脓毒症患者DIC预警系统构建与临床研究

目的:构建脓毒症患者弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)自动筛查预警系统,并对脓毒症患者进行筛查;将由预警系统筛查出的DIC的患者与由中国弥散性血管内凝血诊断积分系统(CDSS)诊断出的DIC患者进行比较,探讨DIC预警系统与CDSS诊断标准对脓毒症患者病死率预测的价值.方法:依托ISTH DIC及SIC DIC诊断标准在重症医...     

REMS评分对急诊老年严重脓毒症患者预后的评估价值

目的探讨快速急诊内科评分(rapid emergency medicine score,REMS)对急诊老年严重脓毒症患者预后的评估价值,并与APACHEⅡ评分进行比较。方法收集首都医科大学宣武医院急诊抢救室收治的老年严重脓毒症256例,入院后均进行REMS评分和APACHEⅡ评分,分别比较REMS评分≤11、12~17、≥18分值患者的病死率,比较REMS与APACHEⅡ评分的差异及相关性;比较死亡组和存活组REMS评分与APACHEⅡ评分的差异。结果随着REMS分值增加,病死率和APACHEⅡ评分升高(P0.01),REMS评分与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(r=0.615,P=0.014);死亡组REMS评分和APACHEⅡ评分均高于存活组(P0.05)。结论 REMS评分对评估急诊老年严重脓毒症患者的预后具有重要的价值,相对APACHEⅡ评分更为简单快捷。     

低分子肝素治疗新生儿脓毒症DIC的疗效观察

选取我院收治的96例脓毒症DIC的新生儿患者,均为足月新生儿。随机分为观察组和对照组各48例。均采用抗感染等对症治疗,对照组予普通肝素治疗,观察组予低分子肝素治疗。观察比较两组患者的临床疗效和治疗前后DIC指标变化情况。结果观察组的肝素使用时间、出血停止时间、DIC指标恢复时间均明显短于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组的出血加重病例数也明显少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗后DIC指标均较治疗前明显改善,且观察组改善程度明显优于对照组(P<0.05),提示观察组对改善DIC指标有显著的效果。低分子肝素在治疗新生儿脓毒症合并DIC病理过程和恢复正常凝血功能中起着至关重要的作用,值得临床推广。     

低分子肝素治疗新生儿脓毒症并DIC的疗效观察

选取2013年3月~2014年2月在我院进行治疗的新生儿脓毒症合并DIC患儿64例,随机分为研究组和对照组各32例。其中给予对照组患儿普通肝素进行治疗,研究组患儿使用低分子肝素进行治疗。治疗结束后,比较两组患儿的治疗效果、不良反应发生情况及两组患儿治疗情况。结果经过治疗后,研究组患儿的治疗总有效率为93.75%,对照组患儿的治疗总有效率为75.00%。其中研究组患儿治疗时的各项指标改善显著,与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患儿均未发现有严重的不良反应。给予新生儿脓毒症并DIC患儿低分子肝素进行治疗可以有效提高患儿的治疗有效率,减轻体内的炎症,有利于患儿各项指标的恢复,值得在临床进行推广。     

英国国家早期预警评分对急诊老年严重脓毒症及脓毒症休克患者预后的评估价值

目的探讨英国国家早期预警评分(NEWS)对急诊老年严重脓毒症及脓毒性休克患者病情及预后的评估。方法收集首都医科大学宣武医院急诊老年严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者116例,就诊后采集患者的常规生理生化指标,并行NEWS评分,APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分,随访28 d,根据患者预后分为死亡组和存活组,分别比较死亡组和存活组NEWS评分,APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分区别;比较脓毒性休克和严重脓毒症组的NEWS评分,APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分的区别;NEWS评分与APACHEⅡ评分。SOFA评分的相关性分析;通过分析ROC曲线下面积(AUC)确定NEWS评分对老年严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者预后的评估价值。结果脓毒性休克组患者NEWS评分;APACHEII评分和SOFA评分大于严重脓毒症组;死亡组NEWS评分;APACHEII评分和SOFA评分均显著大于存活组(P<0.05);NEWS评分水平与APACHEⅡ评分。SOFA评分具有显著相关性(r=0.807、0.883,P<0.05),NEWS评分;APACHEII评分和SOFA评分预测死亡ROC曲线下面积分别为0.870、880、0.865(P>0.05)。结论 NEWS评分对急诊老年严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者的病情和预后具有重要的评估价值,评分愈高提示患者预后愈差。     

