肺癌组织中p53,K—ras,p53,p16基因的改变

目的 探讨ｐ５３、Ｋ－ｒａｓ、ｐ１５、ｐ１６基因在肺癌组织中改变情况及多基因联合检测在肺癌诊断中的价值。方法 对５９例肺癌组织和１４例肺部良性组织,应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ－银染法检测ｐ５３基因第５～８外显子突变情况;应用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ法对Ｋ－ｒａｓ基因突变进行检测;并应用ＰＣＲ法检测ｐ１５、ｐ１６基因纯合缺失情况。结果肺癌组织中ｐ５３、ｐ１５、ｐ１６基因改变频率分别为３７．３％、１１．９％、２３．     

高转移性人肺癌细胞系p53基因突变的研究

ＰＧ癌系为来自人巨细胞型肺癌的体外细胞系，具有生长快和成瘤率高的特性。裸小鼠移植后，肺和淋巴结的自发转移性频率高，而且稳定。为了深入了解其生物学特性的分子基础，对其细胞和分子生物学改变作了系统的分析。结果表明：免疫组化发现ｐ５３蛋白的异常高表达；用非同位素ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ法检测到第７外显子的单链多态性变化，提示有碱基组成的改变。对该外显子的两条链用热循环ＤＮＡ测序法分析后，证实第２４８密码子有ＣＧＧ→ＣＴＴ的碱基颠换；同时以上述方法检测了Ｋｉ－ｒａｓ癌基因的点突变，未发现ｋｉ－ｒａｓ突变。结合文献探讨了ｐ５３基因突变的生物学意义，这一研究为进一步研究ｐ５３基因与ＰＧ癌细胞生物学特性的关系奠定了基础。     

肺癌支气管活检组织及痰液中p53基因突变的检测及临床应用

采用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性分析（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）方法，从分子水平探讨了ｐ５３基因突变与肺癌发生之间的关系。对４３例肺癌支气管活检组织及１０例痰液标本进行了ｐ５３基因第５～８外显子突变的检测，发现４３例中有１７例发生了ｐ５３突变，突变率为３９．５％（１７／４３），其中鳞癌为３０．８％（４／１３），腺癌为３５．３％（６／１７），小细胞癌为５８．３％（７／１２），大细胞癌为０％（０／１）。本文对同一患者的痰液标本检测结果与组织标本中ｐ５３基因突变检出率一致，均为３０．０％（３／１０）。采用χ２检验表明，ｐ５３突变在性别构成、临床分期、组织类型及淋巴结转移等方面两组均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。但吸烟组ｐ５３突变率（５３．８％）明显高于非吸烟组（１７．６％）；低中分化组ｐ５３突变率（５１．７％）明显高于高分化组（１４．３％），提示ｐ５３基因突变与吸烟及细胞的分化程度存在相关性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

原发性肝细胞癌组织中乙肝病毒整合与p53基因突变关系研究

应用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交方法检测１５例原发性肝细胞癌及癌旁组织乙肝病毒（ＨＢＶ）存在状态，采用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ（Ｐｏｌｙ－ｍｅｒａｓｅｃｈａｉｎｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ－ｓｉｎｇｌｅｓｔｒａｎｄｃｏｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ）银染技术研究其ｐ５３基因突变。结果癌组织中１３例（８６．７％）有ＨＢＶＤＮＡ整合，同时３例伴游离ＨＢＶＤＮＡ；癌旁４例（２６．７％）有ＨＢＶＤＮＡ整合，而游离的ＨＢＶＤＮＡ却有６例。癌组织中ｐ５３基因变异８例（５３．３％），１例位于第５外显子，各有２例位于第６、第７外显子，３例位于第８外显子，癌旁组织未见ｐ５３基因异常，ｐ５３基因异常的癌组织中均有ＨＢＶＤＮＡ整合。研究结果表明，ＨＢＶＤＮＡ整合与ｐ５３基因突变密切相关，ＨＢＶＤＮＡ可能通过整合基因组后导致抑癌基因突变失去抑癌作用而引发肝癌。     

