腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损

目的　观察应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法　对 1 8例足部软组织缺损患者 ,以其腓肠神经营养血管为蒂 ,于小腿后侧切取皮瓣逆行转移修复缺损区。观察术后患者皮瓣成活情况及供区创面愈合情况。　结果　术后皮瓣均成活 ,切取的最大皮瓣为 1 0 .5cm× 1 6.5cm。供区创面愈合良好 ,除外观略受影响外活动功能基本正常。　结论　腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣切取简便 ,移植成活率高 ,是修复足部软组织缺损的较好方法。     

Reconstruction of the lower leg and foot with the reverse pedicled posterior tibial fasciocutaneous flap

The use of reverse flow island flaps for reconstructive surgery in the distal leg and foot represents an alternative to free flap transfer. This paper reports on the use of a reverse pedicled posterior tibial artery flap in four patients. The flap can reach any part of the foot.     

胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损

目的总结内踝上胫后动脉穿支带蒂皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的临床应用结果。方法 2006年10月至2012年10月,应用内踝上胫后动脉穿支带蒂皮瓣修复9例足部软组织缺损,年龄16~52岁,平均35岁。软组织缺损的面积5.5 cm×3.5 cm~13.0 cm×6.0 cm。供区创面行一期全厚网状游离植皮。3例皮瓣携带的隐神经在足部与腓肠神经吻合。结果所有的皮瓣完全成活,取得了满意的临床效果。随访1.5~4年,平均随访2.5年,皮瓣恢复了感觉,两点分辨觉为6~9 mm,受区未发生溃疡。结论胫后动脉穿支带蒂皮瓣具有血管解剖恒定、血运丰富以及操作简单等优点,适宜修复足部软组织缺损。     

Supercharged reverse-flow sural flap: a new modification increasing the reliability of the flap

The management of soft-tissue defects in the lower third of the leg and foot presents a considerable problem because of composite tissue defects, inadequate and tight local tissue for reconstruction, and poor circulation. Although the reverse sural flap is frequently preferred and is fairly reliable, some complications arising from the circulation may be encountered in large flaps or in diabetic patients. In the present study, we developed a new modification by supercharging the sural flap to reduce venous congestion and edema and to increase the reliability of the flap. We treated 3 patients (2 men and 1 woman) by utilizing a supercharged reverse sural flap. All flaps survived and healed uneventfully. We also suggest a new and more distinctive classification for supercharging and turbocharging, which defines the vessel type to be anastomosed and the relationship of the vessel to be anastomosed with the main vessel to the flap.     

腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂筋膜皮瓣的改进运用

目的：探讨降低腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂筋膜皮瓣旋转点和保留腓肠神经的可行性。方法：通过50块腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂筋膜皮瓣的解剖研究,进行21例改进。其中9例超长皮瓣以腓动脉下段携带其外踝上终末肌间隔穿支及外踝后间隙细小穿支为血供降低皮瓣旋转点、增大旋转半径;12例小面积皮瓣仅以外踝后间隙细小穿支为血供降低旋转点,同时保留腓肠神经于供区。结果：18例改进运用的皮瓣全部成活,1例低旋转点超长筋膜皮瓣和2例保留腓肠神经的皮瓣发生远端部分坏死,经补充植皮修复创面。随访6个月～2年,21例筋膜皮瓣的保护性感觉恢复,外形良好,不影响穿鞋行走。保留腓肠神经的病例其足踝外侧皮肤浅感觉依然存在。结论：改进后的皮瓣旋转点低、旋转半径增大,对小面积皮瓣还可保留腓肠神经感觉区,从而能够更好的修复小腿中上1／3至足趾根部的软组织缺损。     

The reverse sural flap: modifications to improve efficacy in foot and ankle reconstruction

The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of the reverse sural flap in covering defects in the foot and ankle region when certain technical modifications are employed. We provide a retrospective review of 32 consecutive reverse sural flaps for foot and ankle defects, and compare the technique and results with other reports. There were 23 fasciocutaneous flaps, 7 fascial flaps, and 2 tissue-expanded flaps. Four flaps (12.5%) suffered significant flap loss, and 4 patients had delayed healing.Several modifications are suggested to increase the versatility of the sural flap in covering foot and ankle defects, including preserving the mesentery connecting the sural nerve to the deep fascia, inclusion of skin of the upper third of the leg, limiting pedicle width to 2 cm with preservation of a tongue-like skin process all along its length, and generous release of the fascia over the peroneal compartment. In addition, we describe the use of tissue expanded sural flaps.     