降钙素原对脓毒症患者病情及预后的临床价值

目的：探讨降钙素原（procalcitonin,PCT）对脓毒症患者病情及预后的临床价值,及其与急性生理学与慢性健康状况Ⅱ评分（APACHEⅡ评分）的相关性。方法回顾性分析2013年1月1日至2014年12月31日收住本院急诊科（包括普通病房及急诊重症监护室 EICU）、感染科的109例脓毒症患者的临床资料（包括入院24 h 内 PCT 值、白细胞计数 WBC 及中性粒细胞百分比Neut％、APACHEⅡ评分等）。据患者病情严重程度（脓毒血症组、严重脓毒症组和脓毒性休克组）、临床结局（存活组和死亡组）及多器官功能障碍综合征 MODS （MODS 组和非 MODS 组）不同进行分组,比较各组中各指标差异,分析 PCT 与 APACHEⅡ评分两者之间的相关性,评价 PCT、APACHEⅡ评分和 APACHEⅡ评分＋PCT 在评估患者预后及多器官功能障碍综合征中的价值,及分析 PCT 对脓毒症患者预后的独立效应及脓毒症患者预后的影响因素。结果脓毒血症组中 PCT 值、APACHEⅡ评分均低于严重脓毒症组和脓毒性休克组,严重脓毒症组均低于脓毒性休克组,三组之间差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。脓毒血症组中 WBC 明显低于脓毒性休克组（P ＜0.05）。死亡组较存活组中的 APACHEⅡ评分显著升高,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.01）,而 PCT 值、WBC、Neut％在两组间则差异无统计学意义。非 MODS 组中 APACHEⅡ评分、WBC、Neut％、PCT 值均显著低于 MODS 组（均 P ＜0.05）。PCT 与 APACHEⅡ评分之间呈显著正相关关系（rs ＝0.403,P ＜0.01）。通过绘制 PCT、APACHEⅡ评分、APACHEⅡ评分＋PCT 三者的受试者工作曲线（ROC）来评估脓毒症患者预后情况,得出三者的 ROC 曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.617、0.899、0.917,而APACHEⅡ评分、APACHE Ⅱ评分＋PCT 的预后评估价值均较 PCT 高（均 P ＜0.01）,且 PCT、APACHEⅡ评分的截断值（cut-off）、灵敏度、特异度分别为（3.40 ng／mL、88.24％、38.04％）和（20分、94.12％、81.52％）。同样 PCT、APACHEⅡ评分、APACHEⅡ评分＋PCT 三者评估脓毒症患者多器官功能障碍综合征的 AUC 分别为0.824、0.796、0.871,PCT 分别与 APACHEⅡ评分、APACHEⅡ评分＋PCT 间差异无统计学意义,且 PCT、APACHEⅡ评分的截断值、灵敏度、特异度分别为（7.26 ng／mL、88.24％、63.79％）和（17分、64.71％、87.93％）。PCT 对脓毒症患者预后的 COR、AOR 分别为1.008、1.014,性别与 APACHEⅡ评分是影响脓毒症患者预后的独立危险因素。结论 PCT 值、APACHEⅡ评分能评估脓毒症患者病情,三者间均呈正相关关系。APACHEⅡ评分、APACHEⅡ评分＋PCT 较 PCT 能更好评估患者预后,且 PCT 不能作为预后评估的独立指标;而 PCT、APACHEⅡ评分、APACHEⅡ评分＋PCT 对脓毒症患者多器官功能障碍综合征的评估效能均较好。PCT 研究需考虑混杂因素,性别与 APACHEⅡ评分是脓毒症患者预后的两个独立危险因素。     