妊娠滋养细胞疾病c—Ha—ras基因突变及ras p21蛋白表达的研究

目的：探讨ｃ－Ｈａ－ｒａｓ基因突变及ｐ２１蛋白表达与妊娠滋养细胞疾病（ＧＴＤ）发生发展的关系。寻找具有特异性的可预测ＰＴＤ的诊断标记。方法：采用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ法及ＳＰ免疫组化法,对９０例ＧＴＤ组织中ｃ－Ｈａ－ｒａｓ基因第１外显子点突变及其产物ｐ２１表达进行检测,以正常足月新鲜胎盘３０例为对照。结果：所有正常胎盘组织ｒａｓ突变及ｐ２１表达均为阴性。     

非小细胞肺癌CT与相关基因表达的研究

目的：研究非小细胞（ＮＳＣＬＣ）肺癌ＣＴ征象与肺癌相关基因ｐ５３,Ｃ－ｍｙｃ,Ｋ－ｒａｓ,及Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ２表达间的关系。方法：运用免疫组化法,检测５４例经手术病理证实的非小细胞肺癌组织中的ｐ５３,Ｃ－ｍｙｃ,Ｋ－ｒａｓ及Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ２基因的表达,并分析其与术前ＣＴ征象间的关系。结果：ｐ５３表达与非小细胞肺癌期别及ＣＴ征象中瘤体大小,深分叶征,毛刺征,空洞征,及纵隔淋巴结转移有关,但与组织类型胸,胸     

大肠癌p53抑癌基因突变与组织类型,Dukes‘分期的关系

用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ方法对３０例大肠癌组织ｐ５３基因突变状况进行了检测。结果表明：３０例大肠癌ｐ５３基因的突变率为２０％（６／３０），其中１例在第４外显子，５例在第５外显子，第２、３外显子未检出突变。高分化和中等分化肠癌ｐ５３基因突变率均为１／８（１２．５％），低分化为３／１０（３０．０％），未分化为１／４（２５．０％）；在Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期中的突变率分别为：Ｂ２期为１／１０（１０．０％），Ｃ１期为２／１２（１６．７％），Ｄ期为３／８（３７．５％）。结果提示ｐ５３基因突变与Ｄｕｃｋｅｓ分期有关，且肠癌的ｐ５３基因突变很少发生在第２、３外显子     

非小细胞肺癌中p53基因突变的初步研究

为了解非小细胞肺癌中ｐ５３基因突变的情况，应用改良聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）银染技术检测１７例非小细胞肺癌中ｐ５３基因第５～８外显子的突变情况，有８例存在ｐ５３基因突变，突变率为４７．００％（８／１７），其中鳞癌为５５．５６％（５／９），腺癌为３７．５０％（３／８）。本研究结果表明：非小细胞肺癌中ｐ５３基因突变较为常见；改良后的ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ银染技术对非小细胞肺癌的基因诊断具有潜在性应用价值     

肝细胞癌p53基因突变初步研究

本文应用快速银染多了矣酶链反应单链构像多态（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）方法检测了３０例肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）组织中ｐ５３基因变异情况。结果１３例癌组织中有异常电带，其中２闰于第５外显子，各有３例位于第６和第７外显子，位于第８显子有５例，ｐ５３基因变异的病例乙型肝炎表面抗原均阳性，实验结果表明：本技术能有效检测出基因突变；肝细胞癌中ｐ53基因突变率较高且有多个位点；肝细胞癌ｐ５３基因突变可能与乙型肝炎病毒感染有关     

肺癌患者组织和痰液中p53基因、K-ras基因突变

 目的　探讨p53、K-ras基因在肺癌患者癌组织及相应痰液中改变情况及其联合检测在肺癌早期诊断中的价值。方法　对59例肺癌组织和14例肺部良性组织及相应痰液,应用PCR-SSCP-银染法检测了p53基因第5～8外显子突变情况;应用PCR-RFLP法对K-ras基因突变进行了检测。结果　p53基因在肺癌组织中突变率为37.3%,K-ras基因在肺腺癌突变率为48.0%,其它类型肺癌突变率仅为8.8%。相应痰液中两基因突变率分别为33.8%和44.0%,与组织中的突变率无明显差异,P<0.01。良性组织及相应痰液中两基因均无突变。吸烟患者的突变率(48.7%,68.5%)明显高于非吸烟患者的突变率(15.0%,11.1%),P<0.01;两基因的联合检测在肺癌的早期诊断中的价值(54.2%)明显优于单基因的检测,P<0.05。结论　痰液和组织中的基因突变率基本相似,即痰液中脱落细胞的分子遗传学改变能反映肺组织情况。因此以痰液为目标多基因的联合检测可能有助于肺癌的诊断。     

