Presence of multiple bile ducts in the liver graft increases the incidence of biliary complications in pediatric liver transplantation.

We studied the impact of multiple bile duct anastomosis on the development of biliary complications after liver transplantation in children. A total of 101 patients received a primary liver transplant and were divided into 2 groups: those with a single bile duct (n = 77) and those with multiple bile ducts (n = 24). Mean follow-up was 39.8 +/- 20.8 months. A total of 27 patients presented with biliary complications (26.7%), 18 patients (18.7%) presented with early complications (12 leaks and 6 strictures), and 9 patients (8.9%) had late strictures. Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) and multiple bile ducts were significant risk factors for the development of biliary complications, and the presence of multiple bile ducts was an independent risk factor. Patients with multiple bile ducts had a significantly greater incidence of total biliary complications compared to those with single ducts. Patients with multiple ducts had a higher incidence of leaks when compared to those in the single duct group, but the incidence of strictures, both early and late, was similar in both groups. One-year patient and graft survivals were not statistically different in the 2 groups. In conclusion, the presence of more than one bile duct in the graft is an independent risk factor for the development of biliary complications after pediatric liver transplantation.     

Results of surgical treatment of benign strictures of extrahepatic bile ducts

The main reason of benign biliary strictures is the traumatic bile duct injuries during laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy. Although there are growing possibilities of interventional endoscopic treatment of such pathology the definitive operative drainage is in many cases the therapy of choice. There were analyzed the short- and long-term results of surgical reconstruction in 160 patients with of benign strictures of hepaticocholedochus. Complication rate was 12,5%, mortality 2,5%. Median follow-up period was 53,6+/-51,3 month, good and satisfactory long-term results were observed in 76%. There were revealed two factors, predicting poor outcome: biliary fistula (R=0,31; p=0,0053) and reoperations (R=0,309; small er, Cyrillic=0,0058). Conclusion: biliodigestive anastomosis is method of choice for treatment of benign biliary strictures of hepaticocholedochus. Hepaticojejunostomy with Roux-en-jejunal limb is more preferable variant of reconstruction for treatment of benign biliary strictures of HC. Good long-term results can be achieved in most part of the patients. In patient with not wide bile ducts and in technically difficult cases transhepatic biliary drainage is acceptable.     

Prognostic factors in the treatment of the bile duct injuries and strictures

To describe the prognostic factors after surgical reconstruction data. were collected prospectively on 60 patients treated at the Scientific Center of Surgery named after M.Topchubashov and N5 City Hospital with major bile duct injuries and postoperative bile duct strictures between 2000 and 2009. Of the 60 patients 21 had bile duct injuries, other 39 had postoperative strictures. In 15 of 53 patients with iatrogenic injury of bile ducts trauma was recognized and repaired intraoperatively. In 22 patients was early, in 16 patients delayed recognition of bile duct injury. Most of patients had undergone a choledocho (8) or hepaticojejunostomy (33) by Roux. External drainage of bile ducts was performed in 24 patients. Of the 60 patients undergoing surgical reconstruction, 47 hud completed treatment. Of patients who had completed treatment, 82,9% were considered to have a successful outcome (24 patients excellent, 15 patients - good results) without the need for follow-up invasive, diagnostic, or therapeutic interventional procedures. Patients with reconstruction after injury or stricture-without external drainage had a better overall outcome (92,9% successful outcome) than patients with drainage of bile ducts (68,4% successful outcome). Number of stents and length of postoperative stenting also were significant predictors of outcome. Type of operation (laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy) had nd significant influence on outcome. At the same time a successful outcome, without the need for biliary stents, was obtained in 87,5% of patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus 71,8% after open cholecystectomy.     

Biliary Strictures in 130 Consecutive Right Lobe Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients: Results of a Western Center

Biliary strictures remain the most challenging aspect of adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation (RLDLT). Between 04/2000 and 10/2005, 130 consecutive RLDLTs were performed in our center and followed prospectively. Median follow-up was 23 months (range 3-67) and 1-year graft and patient survival was 85% and 87%, respectively. Overall incidence of biliary leaks (n = 19) or strictures (n = 22) was 32% (41/128) in 33 patients (26%). A duct-to-duct (D-D) or Roux-en-Y (R-Y) anastomosis were performed equally (n = 64 each) with no difference in stricture rate (p = 0.31). The use of ductoplasty increased the number of grafts with a single duct for anastomosis and reduced the biliary complication rate compared to grafts >/=2 ducts (17% vs. 46%; p = 0.02). Independent risk factors for strictures included older donor age and previous history of a bile leak. All strictures were managed nonsurgically initially but four patients ultimately required conversion from D-D to R-Y. Ninety-six percent (123/128) of patients are currently free of any biliary complications. D-D anastomosis is safe after RLDLT and provides access for future endoscopic therapy in cases of leak or stricture. When presented with multiple bile ducts, ductoplasty should be considered to reduce the potential chance of stricture.     