严重脓毒症患者血清血管内皮生长因子的临床研究

目的 检测严重脓毒症患者血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平的动态变化,探讨VEGF与急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分及相关临床参数的关系.方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究,选择2006年7月-2007年10月本院重症监护病房(ICU)收治的29例严重脓毒症患者,检测发病后1、3、7 d血小板计数(PLT)、白蛋白(Alb)水平,并计算APACHEⅡ评分;采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清VEGF水平,并按患者生存与死亡分为两组,比较两组的异同.以同期31例健康体检者作为健康对照组.结果 健康对照组VEGF水平为(78.77±8.15)ng/L;生存组16例患者随时间延长VEGF水平逐渐下降(F=40.32,P<0.01),7 d时接近健康对照组(P>0.05);死亡组13例患者VEGF水平3 d下降,7 d又上升(F=29.61,P<0.01).VEGF水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈显著正相关(r=0.510,P=0.000),与PLT呈显著负相关(r=-0.221,P=0.046),与Alb未显示相关性(r=-0.029,P=0.789).结论 严重脓毒症患者VEGF水平在发病早期明显升高,随病程进展生存组VEGF水平逐渐下降,死亡组下降不明显,VEGF在一定程度上反映脓毒症病情严重程度.     

胸腺肽α1对严重脓毒症患者的免疫调理作用

目的 评价胸腺肽α1对严重脓毒症患者的免疫调理作用 方法 44例患者随机分成治疗组与对照组,对照组常规治疗加安慰剂,治疗组常规治疗加胸腺肽α1(迈普欣),疗程为10 d。结果 治疗组治疗后的CD14 单核细胞人类白细胞抗原-DR(HLA-DR)水平明显升高,而CRP、APACHEⅡ评分及器官功能障碍的数量显著下降,28 d死亡率亦显著下降。结论 胸腺肽α1可提高严重脓毒症患者免疫力,改善患者的预后。     

早期乳酸清除率与ICU严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者预后相关性的研究

目的：探讨早期乳酸清除率与ICU严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者预后的相关性。方法：选择2009-01-2012-03入住我院内科ICU的231例严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者,按预后分为生存组（139例）和死亡组（92例）,比较2组患者早期不同时段血乳酸清除率及APACHE Ⅱ评分;比较严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者早期不同时段血乳酸清除率及APACHE Ⅱ评分;早期不同时段乳酸清除率与APACHE Ⅱ评分进行相关回归分析。结果：2组患者入院时血乳酸、入院后6h及12h乳酸清除率、入院后各时段APACHEⅡ评分比较,差异有显著的统计学意义（P〈0.05及〈0.01）,入院后24h、48h和72h乳酸清除率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者入院后6h乳酸清除率的差异也有显著的统计学意义（P〈0.01）;入院后6h和12h乳酸清除率与同时段APACHEⅡ评分存在负性直线相关关系。结论：ICU严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者早期（入院后6h和12h）乳酸清除率对于判断其预后具有重要的临床意义。     

急诊可疑脓毒症危险分层评分对脓毒症患者预后的预测价值

目的:探讨急诊可疑脓毒症危险分层(risk-stratifcation of emergency department suspected sepsis,REDS)评分在脓毒症患者预后判断中的价值。方法:收集2018年1月至2020年2月间在黄山首康医院住院的脓毒症患者的临床资料进行回顾性病例对照研究。计算REDS评分...     