The sural compendium: reconstruction of complex soft-tissue defects of leg and foot by utilizing the posterior calf tissue

The posterior calf tissue can be used both in an antegrade and retrograde manner based on the neurovascular axis of the sural nerve, short saphenous vein, and its accompanying arteries for reconstruction of the lower limb. We present a simple algorithm for reconstruction of knee, leg, ankle, heel, and foot with sural flaps. During a period of 9 years (January 2002 to December 2010), reconstruction of the lower limb with different varieties of sural flap was performed on 168 patients. The ages of patients ranged from 4 to 75 years. Of 168 flaps, 154 survived completely, 9 flaps suffered partial necrosis, while 5 failed completely. Delay procedure was used on 67 patients. The sural flap can be considered as the workhorse flap and can be used in different ways to deal with myriad of clinical situations in which soft-tissue coverage becomes challenging.     

Heel and foot reconstruction using reverse-flow posterior tibial flap

Island flaps supplied by the intermuscular cutaneous perforator (IMCP) from a deep vessel, such as the peroneal flap pedicled by IMCP from the peroneal vessel or the anterior tibial flap supplied by IMCP from the anterior tibial vessel, are reported to be useful in reconstructive procedures for soft-tissue defects of the lower leg. However, the posterior tibial flap, pedicled by IMCP from the posterior tibial vessel, has not yet been fully described. The posterior tibial flap can be used either as a normal-flow or as a reverse-flow flap. It is particularly versatile as a reverse-flow flap for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the heel and foot. Three reverse-flow posterior tibial flaps were clinically applied, without venous anastomosis, to reconstruct heel and foot defects, and all three survived completely. The operative procedure and its characteristics are described.     

The distally based sural fasciomusculocutaneous flap for foot reconstruction.

Finding appropriate soft-tissue to cover a wound located over the middle or distal portion of the foot can be challenging. A distally based sural fasciomusculocutaneous flap including the sural nerve and a midline cuff of the gastrocnemius muscle can be used for this purpose. This flap is designed on the proximal third of the posterior calf and is nourished in a retrograde manner by the lower peroneal septocutaneous perforators, through the vascular axis of the sural nerve to the musculocutaneous perforators of the gastrocnemius muscle. Between October of 2002 and January of 2004, this flap was applied in nine individuals, including four diabetic patients. The skin defects all resulted from trauma, osteomyelitis or chronic ulcer, and combined with bone or tendon exposure. One flap developed distal necrosis. The other flaps survived fully and provided good contour. In our series, diabetes mellitus seemed not to compromise the vascularity of the flap. The distally based sural fasciomusculocutaneous flap is very useful for lower limb reconstruction, particularly for the foot, because of its long vascular pedicle and the availability of the skin portion of the proximal calf based on direct branches between the musculocutaneous perforators and the neurovascular axis of the sural nerve. This is an important variant of the sural neurocutaneous flap and it appears to be a good alternative to free flaps for resurfacing the foot.     

Distally based perforator sural flaps for foot and ankle reconstruction

Distally based perforator sural flaps from the posterolateral or posteromedial lower leg aspect are initially a neurofasciocutaneous flap that can be transferred reversely to the foot and ankle region with no need to harvest and sacrifice the deep major artery. These flaps are supplied by a perforating artery issued from the deep peroneal artery or the posterior tibial artery, and the chain-linked adipofascial neurovascular axis around the sural/saphenous nerve. It is a versatile and reliable technique for soft-tissue reconstruction of the heel and ankle region with 180-degrees rotation. In this paper, we present its developing history, vascular basis, surgical techniques including flap design and elevation, flap variations in pedicle and component, surgical indications, and illustrative case reports with different perforating vessels as pivot points for foot and ankle coverage.     

Soft-tissue reconstruction of the foot with distally based neurocutaneous flaps in diabetic patients

Soft-tissue coverage of the foot in diabetic patients is often a difficult problem to undertake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of distally based neurocutaneous flaps for foot reconstruction in diabetic patients. The authors describe their experience with a series of 10 diabetic patients in whom reconstruction of defects of the foot (range, 6 x 11-10 x 12 cm) were performed using distally based sural and saphenous neurocutaneous flaps. In 9 patients the flap survived completely and in only 1 patient was superficial marginal necrosis of the flap observed. Partial skin graft loss at the donor site occurred in 1 patient, but no additional surgical revision was needed and healing occurred by secondary intention. In these diabetic patients, defects were reconstructed successfully using neurocutaneous flaps, and good results were achieved.     

