Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine: 21-Year review of diagnosis,treatment, and prognosis

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tumor characteristics and treatment associated with an improved overall survival in patients with adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Methods: The records of all patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the small bowel seen between January 1971 and December 1991 were reviewed retrospectively. The study comprised 38 patients, 22 (58%) with duodenal tumors, 11 (29%) with jejunal tumors, and five (13%) with ileal tumors. Results: Although not statistically significant, the patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma lived longer than the patients with jejunal or ileal lesions (p=0.77). The overall survival was 23% and seemed to correlate best with absence of lymph node metastases (p=0.04) and pancreaticoduodenectomy for localized duodenal tumors (p=0.04). The patient's age, duration of symptoms, disease-free interval, tumor location, type of recurrence, and histologic grade did not significantly influence survival. Conclusions: The lethality of small-intestinal adenocarcinoma appears to be related to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. When a definitive surgical procedure is performed before lymph node metastases appear, the patient's chance for long-term survival is greatly improved.Presented at the 46th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Los Angeles, California, March 18–21, 1993.     

Long-term Survival of Patients with Small Intestinal Carcinoid Tumors

Midgut carcinoid tumors are rare and have a markedly better prognosis than adenocarcinoma in the small intestine. New diagnostic methods and medical as well as surgical therapies have evolved during the last decades, leading to more active care of these patients. Patients with small intestinal carcinoids diagnosed from 1960 to 2000 in the duodenum (n = 89) and jejunum/ileum (n = 2437) were identified in the Swedish Cancer Registry. Cases without histologic verification and autopsy cases were excluded. Overall, cause-specific and relative survival were calculated. The overall 5-, 10-, and 15 year survivals were, respectively, 60%, 46%, and 28% for duodenal tumors and 56%, 36%, and 23% for jejunal/ileal tumors. Cause-specific 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival was 94% for all three follow-up periods for duodenal tumors and 87%, 80%, and 77% for those in the jejunum/ileum. The corresponding relative survivals were, respectively, 72%, 67%, and 51% for duodenal tumors and 67%, 54%, and 44% for those in the jejunum/ileum. Sex did not influence overall or cause-specific survival. The age at diagnosis correlated inversely with overall and cause-specific survival for tumors in the jejunum/ileum. For tumors in the jejunum/ileum, the overall and cause-specific survival correlated with the time period of diagnosis, with a more favorable prognosis for those diagnosed in recent years. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed similar results. We concluded that young age and diagnosis in recent years are positive predictors of survival for patients with midgut carcinoids. The divergence between cause-specific and relative survival implies the need for a more detailed analysis of the causes of death of these patients.This article was presented at the International Association of Endocrine Surgeons meeting, Uppsala, Sweden, June 14–17, 2004.     

Emergency surgery of tumors of the small intestine

Ten cases of serious complications requiring emergency surgery in patients with tumours of the small intestine are presented: 3 cases of peritonitis due to perforation of a fibroleiomyoma, a jejunal adenocarcinoma, and an ileal lymphosarcoma; 3 invaginations (1 ileocolic due to an ileal polyp, and 2 ileoileal due to lymphoma and polypoid metastasis of melanoma; 3 stenosis (ileal owing to metastasis of melanoma, and duodenal and of the duodenojejunal flexure due to histologically unascertained neoplasias); 1 massive enterorrhagia from ileal anaplastic carcinoma. The frequency of such pictures is not negligible when assessed in terms of emergency surgical pathology and compared with other emergency situations arising in patients with tumours. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult even from the clinical history. Tumours of the small intestine appear to give rise to such complications in their initial stages.     