脓毒症合并弥漫性血管内凝血患者血清金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂的水平及诊断价值

目的 检测脓毒症及合并弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)患者血清金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase,TIMP)水平,并判断其对脓毒症患者发展成为DIC的预测诊断价值.方法 取60名患者,其中严重脓毒症患者28例(SS组),脓毒症合并DIC患者12例(SSD组),同期门诊体检者20例为对照组,收集临床及实验室参数,计算APACHEⅡ评分和DIC评分,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)方法检测血清TIMP-1和TIMP-2的水平.结果 SS组患者血清TIMP-1水平(723.74±96.27)较对照组(574.24±79.99)明显升高(P＜0.05),TIMP-2水平(68.08±14.87)较对照组(89.99±18.45)明显降低(P＜0.05).SSD组患者血清TIMP-1水平(907.56±200.20)则较SS组升高明显(P＜0.05),而TIMP-2水平(44.84±22.13)也较SS组降低更明显(P＜0.05).相关分析显示TIMP-1主要与纤维蛋白原(FIB)呈负相关,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而与D-二聚体呈正相关,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);血清TIMP-2则与血小板计数(PLT)、降钙素原(PCT)、DIC评分呈负相关,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).ROC曲线图显示TIMP-1/TIMP-2的AUC=0.896,95％CI:0.843～0.950 (P＜0.05),较TIMP-1或TIMP-2的AUC更高.结论 脓毒症合并DIC患者的血清TIMP-1水平明显升高,主要影响纤溶系统;TIMP-2水平明显下降,主要影响血小板功能;TIMP-1/TIMP-2对脓毒症合并DIC的发生具有诊断价值.     

Treatment effects of high-dose antithrombin without concomitant heparin in patients with severe sepsis with or without disseminated intravascular coagulation

BACKGROUND: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious complication of sepsis that is associated with a high mortality. OBJECTIVES: Using the adapted International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) diagnostic scoring algorithm for DIC, we evaluated the treatment effects of high-dose antithrombin (AT) in patients with severe sepsis with or without DIC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From the phase III clinical trial in severe sepsis (KyberSept), 563 patients were identified (placebo, 277; AT, 286) who did not receive concomitant heparin and had sufficient data for DIC determination. RESULTS: At baseline, 40.7% of patients (229 of 563) had DIC. DIC in the placebo-treated patients was associated with an excess risk of mortality (28-day mortality: 40.0% vs. 22.2%, P < 0.01). AT-treated patients with DIC had an absolute reduction in 28-day mortality of 14.6% compared with placebo (P = 0.02) whereas in patients without DIC no effect on 28-day mortality was seen (0.1% reduction in mortality; P = 1.0). Bleeding complications in AT-treated patients with and without DIC were higher compared with placebo (major bleeding rates: 7.0% vs. 5.2% for patients with DIC, P = 0.6; 9.8% vs. 3.1% for patients without DIC, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: High-dose AT without concomitant heparin in septic patients with DIC may result in a significant mortality reduction. The adapted ISTH DIC score may identify patients with severe sepsis who potentially benefit from high-dose AT treatment.     

弥散性血管内凝血评分在脓毒症中的应用

目的 研究弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)评分系统与脓毒症患者病情评估及预后间的关系.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月-2008年12月本院重症监护病房(ICU)收治315例脓毒症患者的资料,按住院28 d的预后分为生存组(194例)与死亡组(121例).比较两组患者血小板计数(PLT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、凝血酶原时间(PT)及纤维蛋白单体的差异;用logistic单因素回归分析急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、DIC评分与预后的关系,评价APACHEⅡ评分、DIC评分在脓毒症诊断中的价值.结果 死亡组PLT、Fib显著低于生存组,PT、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血时间(ACT)和纤维蛋白单体值显著高于生存组,且APACHEⅡ评分、DIC评分显著高于生存组(P<0.05或P<0.01).APACHEⅡ评分、DIC评分与脓毒症预后间均呈显著正相关[DIC评分:χ2=17.741,P<0.001,优势比(OR)=1.413,95%可信区间(CI)为1.203～1.659;APACHEⅡ评分:χ2=36.456,P<0.001,OR=1.109,95%CI为1.072～1.147].APACHEⅡ评分曲线下面积(0.706)高于DIC评分曲线下面积(0.611).结论 APACHEⅡ评分、DIC评分均可作为脓毒症预后的预测指标,但DIC评分对脓毒症的诊断和预后判断价值低于APACHEⅡ评分.     