Staging of cancer of the colon and cancer of the rectum.

A retrospective analysis of 1,826 cases (924 colon, 902 rectal) from ten institutions provided the basis of this study on the staging of cancer of the colon and rectum. The general rules of the American Joint Committee on the relationship between times and the staging of cancer have been followed. These represent modifications of the originally formulated TNM system of the Union Internationale Contre Le Cancer (UICC) which has been designed as a clinical-diagnostic classification, not applicable to cancer of inaccessible sites or structures requiring postsurgical treatment pathologic assessment of therapeutically removed specimens. Inadequacies of the clinical data requested for our study required adoption of the pTNM evaluation method of classification. Multiple regression analysis of the data demonstrated a relationship between survival and the following: depth of penetration (T), status of regional lymph nodes (N), and presence or absence of distant metastasis (M). This was similar for both sites. Basically, for the rectum it was in consonance with the original Dukes' classification (A, B, and C), and was remarkably applicable to the colon. The survival data for the two sites were so similar as to suggest the use of one set of pTNM categories not only for the postsurgical-treatment pathologic evaluation, but also for the stage grouping definitions. Strongly recommended for cancer of all sites is the development of General Oncology Data Forms to be included in the clinical charts and records of all patients with cancer.     

肿瘤患者知晓肺癌和肾癌防治知识的调查分析

目的探讨肿瘤患者对肺癌和肾癌防治知识的知晓情况。方法采用非随机自愿参与问卷调查方式对2018年10月在成都参加肺癌和肾癌宣教活动的肿瘤患者进行调查,对肺癌和肾癌防治知识应答量化,统计平均知晓分、知晓评分和知晓率。结果患者对肺癌和肾癌知识的知晓总分平均为6. 90分,知晓评分49. 28分。不同性别和年龄患者对肿瘤防治相关知识知晓总分和评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。肺癌防治知识知晓评分为51. 73分,不同性别和不同年龄患者对肺癌防治和肾癌防治知识的知晓总分和知晓评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。肺癌防治知识的知晓率为0. 0%～87. 4%,肾癌防治知识的知晓率为9. 6%～85. 4%。知晓率最高的是刺激性干咳是早期最主要临床症状,最低的是早期发现肺癌最恰当的方法是胸部低剂量CT;各项肾癌防治知识知晓率为9. 6%～81. 3%,知晓率最高的是肥胖人数增多与近来肾癌发病率迅速上升有关,最低的是简单通过尿液检测、血液检测体格检查都不能发现早期肾癌。结论肿瘤患者对肺癌和肾癌防治知识的认知普遍不足,尤其缺乏对早期肿瘤临床检查方法的认知。     

Comprehensive cancer centres and the war on cancer

Comprehensive Cancer Centres are now recognized as an important weapon in the war on cancer, but they had to fight a very different battle to become accepted by the academic community. Why were these centres developed? How do they contribute to cancer research? Have they achieved the aims for which they were set up? And how should they be improved? It is important to answer these questions because we believe that cancer centres, though in need of improvement, are vital parts of our anticancer strategy.     