Malignant tumors of the small intestine: a review of 144 cases

Cancer of the small intestine represents less than two per cent of all the malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Because they are infrequent tumors, a review of a tumor registry was performed to analyze response to treatment of the disease and prognostic factors. A retrospective review of patients with primary cancer of the small intestine was performed using the Department of Defense Tumor Registry. The registry was accessed to determine stage, types of cancer, intervention, and patient outcomes. TNM staging and follow-up were available on 144 patients from 1970 to 1996. Median follow-up was 38.9 months. There were 92 (64%) males and 52 (38%) females. The median age was 55.7 years. The types of small intestinal cancer included 68 patients (47%) with adenocarcinoma, 41 patients (28%) with carcinoid, 18 patients (13%) with leiomyosarcoma, and 17 patients (12%) with lymphoma. The overall 5-year survival was 57 per cent and the median survival was 52 months. Survival of patients with adenocarcinoma was not dependent on location within the small bowel. Survival was best for early-stage tumors and when lesions could be completely resected.     

Diagnostic value of push-type jejunal endoscopy in primary jejunal carcinoma

Summary Push-type jejunal endoscopy using a long forward-viewing duodenofiberscope was performed in two patients with primary jejunal carcinoma. Patient 1, a 48-year-old female, complained of nausea, vomiting, and weight loss, whereas patient 2, a 65-year-old female, presented epigastric pain. The lesion was located in the upper portion of the jejunum, and diagnosis was made by a double-contrast X-ray study of the small intestine in both patients. Endoscopic examinations revealed a reddish, nodular polypoid lesion with an annular constriction and an irregular central ulceration. Endoscopic biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in both patients. Push-type jejunal endoscopy is valuable for an accurate preoperative diagnosis of primary jejunal carcinoma.     

Adenocarcinoma primario de intestino delgado

Introduction

Primary small bowel adenocarcinoma is an uncommon tumour, with non-specific symptoms that cause a delay in the diagnosis and consequently a worse outcome for the patient. We analyse our experience in the management of this disease.

Material and method

We performed a retrospective study of our experience with 17 patients diagnosed with primary small bowel adenocarcinoma, excluding all the cases suggesting secondary involvement of the small bowel from an adenocarcinoma in other locations.

Results

We analysed 9 females (53%) and 8 males (47%) with a mean age of 61.8 years. Tumour location was duodenum (8 cases), jejunum (5) and ileum (4). Those with duodenal tumours underwent 4 pancreaticoduodenectomies, 3 gastroenterostomies and 1 diagnostic biopsy; 6 bowel resections with lymphadenectomy, 2 en-bloc resections and 1 by-pass were performed on those with jejuno-ileal tumours. There were complications in 3 patients (18%). General survival was 18 months; in duodenal and jejunal tumours it was 15 months vs. 58 in ileal ones (p=0.048). Survival was 48 months in the absence of lymph node metastases vs. 11 in those with (p=0.067). In those tumours infiltrating the retroperitoneum, survival was 15 months compared to 23 when not affected (p=0.09).

Conclusions

Curative treatment consists of small bowel resection. Retroperitoneal infiltration was a non-resectability criterion in our series. Ileal location is associated with a better outcome. Advanced stages, lymph node metastases, non-resected cases and retroperitoneal infiltration tended to be associated with a poor prognosis in our group.     

Acute malignant intestinal obstruction accompanied by synchronous multifocal intestinal cancer in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome: report of a case

Acute mechanical intestinal obstruction is one of the most common modes of presentation in patients with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS). This report presents a case of PJS with malignant acute jejunal obstruction accompanied by synchronous foci of duodenal, jejunal, and ileal cancer originated from hamartomatous polyps. The follow-up endoscopic findings of the patient also revealed severe polyposis of the entire gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach and colon, in addition to the small intestine. Very few cases of multifocal synchronous small intestinal cancer in PJS patients have been reported in the previous literature.     