游离皮瓣修复下肢缺损时受区血管的选择

目的探讨游离皮瓣修复下肢缺损时受区血管的选择。方法采用游离皮瓣移植修复下肢缺损共29例,其中膝部创面3例,小腿10例,足、踝部15例,膝下至足背严重撕脱1例;背阔肌瓣移植16例,股前外侧瓣8例,肩胛皮瓣4例,腹直肌瓣1例。用作受区的血管有旋股外侧血管(2例)、膝降血管(1例)、胫前血管(11例)、胫后血管(10例)、腓血管(2例)、足背血管(1例)和腓肠肌内、外侧血管(各1例)。结果术后3例发生血管危象,行血管探查后,2例解除危象、移植组织成活,1例失败。23例患者平均随访13(6~24)个月,下肢均恢复行走功能,除3例皮瓣外形臃肿影响穿鞋而二期行皮瓣修薄术外,其余皮瓣外形基本满意。结论下肢受区血管选择对皮瓣游离移植成功修复相当重要,必要时伤肢腓肠肌内、外侧血管或旋股外侧血管、膝降血管可作受区吻合血管。     

非恒定蒂胫后动脉链式穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨应用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的新方法。方法应用非恒定蒂胫后动脉链式穿支皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损32例,术前应用多普勒血流仪探测胫后动脉皮支位置,利用各皮支形成的链式供血方式,选择距创面直线距离最近的皮支点做为旋转点切取皮瓣修复创面。结果经1.5个月～2年的随访,所有皮瓣均成活良好,外观满意,无手术并发症。结论非恒定蒂胫后动脉链式穿支皮瓣不受蒂部位置的限制,切取灵活方便,符合以最小的供区代价换取最佳的修复效果的基本原则,是一种修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的理想术式。     

Reverse sural island flap elevated from the proximal third of the leg: its reliability and versatility in distal leg and foot reconstruction

Soft tissue loss around the distal third of the leg and foot has remained a considerable challenge. A reconstructive option providing supple tissue, while avoiding the complexity and the high technical demand of free flaps is a welcome alternative. The sural island flap largely satisfies these criteria. A number of authors have suggested raising the skin island from the junction of the middle and upper third of the leg to improve its reliability. However, raising the flap over the upper third of the leg may provide a larger amount of tissue and often makes dissection of its most distal perforator unnecessary. This study aims to assess the reliability and versatility of the reverse sural island flap elevated from the proximal third of the leg for soft tissue reconstruction of the distal leg and foot. Consecutive patients with soft tissue loss around the distal third of the leg and the ankle region requiring flap cover who met the inclusion criteria were managed using the distally based sural island flap elevated from the upper third of the leg. The outcome has been analysed. There were 15 patients, 11 males and four females with an age range of 22 to 54 years. Thirteen patients had distal third open tibial fractures while two had open calcaneal injuries. Nine resulted from motorcycle accidents, four from motor vehicular accidents while two were gunshot wounds. Flap sizes ranged from 10 × 7 cm to 22 × 12 cm. Thirteen flaps had full survival while two flaps had partial necrosis. All donor sites were skin grafted with 95% to 100% graft take. The use of the reverse sural island flap elevated from the proximal third of the leg for coverage of soft tissue defects of the distal leg and foot is safe and reliable in our experience. It provides a sizeable amount of soft tissue while maintaining a robust blood supply.     

腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的　证实腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣修复小腿下段及足部皮肤软组织缺损的可行性。方法　在小腿后侧设计及切取腓肠浅动脉岛状筋膜皮瓣 ,逆行移转修复 15例小腿下段及足部皮肤软组织缺损。皮瓣最大面积 10cm× 8cm ,最小 5cm× 4cm。结果　 15例筋膜皮瓣全部成活 ,经 6～ 18个月的随访 ,效果良好。结论　腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣血供可靠 ,不牺牲知名动脉 ,操作简便 ,为修复小腿下段及足部皮肤软组织缺损提供了一个新方法。     