Risk of cancer of the prostate and of the kidney parenchyma following bladder cancer

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: A registry-based cohort study of male patients with bladder cancer was conducted to determine the relative risk of second primary cancer of the prostate and kidney, the uni-/multivariate differences in relative risk according to patient characteristics, the cumulative risk by duration of the follow-up, and the prevalence:incidence ratio of prostate and kidney cancer cases detected in the first 6 months after the diagnosis of bladder cancer. METHODS: The complete case records of all male patients (n = 2025) diagnosed with bladder cancer between 1986 and 2002 were extracted from the database of the Romagna Cancer Registry: 1539 patients were eligible for analysis of the incidence of following prostate and kidney cancers, of the relative risk and the standardized incidence ratio specific for the time interval of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 108 prostate cancer cases and 23 kidney cancer cases were observed during the follow-up. The relative risk of second primary cancer of the prostate and kidney was respectively 3.52 (95% CI, 2.89-4.25) and 3.90 (95% CI, 2.47-5.85). The absolute excess risk was 11.8 x 1000 for prostate cancer and 2.5 x 1000 for kidney cancer. The number of prevalent cases of prostate and kidney cancer detected was approximately 10 times greater than the expected number based on incidence rates from the general population. During the follow-up, incidence of prostate cancer stabilized at a level that was 3- to 4-fold greater than that expected. Despite fluctuations, a decrease was also observed for incidence of kidney cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our study showed the relatively constant high incidence of prostate and kidney cancers in bladder cancer patients over time. The possibility of subsequent cancer implies that an appropriate long surveillance is required. The pertinence depends on the duration of the follow-up as well as the degree of surveillance.     

Vinorelbine in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer and breast cancer

Vinorelbine is a new semisynthetic vinca alkaloid with significantly less neurotoxicity than other vinca alkaloids. It was recently approved by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Vinorelbine is active in metastatic breast cancer with a first time response rate of 40% to 52%. High response rates were observed with combination chemotherapies of vinorelbine and other active agents for breast cancer. In non-small-cell lung cancer, four randomized phase III trials of vinorelbine demonstrated that vinorelbine alone, or combination chemotherapy of vinorelbine with cisplatin, improved survival more than best supportive care or cisplatin plus vindesine, respectively. There is a high level of evidence that vinorelbine is an effective agent for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.     

Iron and the risk of cancer

Four epidemiological studies have been performed that are generally consistent with the hypothesis that increased available body iron stores increase the risk of cancer or of general mortality. In a study based on the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States (NHANES), 232 men who developed cancer over a ten year period had a mean transferrin saturation of 33.1% at least 4 years before diagnosis, whereas 3,113 men who did not develop cancer had a transferrin saturation of 30.7% (p = 0.002). The hypothesis is based on two possible biological mechanisms. First, iron can catalyse the production of oxygen radicals and these may be proximate carcinogens. Second, iron may be a limiting nutrient to the growth and replication of a cancer cell. There are at least five areas of potential research related to iron and cancer based on these biological mechanisms: (1) etiology of cancer, (2) etiology of radiation-induced cancer, (3) prognosis after cancer diagnosis, (4) cancer risk resulting from therapy, and (5) interactions with other biochemical factors. An unexpected finding of the human studies done to date has been a highly significant negative association of serum albumin and long term cancer risk. Serum albumin is lower in smokers and older people, however, the negative association persists after controlling for these factors.     

Retroviruses and the genetics of cancer

Retroviruses cause cancer by several different mechanisms including addition of an oncogene, addition of a modified viral glycoprotein, activation of a proto-oncogene, transactivation of a proto-oncogene, immune depression, and stimulation of lymphoid cell proliferation. Both the evolution of oncogenes and tumor induction by most retroviruses is multi-step. Study of the evolution of a particular oncogene, v-rel, indicates that this evolution could not have been selection-driven, but that it resulted from the high rate of mutation in retroviruses replication, that is, it was mutation-driven. Argument is made that much other cancer is also mutation-driven.     

Esophagitis and cancer of the esophagus

Early diagnosis is an important factor in the effort to increase the healing rates of esophageal cancer; another consideration is the establishment of a reliable method of identifying risk groups. Alcohol abuse is known to be associated with a higher risk of esophageal cancer. The current investigation, based on a retrospective study of the records of patients with esophageal cancer, reveals a strong connection between cancer development and chronic esophagitis due mainly to reflux in about 10% of the patients. In the literature this connection has been suspected but never so clearly shown. The clinical implication may be a more rigorous approach to long-standing esophagitis in elderly patients.