Results of treatment of primary malignant tumor of the small intestine

The results of treatment of 40 cases of primary malignant tumor of the small intestine are reported. The malignant tumors included 14 leiomyosarcoma, 12 malignant lymphoma and 14 adenocarcinoma. Our standard treatment for these tumors was segmental resection of the small intestine with its mesentery including the regional lymph nodes and we used additional adjuvant chemotherapy for some cases of malignant lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. Curative resection was performed in 57.1% of leiomyosarcoma, 50.0% of malignant lymphoma and 61.5% of adenocarcinoma. Cumulative 5-year survival rates were leiomyosarcoma 21.4%, malignant lymphoma 53.0% and adenocarcinoma 43.3% respectively. Serosal infiltration, lymph node metastasis and operative curability proved to be the prognostic factors. In particular, the 5-year survival rate of patients on whom curative resection could be performed was significantly better for each tumor type than that of patients for whom this was not possible, the figures being leiomyosarcoma 40.0%, malignant lymphoma 83.3% and adenocarcinoma 83.3%.     

带血管蒂小肠片在十二指肠缺损修补中的应用

目的：探讨带血管蒂全层小肠片或带血管蒂去黏膜小肠片在十二指肠缺损修补中的应用。方法：回顾性分析10年间我院收治的10例由于肿瘤或外伤所致的十二指肠缺损患者的临床资料,根据十二指肠缺损程度,采用带血管蒂全层空肠片修补5例;带血管蒂去黏膜空肠片修补2例;带血管蒂全层回肠片修补1例;带血管蒂去黏膜回肠片修补2例。结果：术后2例患者出现切口感染,无围手术期死亡,无十二指肠瘘及十二指肠狭窄。结论：针对十二指肠缺损选择性应用带血管蒂小肠片或带血管蒂去黏膜小肠片进行修补操作简便,无重要并发症,修复效果好,具有较高的可行性。     

Microflora of the human small intestine.

The human small intestine is normally sterile in nearly one half of North American subjects. In this study the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were sterile in 82, 69, and 55 per cent of the cases, respectively. Gram-positive cocci were the most frequent finding. E. coli, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella were present in the small bowel in nearly 7, 15, and 35 per cent of duodenal, jejunal, and ileal samples, respecatively. They were present in significant numbers (greater than 1 X 10(5)/ml) in the mid-jejunum in two patients and in the mid-ileum in seven patients (23 per cent). Even with modern anaerobic techniques, anaerobes are scarce in the small bowel; 4 to 6 per cent of persons may have aerotolerant anaerobes like clostridia, but strict anaerobes like bacteroides are rare. Our study provides baseline data for use in interpreting the intestinal bacterial overgrowth associated with certain postoperative disorders.     

Laparoscopic treatment of mucinous adenocarcinoma of jejunum associated with celiac disease. Case report

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the small bowel is very rare, and only few cases have been described in the literature. Association of this tumor with celiac disease has never been published. The authors report a unique case of jejunal mucinous adenocarcinoma in which a concomitant celiac disease has been histologically recognized. The difficult diagnosis, the role of laparoscopic surgery and the relationship between small bowel tumors and celiac disease are discussed. A 49-year-old man presented with recurrent melena, nausea, vomiting and anemia. A stenosis of the jejunum was documented by means of CT scan and video capsule enteroscopy. A laparoscopy was scheduled. A tumor, found in the first jejunal loop, was removed by laparoscopic surgery. Histopathology revealed a rare mucinous adenocarcinoma associated with epithelial changes secondary to celiac disease. Although small bowel tumors are rare entity, in patients with celiac disease complaining of symptoms related to altered intestinal transit or occult bleeding, an appropriate work-up should be planned for diagnosis. Mucinous type intestinal adenocarcinoma, even if never published before, could be observed. Laparoscopic surgery is often essential for the diagnosis and treatment.     

Gastrectomy with isoperistaltic jejunal parallel pouch in a 15-year-old adolescent boy with gastric adenocarcinoma and autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia

A 15-year-old adolescent boy with autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia underwent endoscopy because of unexplained growth failure and malnutrition. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed antropyloric stenosis, and a biopsy showed an invasive gastric adenocarcinoma. Chronic atrophic corpus gastritis type A and Helicobacter pylori were also identified. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the stenosis resulting from a semicircular intramural tumor without obvious local or distant metastatic spread. Gastrectomy with an extended lymphadenectomy was performed. Esophagoduodenal continuity was restored by an interposed jejunal parallel pouch developed from the first jejunal loop. Oral feeding was supplemented by parenteral nutrition via a Broviac catheter, and the patient is well 4 months later. Several cases of gastric cancer have been reported in children with hereditary agammaglobulinemia. Thus, endoscopy is mandatory in such patients with gastrointestinal symptoms to identify and treat tumors before metastasis occurs. Total gastrectomy, extended lymphadenectomy, and reconstruction using a jejunal reservoir with maintenance of duodenal continuity should be considered.     

Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine.

We examined eight patients with adenocarcinoma of the small intestine: four were localized in the duodenum and four in the jejunum. We performed six curative resections: two pancreatoduodenectomy, two total pancreatectomy and two jejunal resections; in two cases, only by-pass was performed. Three patients who were resected are alive after more than five years; the other patients died between nine and forty-one months after surgery. The evaluation of the data from our experience and from literature shows that the consistently negative results are related to a delay in diagnosis and therapy.     

Malignant and semimalignant small intestinal tumors--illustrated by two cases

The authors review two cases of small bowel tumor. The first patient was operated electively with small bowel carcinoid causing multiplex liver metastases. The second patient was admitted because of massive gastrointestinal bleeding. After some diagnostic procedures bleeding of the small intestine was diagnosed. Urgent operation was performed and a bleeding jejunal tumor was removed. Gastrointestinal stroma cell tumor of the small bowel was found at histology. In connection with the patients some points about malignant small intestine tumors are analysed based on literature.     

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗:附82例报告

目的　探讨原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床表现、病理学特征及诊治手段。方法　对10年间收治的经病理证实的 82例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　发病部位 :乳头区 64例 ,降段 11例 ,其他部位 7例。临床主要表现为上腹疼痛 (5 7例 ) ,黄疸 (5 3例 )和消化道出血 (4 1例 )。病理学类型以腺癌多见 (72例 ) ,胃肠道间质瘤 (5例 ) ,恶性淋巴瘤 (3例 )次之。 3 6例行肿瘤根治性切除术 ,3 1例行姑息性手术 ,15例未进行外科治疗。本组病例随访患者 5a生存率 2 .4%。结论　原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤临床以上腹痛、黄疸、消化道出血为主要表现 ,但缺乏特征性。病理类型以腺癌为主 ,好发于十二指肠乳头区及降段。CT和B超及内镜检查是诊断检查原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的主要手段 ,手术切除是主要治疗方法。原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的预后甚差。     

腹腔镜十二指肠乳头肿瘤局部切除术(附六例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜十二指肠乳头肿瘤局部切除术(laparoscopic transduodenal pullectomy, LTDP)的安全性及可行性。 方法回顾性分析滨州医学院附属医院于2020年3月至2021年1月期间,6例行LTDP患者的临床资料、手术过程、围手术期处理措施和随访信息。 结果6例患者平均手术时间342.2 min,平均术中出血量约46.7 ml,平均术后恢复经口进食流质饮食时间约4.2 d,平均术后排气时间49.3 h,平均术后住院时间12 d。术后病理：1例十二指肠乳头黏液腺癌、2例十二指肠乳头管状-绒毛状腺瘤、3例十二指肠乳头腺癌,切缘均为阴性。6例患者均无围手术期死亡,1例患者术后出现十二指肠出血,其余患者无并发症发生。平均术后随访时间19.6个月(16~25个月),1例十二指肠乳头腺癌患者术后20个月肿瘤局部复发行姑息性手术治疗,其余患者目前无肿瘤复发。 结论LTDP应用于十二指肠良性肿瘤、交界性肿瘤、十二指肠乳头腺瘤局部癌变、十二指肠乳头原位癌、无淋巴结转移的T1期肿瘤、高龄且合并较多基础疾病的不能耐受胰十二指肠切除的十二指肠乳头癌患者是安全、可行的。     

