

系统性红斑狼疮女性角色压力量表的编制及信效度检验

目的 编制系统性红斑狼疮女性角色压力量表,并进行信效度检验,为此类患者角色压力测评提供测量工具。方法 在角色压力理论指导下,通过文献分析、质性访谈和专家函询形成量表初稿。于2023年1-3月选取镇江市2所三级医院的210例系统性红斑狼疮女性患者进行问卷调查,评价量表的信度及结构效度;2023年4-6月选取苏州市2所三级医院的238例系统性红斑狼疮女性患者进行调查,用于验证性因子分析。结果 系统性红斑狼疮女性角色压力量表包含角色冲突、角色愧疚、角色超载、角色模糊4个维度共16个条目,4个维度累计方差贡献率为72.901%;验证性因子分析结果显示模型拟合良好（χ2/df=2.332,RMSEA=0.075,CFI=0.933,GFI=0.892,TLI=0.918）;量表总的Cronbach′s α系数为0.898,分半信度为0.792,重测信度为0.886。结论 系统性红斑狼疮女性角色压力量表具有良好的信效度,可以作为系统性红斑狼疮女性角色压力的测评工具。     

The development and preliminary validation of the Taiwanese Manual Ability Measure for Burns

Objective

To develop and validate the Taiwanese Manual Ability Measure for Burns (T-MAM for Burns), a task-oriented functional evaluation tool to assess self-reported manual ability in burn patients.

Design

A longitudinal study.

Participants

A sample of 45 burn patients from burn rehabilitation centers with varying degrees of hand involvement.

Methods

The preliminary testing version was formed by adding burn specific items to the Taiwanese version of the Manual Ability Measure. A field test was then conducted for item reduction and psychometric properties testing.

Results

Out of 55 initial items, 20 were selected into the final version of the T-MAM for Burns. Psychometric analyses indicated that it was reliable (test–retest ICC = .99), with adequate concurrent validity with various other hand function tests (r = −.79 with the short form Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, or, the QuickDASH) and discriminative validity (significant difference (t = 2.99, P = .005) between groups with unilateral vs. bilateral hand burns), and responsive (ES = .24 and .44 at one- and 3-month evaluations).

Conclusion

This study shows that the T-MAM for Burns has great potential to be a functional outcome measure for burn rehabilitation. Additional research with a larger sample should be conducted to further confirm its validity and reliability.     

Overload,and Cutbacks,and Freezes,Oh My! The Relative Effects of the Recession‐Related Stressors on Employee Strain and Job Satisfaction

Across the globe, economic fluctuations have taken their toll on both organizations and employees, particularly during sustained recessions. Surprisingly, little research, however, has directly investigated the effects of recessions on employees. As such, the goal of the current study was to investigate the effects of specific recession‐related stressors on employee outcomes (strain and satisfaction). We investigated an archival data set of 7666 individuals collected as part of the Workplace Employment Relations Study for relations among recession‐related stressors with strain and job satisfaction variables. We found that recession‐related stressors were significantly related to both strain and satisfaction. More specifically, certain recession‐related stressors (e.g. increased workload and reorganization of work) were more strongly related to strain and satisfaction than others. These results imply the need for greater attention to stress management strategies aimed at helping both employees and their organizations cope with the human costs of economic recessions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chronic Illness in the Workplace: Stigma,Identity Threat and Strain

Chronic illness affects a large and growing number of workers in the United States and globally. Stigmatization (devaluation) at work based on chronic illness may be stressful for individuals and therefore may lead to negative psychological consequences (i.e. strains). In order to better understand stressful experiences of stigma for workers with chronic illnesses, a model of stigma‐related identity threat (perceptions that one is at risk of being treated negatively at work because of chronic illness) was tested on a sample of 203 working adults with chronic illnesses. The following variables related to workers' perceptions of chronic illness‐related identity threat: workers' boundary flexibility (flexibility in managing their work and life), their meta‐perceptions of devaluation (perceptions of others' devaluation of them based on illness) and their job self‐efficacy (feelings of confidence related to performing their job). In turn, perceptions of identity threat related to both feelings of psychological strain and (lower levels of) perceived work ability. Surprisingly, neither stigma centrality (how fundamental illness is to one's identity) nor supervisor support related to workers' identity threat perceptions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prevalence and correlates of secondary traumatic stress in workplace lay trauma counselors

Quantitative (N = 130) and qualitative (N = 30) data were collected to explore the experiences of nonprofessional trauma counselors in the workplace. Counselors, on average, did not experience symptoms of secondary traumatic stress (STS) requiring clinical intervention. Changes to cognitive schemata regarding counselors' world views were found to be present 6 weeks after their last trauma counseling incident. Counselors reported experiencing considerable role satisfaction. Factors related to the nature of the trauma counseling task and counselors' exposure to work and nonwork related trauma were not significantly associated with counselors' STS or role satisfaction scores. Program coordination, self-efficacy, stakeholder commitment, sense of coherence, and perceived social support were significantly related to counselors' experiences of STS and role satisfaction.