Operations in injuries and strictures of bile ducts

Analysis of surgical treatment of 336 patients with cicatricial strictures and iatrogenic external fistulas of extrahepatic bile ducts is presented. The causes of these complications were intrasurgical injuries during cholecystectomy (n=302), resection of the stomach (n=21) and echinococcectomy (n=13). In all the cases correction of water-electrolytic balance, treatment and prophylaxis of hepatic and renal insufficiency, control of anaerobic infection were carried out before and after surgery. Restorative operations were performed in 31 (9.2%) patients, reconstructive surgeries -- in 305 (90.7%). Recurrence of the stricture required surgical intervention in 38 (11,3%) patients. Various postoperative complications were diagnosed in 119 (35.4%) patients, 26 (7.7%) patients died. The main causes of death were insufficiency of anastomotic sutures, intoxication, hepatic and renal insufficiency due to purulent cholangitis and cholangiolytic abscesses of the liver.     

Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a collective experience of four teaching hospitals and results of repair

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been performed in Singapore since 1990 and, up until the end of 1997, a total of 4445 procedures had been performed in the four major teaching hospitals. Although bile duct injuries were thought to have increased following the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there have been no reviews done on the incidence of these injuries in the Singapore context. METHODS: The present retrospective review aimed to audit the rate of bile duct injuries in the four major teaching hospitals in Singapore and to document the results of management of these injuries. RESULTS: Of the 4445 procedures performed, there were 19 (0.43%) cases of bile duct injuries. These involved the common hepatic duct (n = 8), common bile duct (n = 10), and the right hepatic duct (n = 1). The underlying gall bladder pathology included non-inflamed gall bladders (n = 10), acute cholecystitis (n = 4), Mirrizzi's syndrome (n = 3) and mucocele of the gall bladder (n = 2). Transection of the duct accounted for the majority of the injuries. Eleven bile duct injuries were identified at the time of operation. These were primarily repaired over a T tube (n = 4) or by a bilio-enteric bypass (n = 7). The remainder were diagnosed at a median of 7 days (range: 1-556 days) after surgery with a presentation of jaundice or pain. These were repaired by bilio-enteric anastomosis (n = 7) and closure over a T tube (n = 1). Three patients developed strictures subsequently, two following bilio-enteric repair after delayed diagnosis and one following immediate primary repair over a T tube. One patient developed intrahepatic stones and required a left lateral segmentectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The experience of a 0.43% bile duct injury rate is comparable to the best results from most large series in the West. Inflammation at Calot's triangle is an important associated factor for injury. Early recognition and prompt repair affords good results, and hepaticojejunostomy is recommended as the repair of choice.     

磁共振胆道成像在ERCP不成功病人中的应用

目的：MRCP在ERCP不成功或显影不佳时的应用价值。方法：26例患者在ERCP不成功或显影不佳后48小时内行MRCP检查。结果：全部病例均获有诊断价值的图像,胆胰管正常4例,胆囊管过长伴结石1例,胆总管及肝内胆管结石11例,肝门部胆管癌5例,胰头癌1例,胆总管囊肿2例,肝门部胆管狭窄2例,MRCP对本组疾病总的诊断符合率为88％。结论：MRCP对胆胰疾病有较高的诊断价值。     

Treatment of injuries and scar strictures of extrahepatic bile ducts

Results of treatment of 118 patients with trauma of bile ducts during cholecystectomy are analyzed. Rate of this complication ranges from 0.25 to 0.68%. Reconstructive surgeries on bile ducts were performed in 111 of 118 patients. Non-drainage variant of reconstruction of bile ducts was used only in 18 patients. Hepaticojejunostomy on removable transhepatic drainage was performed in the majority of cases. It is demonstrated that reconstructive surgeries on bile ducts must be performed early after trauma, just after arrest of bile peritonitis and other purulent complications. The best long-term results were achieved in patients who underwent reconstruction of bile ducts just after diagnosis of their iatrogenic injury on operation table. Postoperative lethality was 8.5%. Good long-term results were achieved in 81.4% patients. Repeated surgeries due to recurrences of bile ducts strictures were performed in 11.9% patients with good short-term results.     

Management of bile duct strictures. An evolving strategy.