Treatment effects of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in patients with severe sepsis with or without overt disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious condition associated with sepsis. Clinical management of DIC is hampered by lack of clear diagnostic criteria. The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) has proposed a diagnostic scoring algorithm for overt DIC based on routine laboratory tests. The objective was to assess a modified version of the ISTH scoring system and determine the effect of drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA, recombinant human activated protein C) on patients with DIC. The large database from the PROWESS clinical trial in severe sepsis was retrospectively used to assess a modified ISTH scoring system. Baseline characteristics and treatment effects of DrotAA were evaluated. At baseline, 29% (454/1568) of patients had overt DIC. Overt DIC was a strong predictor of mortality, independent of APACHE II score and age. Placebo-treated patients with overt DIC had higher mortality than patients without (43 vs. 27%). DrotAA-treated patients with overt DIC had a trend towards greater relative risk reduction in mortality than patients without (29 vs. 18%, P = 0.261) but both groups had greater relative risk reduction than placebo-treated patients. Serious bleeding rates during DrotAA infusion in patients with and without overt DIC were slightly increased (P = 0.498), compared with placebo, while clinically overt thrombotic events during the 28-day period were slightly reduced (P = 0.144). Modified ISTH overt DIC scoring may be useful as an independent assessment for identifying severe sepsis patients at high risk of death with a favorable risk/benefit profile for DrotAA treatment. Patients without overt DIC also received significant treatment benefit.     

重症感染并发播散性血管内凝血的临床特点与早期诊断探讨

总结180例重症感染患者的临床和实验室资料,发现75%(135例)合并有不同程度的凝血功能紊乱。按凝血试验的异常程度将患者分为4组;3项以上异常者(A组)71例(39.44%),2项异常者(B组)30例(16.67%),单项异常者(C组)34例(18.89%),无凝血异常者(D组)45例(45%),各组病死率及主要合并症(出血、休克、脏器功能衰竭)有显著性差异,病死率及合并脏衰个数与凝血功能异常程度呈正相关。反映凝血功能改变最敏感的指标是血小板数(Plt)和全血凝血时间(CT),与DIC相关性最大的指标依次是:Plt、CT、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT),和纤维蛋白原(Fbg)。依据以上实验指标将感染合并凝血功能异常分为DIC前期(C组)、DIC早期(B组)和DIC期(A组)是符合临床实际情况的,并得到了统计学的支持。在此基础上提出了DIC的分期诊断标准。     

Prognostic value of a simple evolving disseminated intravascular coagulation score in patients with severe sepsis

OBJECTIVE: We postulated that the coagulopathy initiated by the inflammatory response to severe sepsis would be reflected by changes in the platelet count and prothrombin time that convey prognostic information. To examine this hypothesis, we looked at the utility of a simple evolving disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) score that awarded 1 point for each of the following: a) an absolute platelet count <100 x 10/L; b) a prothrombin time >15.0 secs; c) a 20% decrease in platelets; and d) a >0.3-sec increase in prothrombin time in predicting outcome in patients with severe sepsis. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Intensive care units of university medical center. PATIENTS: Patients were 163 critically ill severe sepsis patients. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were clinically classified as having capillary leak syndrome (n = 24), multiple organ failure with death from sepsis (n = 37), or multiple organ failure with recovery (n = 57) or as well (n = 45) if they showed rapid improvement in their modified Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) score (which did not score for thrombocytopenia). Patients with capillary leak syndrome had the highest Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, modified MODS, and prothrombin time and the lowest platelet counts, whereas well patients had the most normal values. The simple evolving DIC score increased with worsening clinical class and was associated with worsening organ failure (increased modified MODS). Mortality rate increased from 10% for a simple evolving score of 0 to 73% for a score of 4 (p < .01). Overall, 86% of those with a score < or =1 survived, whereas 85% of those with a score of > or =2 developed multiple organ failure and half of them died from sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: The simple evolving DIC score calculated in the first 48 hrs from two readily available global coagulation markers appears to reflect the severity of the underlying disorder. It can be easily calculated at the bedside and provides useful prognostic information for the patient with severe sepsis.     

