孤独症谱系障碍儿童感觉特征及与核心表型的关联

  目的  探索孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder, ASD)儿童与健康儿童感觉领域的差异,明确ASD感觉异常特征及与多种核心症状之间的关联,为开展早期识别和特异性干预提供科学依据。  方法  收集在黑龙江省孤独症定点康复机构接受康复训练的ASD儿童265名作为病例组,哈尔滨市普通幼儿园和学校的223名健康儿童为对照组。采用简易感觉量表(SSP)评估两组儿童感觉水平,同时采用社交反应量表(SRS)、儿童孤独症家长评定量表(ABC)等评估孤独症患儿的社交障碍等核心症状的严重程度,分析ASD组SSP与各临床量表得分之间的相关性。  结果  SSP得分比较发现,ASD组所有感觉维度得分中位数(触觉=33;味/嗅觉=18;运动敏感=13;低反应/感觉寻求=28;听觉过滤=19;力量低下=22;视/听觉=20)均低于健康对照组(Z值分别为-2.73,-4.36,-3.17,-5.09,-11.00,-10.45,-3.43,P值均 < 0.05)。ASD组儿童多感觉总分异常率为55.1%,对照组为21.2%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=57.15,P < 0.05);相关性分析结果显示,ASD组SSP得分与SRS全部维度、孤独症诊断访谈量表修订版(ADI-R)量表的非语言交流和社会功能、孤独症继续观察量表(ADOS)交流和社会互动以及ABC和孤独症行为量表(CARS)量表总分之间均呈负相关(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  ASD儿童多感觉存在异常,其中听觉过滤维度的异常最为显著,且感觉异常水平与孤独症临床症状严重程度存在关联。在未来的临床诊疗和研究中,应增强对ASD儿童感觉症状的识别能力,以实现对ASD的早期诊断和早期干预。     

听觉统合训练对孤独症儿童康复效果研究

目的 探究听觉统合训练对孤独症儿童康复疗效的影响, 为孤独症儿童的康复提供理论基础。方法 将80例3~6岁孤独症儿童随机分为试验组和对照组, 两组均进行常规孤独症儿童康复训练, 试验组在此基础上进行听觉统合训练1个治疗周期。治疗前及治疗后1个月、3个月两组患儿均进行孤独症行为量表(Autism Behavior Checklist, ABC)评估, 该量表中的感觉、社会交往、躯体运动、语言及自理均单独作为一项评估指标进行分析。结果 1)两组患儿在进行治疗1个月及3个月后较治疗前均具有好转趋势。2)试验组患儿在听觉统合训练治疗1个月后ABC评分项目中的感觉及语言功能较对照组有明显好转, 差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);3)试验组患儿在进行听觉统合训练治疗3个月后ABC评分项目中的感觉、语言及社会交往功能较对照组有明显好转, 差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 康复训练对孤独症儿童康复具有重要意义, 听觉统合训练配合常规康复训练对孤独症患儿的康复具有明显影响, 孤独症儿童在进行康复训练时需注意加强听觉统合训练的康复治疗。     

孤独症儿童康复效果采用听觉统合训练的分析

目的:分析探讨孤独症儿童康复采用听觉统合训练的临床疗效,进一步为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法:选取2013年4月~2015年4月来我院就诊的孤独症患儿80例,按照随机数字表将其随机分为对照组和实验组两组,每组各40例,对照组患者采取一般的常规康复训练,实验组患者在对照组的基础上采取听觉统合训练,比较两组患者训练效果。结果:两组患儿经过治疗均有较为明显的好转趋势,且实验组患儿在训练1个月后其孤独症行为量表各项指标如社交、感觉、躯体运动及语言、生活自理能力等均比对照组改善更为明显。结论:对孤独症患儿实施听觉统合训练临床疗效显著,可有效改善患儿的躯体运动、自理能力、语言及感觉等,值得临床上大力的推广使用。     

感觉统合训练治疗低功能孤独症儿童的多因素疗效分析

目的:探讨感觉统合训练治疗低功能孤独症儿童的疗效与临床症状的关系。方法:将60例低功能孤独症患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,分别给予感觉统合训练和不予治疗,采用孤独症治疗评估量表(ATEC)、感觉统合能力发展量表比较治疗前后孤独症临床行为及感知觉状况的改变。结果:①感觉统合训练治疗后ATEC总分值及语言、社交、感知觉、行为项分值较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05);治疗后感觉统合失调总改善率为72.4%。②感觉统合能力发展量表触觉防御项分值、ATEC行为项分值在改善感统失调不同疗效组间有统计学差异(P<0.05);孤独症临床症状的改善与治疗前ATEC社交项分值相关(P=0.012)。结论:感觉统合训练治疗低功能孤独症儿童有疗效;其疗效与治疗前触觉防御过分、社交障碍、行为异常的程度有关。     

慢性抽动障碍患儿心理行为问题分析

目的:了解慢性抽动障碍(CTD)儿童心理行为问题。方法:采用视听整合持续操作测验(IVA-CPT)和Conners量表对168例CTD儿童和161例正常儿童进行病例对照研究。结果:CTD组儿童心理行为问题异常率明显高于正常儿童组;CTD组的综合控制力商数、听觉控制力商数、综合注意力商数、听觉谨慎商数、听觉一致性商数、听觉和视觉注意集中商数、听觉速度商数和对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:CTD儿童存在反应控制力和持续性注意力的损害,CTD组儿童心理行为问题异常率高于正常对照组儿童。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童感觉异常特征分析