In an effort to determine the role of interventional radiologic and endoscopic techniques in the management of benign biliary strictures, a retrospective analysis was carried out on 194 consecutive patients with bile duct strictures treated at UCLA between 1955 and 1990. Patients were classified as group 1 (1955 through 1979; n = 138) or group 2 (1980 through 1989; n = 56). Follow-up was for a minimum of 24 months and was in excess of 3 years in 179 patients (92%). Although the incidence of recurrent strictures was similar in the two groups (21% and 23%), the reoperation rate was significantly lower (P less than .02) in group 2 (6%) than in group 1 (21%). Percutaneous transhepatic biliary dilatation, used in 20 patients in group 2, was successful in 13 (93%) of 14 patients with anastomotic strictures and three (50%) of six patients with primary strictures (P less than .05). We conclude that surgical reconstruction remains the standard therapy for patients with primary bile duct strictures. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary dilatation has limited usefulness for these patients, but may be more appropriate for those with anastomotic strictures.     

医源性胆管狭窄的手术治疗

目的 探讨医源性胆管狭窄的手术治疗方法.方法 回顾性总结1989年1月至2006年12月收治的235例医源性胆管损伤及胆管狭窄患者的临床资料.对损伤或狭窄患者采用胆肠通路重建术、保留和利用乳头括约肌的修复术、肝移植术等进行修复.结果 本组182例患者行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,12例行胆总管对端吻合术,34例行自体带蒂组织瓣吻合术,6例行胆总管切开成形T管引流术,1例行肝移植术.随访时间1～10年,189例获随访.手术优良率为94.7%(179/189).狭窄复发率为5.3%(10/189),复发原因主要为合并结石、硬化性胆管炎、胆汁性肝硬化等.1例因严重胆汁性肝硬化、门静脉高压症,术后死于肝功能衰竭.结论 胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是可靠的治疗方法.利用自体带蒂组织瓣修复胆管能保留胆管下端Oddi括约肌的功能,效果良好,但远期疗效有待进一步评估.胆管内不需要常规放置支撑管.肝移植是治疗胆管狭窄引起的终末期胆病的有效方法.     

医源性胆管损伤的治疗及疗效分析

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的防治方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析30例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果术中发现胆管损伤并及时修复9例,其中1例术后发生狭窄而再次手术治愈;另21例术后因胆管狭窄或胆漏确诊,2例行副肝管缝扎术,3例行胆管端端吻合T管引流术,16例行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合。疗效优者22例、良5例、差1例、死亡2例(1例死于胆漏感染,1例死于胆汁性肝硬化)。结论医源性胆管损伤重要在于术中及时发现和及时处理,采取胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合治疗可取得较好疗效。     

Endoscopic treatment of bile duct complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

AIM: To assess the indications and results of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) in patients who have undergone ortotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS: We reviewed data from 42 consecutive patients who underwent ERCP for biliary complications after OLT over an 8-year period, in particular recording indications and success of the treatment after a mean of 17 months follow-up. RESULTS: Cholangiograms performed in 33/42 patients (79%) displayed anastomotic strictures in 17 patients (52%), bile duct stones in 8 (24%), both bile duct stones and an anastomotic stricture in 2 (6%), papillary stenosis in 1 (3%), and anastomotic biliary leakage in 1 (3%). In contrast, the contrastogram was normal in four patients (12%). Stone extraction was completed in 9/10 patients (90%) with a mean of 1.2 sessions, while stricture dilation was achieved in 12/19 patients (63%) after a mean of 1.7 sessions, by stent positioning (n = 7), balloon dilation (n = 4), or Soehendra dilator (n = 1). Both biliary leakage and papillary stenosis were cured by ERCP. Only one procedure-related complication -- severe pancreatitis (2.4%) -- was observed and no mortality. CONCLUSION: ERCP is a safe and effective mode of management of bile duct complications after OLT. It should be attempted before a surgical approach. Better results are obtained for treatment of biliary stones than of anastomotic strictures.     

Choledochoduodenostomy in choledocholithiasis and benign strictures of the common bile duct

The methods of external and of internal drainages of the bile ducts are alternatives in choledocholithiasis and benign strictures of the choledochus. In the Central Research Institute of Gastroenterology, 349 operations were performed on the common bile duct, stones were found in the choledochus in 259 (74.2%) cases and benign strictures of the terminal part of the choledochus and the major duodenal papilla in 103 (29.5%) cases. Ninety-five operations were secondary or reconstructive in character. A precise diagnosis of affection of the biliary tract can be established only during an operation or by retrograde cholangiopancreatography. External drainage of the common bile duct was conducted in 229 (65.6%) cases. Choledochoduodenostomy was undertaken in 105 patients (55 were operated on for the first time and 50 underwent operation on the biliary tract for a second time). Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy was successful in 28 cases with short strictures of the choledochus and choledocholithiasis. The stones were removed from the ducts with instruments or were expelled spontaneously at days 2 to 5.     