危重病患者并发弥散性血管内凝血的诊治

目的探讨危重病患者并发弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)的最早临床线索及有效治疗措施。方法对本科2002年1月至2004年12月危重病患者并发DIC的最早临床线索及治疗措施进行回顾性分析和总结。结果本组26例,治愈11例,死亡10例,自动出院5例。结论危重病患者DIC发生率高,死亡率高,ICU医生对DIC一定要保持高度警惕,及早发现线索,及时抓住线索,及时诊断,及时综合治疗,才能提高对危重病患者的抢救成功率。     

Preliminary study of microparticle coagulation properties in septic patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation

BackgroundSepsis typically results in enhanced coagulation system activation and microthrombus formation. Microparticle (MP) production promotes coagulation and enhances pro-coagulation. This study investigated how circulating MP levels and tissue factor-bearing MP (TF+-MP) activity caused coagulation in patients with septic disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).MethodsThirty patients with septic DIC and 30 healthy controls were studied from December 2017 to March 2019. Patient blood samples were collected at enrolment (day 1) and on days 3 and 5; DIC scores and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores were recorded. TF+-MP activity was measured using TF-dependent factor Xa generation experiments. Circulating MP concentrations were determined by MP capture assay. Clotting factor activity, antithrombin level, soluble thrombomodulin, and serum tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) concentrations were measured.ResultsPatients with septic DIC had lower circulating MP levels than healthy control patients. Circulating MP levels in patients with septic DIC were positively correlated with DIC scores and negatively correlated with coagulation factors, but TF+-MP activity did not correlate with clotting factor levels and TFPI.ConclusionsIn patients with septic DIC, circulating MP levels are important in promoting coagulation activation and increasing clotting factor consumption. TF+-MP activity may not be the main form of active TF.     

Temporal changes in factors associated with neutrophil elastase and coagulation in intensive care patients with a biphasic waveform and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Summary. The biphasic waveform is an early marker of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Neutrophil elastase (NE) cleaves coagulation factors; thus, elevated elastase levels or its dysregulation by alpha-1-protease inhibitor (Alpha1PI) may be linked to DIC. Time courses over a period were determined for factors associated with NE and coagulation in 14 Intensive Care Unit patients with a biphasic waveform who developed DIC. The data were analyzed using a random coefficient linear regression model to predict the variables' mean values on day 0 and their mean rates of change over the period in which the biphasic waveform appeared. The biphasic waveform was normal on day 0, maximized on day 1, and approached normal again by day 4. Alpha1PI/NE complex levels were 2.5-fold greater than normal for the entire period. The A1PI activity, antigen, and specific activity levels were normal on day 0 and increased thereafter by 21.0, 10.5, and 8.9% of normal per day, respectively. Factor II, V, VII, IX, and X activity levels were, respectively, 57, 46, 46, 77, and 46% of normal on day 0, whereas factor VIII and fibrinogen levels were normal. All coagulation factor levels trended upward with time but not significantly. The prothrombin time, but not the activated partial thromboplastin time, was prolonged, and the platelet counts and hematocrits were below normal on day 0 and remained so thereafter. We conclude that events associated with neutrophil activation, elastase release, and perturbations of coagulation precede both the appearance of the biphasic waveform and the diagnosis of DIC in these patients.