小肠自体移植式扩大胰腺癌根治术的疗效与安全性分析：附2例报告

背景与目的 局部进展期胰腺癌（LAPC）的治疗方法在不断更新，且随着血管重建技术与自体器官移植技术的进步，血管侵犯的LAPC的手术根治率也极大提高。本文探讨小肠自体移植式扩大胰腺癌根治术的可行性与安全性。方法 回顾性分析中国人民解放军火箭军特色医学中心2022年5月—2023年5月收治的肠系膜根部受侵的2例LAPC患者的临床资料。2例患者均为女性，分别为66岁和58岁，术前影像学检查提示胰腺钩突恶性肿瘤，肿瘤侵犯并包绕肠系膜上动脉（SMA）及空肠动脉分支。2例患者术前一般情况可，均有十二指肠梗阻表现而未实施化疗，术前心、肺、肝、肾功能经评估患者均能耐受手术，实施小肠自体移植式扩大胰腺癌根治术。手术的关键是将小肠连同肿瘤标本一并切除至体外，再迅速移除标本，后遵循“先动脉、后静脉”的顺序进行SMA/肠系膜上静脉（SMV）重建。结果 2例患者的手术均顺利实施，患者1使用脾动脉翻转与SMA进行重建，SMV与门静脉（PV）对端吻合，小肠热缺血时间为24 min，术后病理诊断为胰腺低分化腺癌。患者2使用SMA端端吻合重建，SMV与PV对端吻合，小肠热缺血时间为18 min，术后病理诊断为胰胆管型壶腹癌。2例患者术后恢复均良好，没有出现动静脉血栓，术后住院时间分别为25 d和21 d。截至2023年8月1日，2例患者分别已在门诊随访12个月与2个月，随访期间患者一般情况良好，除患者2血糖控制尚不平稳外，2例均未见复发或转移证据。结论 从对2例病例回顾性分析结果看，对于侵犯肠系膜根部的LAPC患者采用小肠自体移植式的扩大根治术可以安全成功实现，为此类患者提供了一种可以获得解除病痛、增加生存机会的治疗选择。     

Laparoscopic resection of sporadic synchronous gastric and jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Report of a case

Multicentricity of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) has been described only in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or within the small intestine, and different pathogenetic mechanisms are involved. We report a case of synchronous sporadic gastric and jejunal GISTs, which were resected laparoscopically in a 67-year-old man. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that both lesions were KIT (CD117)-positive, but that the gastric lesion was CD34-positive, whereas the jejunal one was Vimentin-, S-100-, and SMA-positive. Molecular analysis of mutations in KIT exons 9, 11, 13, and 17, and in PDGFRA exons 12 and 18 revealed the presence of a gastric sporadic GIST with a KIT mutation of the exon 11 and a jejunal sporadic GIST without KIT or PDGFRA mutations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of laparoscopically resected synchronous sporadic gastric and jejunal GISTs.     

Primary neoplasms of the small bowel

The treatment of thirty-one malignant and eleven benign neoplasms of the small intestine is reported. The most common symptom was abdominal pain followed by vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, constipation, and gastrointestinal bleeding. In four cases small bowel perforated. Intestinal obstruction occurred in 31 per cent of patients. Preoperative diagnosis was made in 19 per cent of patients. All eleven patients with benign neoplasms were curatively treated by resection and primary anastomosis. Eighteen of the thirty-one patients with malignant tumors had curative resection, five had palliative resection, and eight had laparotomy and biopsy only. The most common benign tumor was leiomyoma. The most common malignant tumor was lymphoma (67 per cent) followed by adenocarcinoma (16 per cent), carcinoid (10 per cent), and leiomyosarcoma (3 per cent). Twenty-four patients were available for follow up; thirteen remain alive and eleven died, seven within one year and four within two years.     

Corrosive jejunitis due to ingestion of nitric acid

Corrosive damage to the small bowel is not common; stasis of acid in the stomach usually prevents extensive jejunal damage. The case presented herein is unusual because the patient had a gastroenterostomy and sustained extensive injury of the jejunum after ingesting acid. The patient survived but developed a jejunal stricture that eventually required resection.