Right hepatic lobectomy for recurrent cholangitis after combined bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a report of two cases

BACKGROUND: Bile duct injuries in combination with major vascular injuries may cause serious morbidity and may even require liver resection in some cases. We present two case studies of patients requiring right hepatic lobectomy after bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. PATIENTS: Two patients sustained combined major bile duct and hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgical management consisted of immediate hepaticojejunostomy with reconstruction of the artery in one patient and hepaticojejunostomy alone in the other patient. In both cases the initial postoperative course was uncomplicated. RESULTS: After 4 and 6 months both patients suffered recurrent cholangitis due to anastomotic stricture. Both developed secondary biliary cirrhosis and required right hepatic lobectomy with left hepaticojejunostomy. The patients remain well 31 months and 4.5 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of bile duct reconstruction may be worse in the presence of combined biliary and vascular injuries than in patients with an intact blood supply of the bile ducts. We recommend arterial reconstruction when possible in early recognized injuries to prevent late strictures. Short-term follow-up is most important for early recognition of postoperative strictures and to avoid further complications such as secondary biliary cirrhosis.     

Does Multiple Bile Duct Anastomosis in Living Donor Liver Transplantation Affect the Postoperative Biliary Complications?

PurposeThe variation of multiple bile ducts in a living donor graft is not infrequent; however, the literature on the impact of the number of bile ducts on postoperative biliary complications is scarce. We investigated whether the number of biliary duct anastomoses affects the rate of postoperative biliary complications in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).Materials and MethodsBetween January 2016 and January 2018, all patients who underwent LDLT were reviewed. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the number bile duct anastomoses (single duct [group A, n = 78] or multiple ducts [group B, n = 94]). Data collection included demographic features, Child Pugh Score (CPS), graft-recipient weight ratio (GRWR), surgical data including technique of biliary anastomosis (duct-to-duct, duct-to-sheath, double duct-to-duct, and hepaticojejunostomy), and postoperative morbidity and mortality.ResultsThe duct-to-duct anastomosis was the mostly commonly performed technique in group A, whereas double duct-to-duct and duct-to-sheath were significantly higher in group B. Operating time was quite high in group B compared to group A (438 ± 72 minutes vs 420 ± 61 minutes, respectively; P = .05). Regarding biliary complications (n = 40, 23.2%), the rates of biliary leakage (n = 17, 9.9%) and strictures (n = 25, 14.5%) were similar in both groups (P = .164 and .773, respectively). CPS was positively correlated (for Child B and C, odds ratio [OR]: 10.669 and 17.866, respectively), whereas GRWR was negatively correlated (OR: 9.530) with biliary stricture. Increased risk for bile leakage was observed in younger donors (OR: .929). Although overall mortality rate was 9.8% (n = 17), only 5 of the patients (29%) died of biliary complications.ConclusionThe number of biliary ducts and anastomoses did not affect the rate of complications. However, CPS, GRWR, and young donor age were found to be predisposing factors for postoperative biliary complications. Mortality was mostly based on the causes other than biliary complications.     

Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: primary and long-term results from a single institution

Background Iatrogenic bile duct injury carries high morbidity. After the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy the incidence of these injuries has at least doubled, and even after the learning curve, the incidence has plateaued at the level of 0.5%. Methods A total of 32 patients sustained biliary tract injuries of the 3736 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in and around Turku University Central Hospital between January 1995 and April 2002. The data concerning primary treatment and long-term results were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results The overall incidence for bile duct injuries, including all the minor injuries (cystic duct leaks and bile duct strictures), was 0.86%; for major injuries alone the incidence was 0.38%. Nineteen percent of the injuries were detected intraoperatively. All the cystic duct leaks were treated endoscopically with a 90% success rate. Of the bile duct strictures 88% were treated successfully with endoscopic techniques. Ninety-three percent of the major injuries, including tangential lesions of common bile duct and total transections, were treated operatively. The operation of choice was either hepaticojejunostomy or cholangiojejunostomy in 69% of the cases; the rest were treated with simple suturing over a T-tube or an endoscopically placed stent. The long-term results, with a median follow-up period of 7.5 years, are good in 79% of the operated patients and in 84% of the whole study population. Mortality rate was 3% and acute or chronic cholangitis was seen in 13% of the patients during follow-up. Conclusion Most of the minor bile duct injuries, including cystic duct leaks and bile duct strictures, are well treatable with endoscopic techniques, whereas most of the major injuries require operative treatment, which at optimal circumstances gives good results.     