目的 分析孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童感觉异常特征，为ASD儿童早期诊断、科学干预提供参考依据。方法 采用横断面调查，于2021年8月—2022年2月收集南通市康复机构训练的234名ASD儿童作为受试对象，采用简化版感觉特征问卷(SSP)进行调查。结果 234名ASD儿童中有感觉特征总分异常的儿童有128名，异常率54.7%。其中可能异常58名(24.8%),明显异常70名(29.9%),7个维度中听觉过滤异常率最高，达到82.1%;其次依次为力量低下/虚弱、运动敏感、味觉/嗅觉敏感、低反应/寻求感觉、视觉/听觉敏感、触觉敏感，感觉异常总发生率为91.0%。不同性别、年龄ASD儿童SSP量表得分比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.200、1.124,P>0.05);男童感觉异常率为56.8%,高于女童(47.1%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=6.882,P<0.05);不同年龄组患儿感觉异常特征分布差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.454,P>0.05)。结论 感觉加工异常在ASD儿童中普遍存在，且在男性患儿中表现更明显。     

rTMS联合感觉统合训练对小儿孤独症者核心症状变化的影响

目的探讨重复经颅磁刺激治疗(rTMS)联合感觉统合训练对小儿孤独症者核心症状变化的影响。方法选取2019年该院诊治的孤独症患儿60例,随机分为对照组与观察组,每组30例。对照组采用感觉统合训练方法进行康复治疗,观察组采用rTMS联合统合训练方法进行康复治疗,采用儿童孤独症评定量表(CARS)、感觉统合评定量表、孤独症治疗评估量表(ATEC)、孤独症行为评定量表(ABC)、社会反应量表简化版(SRS-SF)对患儿治疗前后核心症状及疗效进行评估。结果两组治疗前CARS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后CARS评分相对于治疗前下降,同时观察组评分低于对照组,统计学上进行比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组治疗前感觉统合评定量表中学习能力、本体感失调、触觉防御过分、前庭功能失衡维度评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后以上维度评分相对于治疗前升高,同时观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组治疗前ATEC量表中语言、知觉、行为和社交维度评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),以上维度评分治疗后低于治疗前,同时观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组治疗前ABC评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),ABC评分治疗后低于治疗前,同时观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05); SRS-SF评分两组治疗前统计学比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),SRS-SF评分治疗后低于治疗前,同时观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用rTMS联合感觉统合训练治疗小儿孤独症可促进患儿核心症状得到改善,在一定程度上改善患儿的感觉统合失调,疗效明显。     

浅思感觉统合训练治疗儿童孤独症的疗效

目的:为了探讨感觉统合训练治疗儿童孤独症的疗效.方法:选择我院自2015年6月-2017年6月收治的100例儿童孤独症患者作为研究对象,并随机平均分为对照组与观察组.对照组进行常规治疗,观察组进行感觉统合训练.结果:治疗后,观察组与对照组都得到了一定的治疗,但是观察组患者的孤独症治疗评估量表评分明显低于对照组患者,且这种差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:感觉统合训练应用于儿童孤独症的治疗可以有效改善儿童的行为、感知、社交以及语言等方面的障碍,缓解儿童的孤独症状,促使患儿发育,适合临床推广使用.     

结构化教育治疗48例儿童孤独症疗效观察

目的:观察结构化教育对儿童孤独症的治疗效果。方法:对48例孤独症患儿实施结构化教育训练,于训练前及训练9个月后采用孤独症儿童行为检查量表(ABC)、孤独症治疗评估量表(ATEC)及儿童孤独症及相关发育障碍心理教育评定量表(中国修订版)(C-PEP)评估疗效。结果:经过9个月的结构化训练,48例孤独症儿童ABC量表各因子得分及量表总分较训练前下降,其中感觉能力、交往能力及自理能力得分训练前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),运动能力和语言能力得分训练前后比较差异也有统计学意义(P<0.01)。训练后,48例患儿的语言、社交、感知、行为4方面得分及总分均较训练前明显下降(P<0.01)。患儿C-PEP评估各项目分值较训练前显著提高。结论:结构化教育能改善孤独症患儿的症状,是孤独症的有效康复手段之一。     

结构化教育治疗51例儿童孤独症疗效观察

目的观察结构化教育对儿童孤独症的治疗效果,为儿童孤独症的治疗提供依据。方法对51例孤独症患儿实施结构化教育训练,训练时间每天不少于6 h,个别训练和集体训练相结合。训练前应用《儿童孤独症及相关发育障碍心理教育评定量表(中国修订版)》(C-PEP)对孤独症儿童进行基线测评,并于训练前及训练12个月后采用孤独症儿童行为检查量表(ABC)、孤独症治疗评估量表(ATEC)进行疗效评估。结果经过12个月的结构化训练,51名孤独症儿童ABC量表各因子得分及量表总分较训练前下降,其中感觉能力、交往能力训练前后差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);运动能力、自理能力和语言能力得分前后比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。51例患儿语言、社交、感知、行为方面及ATEc总分均较训练前明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。结论结构化教育能改善孤独症患儿的症状,是孤独症的有效康复手段之一。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.