足踝部皮肤缺损的修复

目的探讨足踝部皮肤缺损的修复方法及疗效。方法2000年1月~2005年10月,对36例足踝部皮肤缺损分别采用同侧外踝上皮瓣或逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣修复,其中男35例,女1例。年龄6~62岁,平均38岁。损伤原因:机器伤12例,车祸伤22例,感染1例,冻伤1例。其中急诊行皮瓣修复24例,12例于伤后7 d~1个月手术,修复部位包括足背、足跟、前足和内、外踝,皮肤缺损范围5 cm×4 cm~20 cm×10 cm。其中外踝上皮瓣15例15个皮瓣,切取皮瓣范围5 cm×4 cm~15 cm×8 cm;逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣21例22个皮瓣,切取皮瓣范围6 cm×4 cm~20 cm×10 cm。就其术后疗效及两种皮瓣的成活率进行比较。结果术后外踝上皮瓣完全成活10个,完全坏死3个,尖端部分坏死2个。逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣完全成活21个,其中3个尖端出现表皮坏死;1个在术中即出现动脉供血不足,改行其他方法修复。术后经3周~6个月随访,两种皮瓣修复后的疗效相似,皮肤质地、厚度与足踝部相接近,皮瓣的痛、触觉为S0~S1。修复足跟跖侧的两种皮瓣术后均较臃肿,皮瓣与跟骨之间存在滑动,皮瓣表面出现压迫性表皮坏死。结论外踝上皮瓣适用于内外踝部、足背近侧等距皮瓣供区较近的部位,皮肤缺损面积相对较小的创面;对于缺损较大或距离踝关节较远的足部创面,应采用逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣,但有踝关节动脉网破坏严重时需谨慎应用。     

Non-microsurgical skin flaps for reconstruction of difficult wounds in distal legand foot

Purpose

To express the versatility of a variety of non-microsurgical skin flaps used for coverage of difficult wounds in the lower third of the leg and the foot over 4 years period. Five kinds of flaps were used. Each flap was presented with detailed information regarding indication, blood supply, skin territory and technique.

Reverse peroneal artery flap for large defects of ankle and foot: A reliable reconstructive technique

Background:

Large soft tissue defects around the lower third of the leg, ankle and foot always have been challenging to reconstruct. Reverse sural flaps have been used for this problem with variable success. Free tissue transfer has revolutionised management of these problem wounds in selected cases.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-two patients with large defects around the lower third of the leg, ankle and foot underwent reconstruction with reverse peroneal artery flap (RPAF) over a period of 7 years. The mean age of these patients was 41.2 years.

Results:

Of the 22 flaps, 21 showed complete survival without even marginal necrosis. One flap failed, where atherosclerotic occlusion of peroneal artery was evident on the table. Few patients had minor donor site problems that settled with conservative management.

Conclusions:

RPAF is a very reliable flap for the coverage of large soft tissue defects of the heel, sole and dorsum of foot. This flap adds versatility in planning and execution of this extended reverse sural flap.KEY WORDS: Distally based peroneal flaps, extended reverse sural flaps, foot reconstruction, peroneal artery, reverse peroneal flaps     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂行岛状皮瓣临床应用

目的　探讨腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用效果。方法　应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背及足跟皮肤软组织缺损 10例 ,皮瓣切取范围 4cm× 6cm～ 8cm× 12cm。结果　 9例皮瓣完全成活 ,1例皮瓣远端部分坏死 ,经换药后愈合。经 3～ 2 6个月随访 ,皮瓣外形良好 ,3例感觉部分恢复。结论　腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血供丰富 ,不牺牲重要血管神经 ,手术操作简单 ,可以较好地修复足跟、足背皮肤软组织缺损。     

Thirteen-Year Follow-Up Reverse Sural Artery Flap for Plantar Calcaneal Wound: A Case Report

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects in the lower leg and foot after traumatic injury is a challenging problem owing to lack of locally reliable flaps. The traditional options for wound coverage often do not provide feasible or adequate treatment for many of these wounds. The lack of skin laxity in the lower leg and foot often make local flaps unavailable. Split-thickness skin grafts will not be robust enough. Free tissue flaps have a litany of potential complications and guaranteed comorbidities. The present case reinforces that appropriately selected patients with significant open bony and soft tissue trauma to the foot and ankle can be treated with a reverse sural artery fasciocutaneous flap. The reverse sural artery flap allows for full-thickness skin coverage with its own blood supply, maximizing the healing potential and should be considered a viable first option for soft tissue coverage.