Gunshot injuries of the extrahepatic biliary ducts.

OBJECTIVE: To assess our management of gunshot injuries of the extrahepatic biliary ducts. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Urban teaching hospital, South Africa. SUBJECTS: 17 patients who were found to have gunshot injuries of the extrahepatic bile ducts, January 1993-June 1998. INTERVENTIONS: Packing and damage control, staged repair, or definitive repair. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morbidity and mortality: Three of the 17 died intraoperatively or postoperatively from causes unrelated to the biliary injury. Of the 14 survivors, 3 were managed initially with packing and damage control, 7 by staged repair, and 4 by definitive biliary repair. Eleven patients had a Roux-en-Y biliary jejunostomy, of whom 1 developed a late biliary stricture related to a postoperative anastomotic leak. End-to-end anastomosis of the bile duct was done for 2 patients and they both developed late biliary strictures. Ligation of the injured duct and cholecystojejunostomy was done for I patient. CONCLUSION: Roux-en-Y biliary-jejunal anastomosis is appropriate in the treatment of gunshot injuries of the extrahepatic biliary ducts as there is always a degree of tissue loss and some debridement is required, making it difficult to do a tension-free anastomosis.     

Diverticuli of duodenal papillar region and their role in development of choledocholithiasis and strictures of bile and pancreatic ducts

Up to present time there is no common view on the role of diverticuli of the papillar region of the duodenum (DPRD) in development of the strictures of terminal parts of the common bile duct and major pancreatic duct. The main method for the diagnosis of DPRD is fibroduodenoscopy (FDS). Relaxational FDS is the most informative method for detailed examination of diverticulum and for assessment of its interrelations with longitudinal crease and the major duodenal papilla (MDP). During the last 2 years all patients with DPRD underwent ERCPG, which helped to obtain more complete information of the presence and the character of the strictures of terminal parts of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct. DPR has been revealed in 5% of patients with calculous cholecystitis and in 9.5% of patients with choledocholithiasis. Of the patients, admitted to the Institute for postcholecystectomy syndrome from 1994 to 1999, DPRD were revealed in 30% of cases. The patients with DPR and chronic pancreatitis of nonalcoholic and nonlithogenic etiology, made up 9% of all patients with DPR and chronic pancreatitis. In 87 patients with DPR, suffering from various surgical diseases, following changes of bile and pancreatic ducts were revealed: choledocholithiasis (47%), stenosis of the large bile duct (15%), strictures of terminal parts of the large bile duct and major pancreatic duct (10%). There is evidence, that para- and peripapillary diverticuli deteriorate evacuatory function of the bile and pancreatic tracts due to compression of terminal parts of the choledochus and the pancreatic ducts with strictures formation, which promote disturbances of the bile and pancreatic juice passage. Biliary stasis and pancreatic juice passage disturbances create favorable conditions for lithogenesis and promote development of cholangitis, mechanical jaundice and chronic pancreatitis. Patients with choledochal and major pancreatic duct strictures and stenoses of the papilla in DPR underwent EPST with favorable initial and long-term results. The authors suggest, that DPR are an important etiopathogenetic link in the development of many diseases of the organs of hepatobiliary region, associated with biliary and pancreatic hypertension.     

胆道再次手术235例分析

目的总结胆道再次手术的经验，探讨胆道再次手术的原因、临床特点及处理方法。方法对1996年7月至2005年6月收治的235例胆道再次手术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果胆道再次手术的主要原因是肝胆管结石残留或复发，占全组病例的82．2％；其次为胆肠吻合术后狭窄，胆管囊肿，胆管狭窄及胆管肿瘤。再次手术治疗方式以肝叶切除（占66％）合并胆肠吻合或T管引流为主。胆道再次手术后并发症发生率为25％。结论胆道再次手术既有胆道疾病本身因素，亦有医源性因素；充分的术前准备，术中仔细探查，选择合理手术方式及合适的术后辅助治疗是减少胆道再次手术的关键。     

Surgical treatment of injuries and cicatricial strictures of the bile ducts using changeable transhepatic drainage

Results of 62 reconstructive and restorative operations performed on 47 patients with scarry strictures and injuries of main bile ducts are analyzed. A group of 17 patients was chosen, a spare transhepatic drain being used in 18 operations. It was established that bougieurage, dilatation of the strictures and a continuous frame drainage with the stricture of hepaticocholedochus as long as 20 mm or recurrent strictures of hepaticojejunoanastomosis provided stabilization of scarring and epithelization of the stricture zone. A favorable result of the treatment is determined by the duration of the frame drainage not less than for 2 years.