深圳市2000-2003年交通事故的流行病学特点

目的探讨深圳市交通伤害的流行病学特点。方法对深圳市公安局交通警察局提供的2000-2003年交通事故的资料进行描述性统计分析。结果4年共发生交通事故22039起,死亡3649人,男∶女为6.57∶1,伤19274人,直接经济损失12481万元。伤害人群主要年龄段为20～50岁,3164人,占86.71%,各年龄段10万人口年死亡率则以30～50岁为高峰,范围为10.22～28.98之间,10万人口交通事故死亡率呈逐年上升趋势。日时间段以0～1时及19～24时为高发时段,月份分布较为均匀。地段以城市主干道路及一级公路为主。死亡人员身体部位损伤有效统计1864人,头部1276人,多部位477人,分别占35.0%（1276/3649）、13.1%（477/3649）。平均减寿年数为40.0年。结论深圳市交通事故危害性大,主要伤害青壮年流动人口。加强交通安全管理,提高市民的交通安全意识等,是预防和控制交通伤害的主要措施。     

深圳市2000—2003年交通事故的流行病学特点

目的探讨深圳市交通伤害的流行病学特点。方法对深圳市公安局交通警察局提供的2000—2003年交通事故的资料进行描述性统计分析。结果4年共发生交通事故22039起,死亡3649人,男：女为6．57：1,伤19274人,直接经济损失12481万元。伤害人群主要年龄段为20～50岁,3164人,占86．71％,各年龄段10万人口年死亡率则以30～50岁为高峰,范围为10．22～28．98之间,10万人口交通事故死亡率呈逐年上升趋势。日时间段以0～1时及19～24时为高发时段,月份分布较为均匀。地段以城市主干道路及一级公路为主。死亡人员身体部位损伤有效统计1864人,头部1276人,多部位477人,分别占35．0％（1276／3649）、131％（477／3649）。平均减寿年数为40．0年。结论深圳市交通事故危害性大,主要伤害青壮年流动人口。加强交通安全管理,提高市民的交通安全意识等,是预防和控制交通伤害的主要措施。     

西宁市2000～2004年交通伤害流行病学调查

[目的]了解西宁市交通事故伤害多发的时间、地点、人群分布特征及事故多发的主要原因,为预防和降低车祸发生提供科学依据. [方法]采用伤害流行病学调查方法对2000～2004年西宁市的交通伤害发生的时间、驾驶员驾龄、道路、死亡人员职业等资料进行分析. [结果]2000～2004年西宁市共发生交通事故6 016起,共造成859人死亡、4 104人受伤,直接经济损失764.97万元.5年间车祸致死率差异有统计学意义(χ2=136.29,P<0.001);经圆形分布分析显示1年中4月29日车祸发生次数最多;1周中周一的车祸发生次数最多;一天24 h中车祸事故发生无统计学差异;驾龄在5年以下的司机车祸发生次数、死亡人数和受伤人数分别占56.22%、56.36%和57.87%;平直路段事故5 442起,占90.46%;事故原因主要为机动车驾驶人违章、违规造成,占87.63%;其次为行人或乘车人员造成,占8.10%. [结论]道路交通事故已逐步成为西宁市成人群体最主要的死因之一,预防和降低车祸不仅是各级政府和道路交通主管部门的责任,而且也是全社会的责任,要齐抓共管.通过改善道路设施,加强监督管理提高驾驶员和社会人群的安全意识和教育措施,可有效降低车祸的发生和人员死亡.     

2009—2015年泰州市交通事故死亡流行病学特征

目的了解泰州市交通事故死亡流行病学特征,为道路交通事故防控工作提供科学依据。方法采取ICD-10分类法,收集整理2009—2015年泰州市居民交通事故死亡资料,计算死亡率,分析道路交通事故死亡人群分布及不同交通方式死亡人数构成比。结果 2009—2015年共报告交通事故死亡7 155例,平均死亡率21.66/10万,标化死亡率为15.54/10万,占全部伤害死亡的47.19%,2009年以后呈下降趋势。男性交通事故标化死亡率22.36/10万,女性为8.80/10万,男性标化死亡率是女性的2.54倍。随着年龄的增加,交通事故死亡率有先下降后升高的趋势,其中5~岁年龄组最低,之后缓慢上升,65岁以上老年人交通事故死亡率处于较高水平,85岁以上年龄组死亡率最高。公路上行人与骑自行车和摩托车(包括电动助力车)死亡5 475人,占交通事故死亡总数的76.52%,机动车驾驶员死亡1 026人,占14.34%。机动车辆交通事故死亡数占68.74%,高于机动车以外的运输事故死亡数。结论居民意外伤害是泰州市居民死亡的主要死因之一,交通事故居意外伤害之首,应引起重视,采取相应的预防干预措施,对减少居民死亡率有十分重要的意义。     

广州市部分人群交通伤害意识定性研究

目的　了解广州市不同人群交通安全的知、信、行,为开展交通伤害干预、减少交通伤害的发生提供科学依据。方法　2 0 0 3年12月至2 0 0 4年1月在广州市随机选取小学生家长、清洁公司的外省籍工人、违章非机动车驾驶员进行人群访谈,并进行违章行人的现场拍摄,对访谈资料和拍摄资料进行定性分析。结果　被调查者普遍认为交通安全教育严重不足,对交通伤害认识不够,缺乏交通安全知识,大部分人有违反交通规则的行为。小学生家长普遍认为交通管理混乱、道路的交通标志不完善、机动车驾驶员不遵守交通规则、学生没有系统学习交通安全知识等,而为学生的交通安全担忧;工人认为走在路上感到不安全,抽查交通标志的辨认正确率为4 5 % ;违章非机动车驾驶员知道自己的违章行为,但对其持无所谓态度;不少错误的观念导致他们违反交通法规的行为。行人违章行为主要有行人过马路不走人行横道和不遵守交通信号灯、翻越马路中心护栏、马路上嬉戏、家长接学生放学占道一半。结论　广州市居民交通安全意识淡薄和不良交通行为非常严重,必须加大力度开展宣传教育,使居民自觉遵守交通规则,防范交通伤害的发生     

无锡市城乡居民2001~2005年伤害死亡状况

目的分析无锡市城乡居民伤害的死亡状况和潜在寿命损失,为采取干预措施提供基础依据。方法用描述性流行病学方法对2001~2005年伤害的死亡监测资料进行分析。结果5a伤害平均死亡率为63.43/10万,在死因顺位中排第4位;按潜在寿命损失年(PYLL)排位,伤害从第4位跃居为第2位,总PYLL为38140,PYLL‰为12.36人年。居民伤害死亡的前4位死因是交通运输事故(包括机动车辆交通事故和机动车以外运输事故),跌落、自杀、淹溺;1~14岁组儿童主要以淹溺为主,占该组死亡总数的52.75%;15~54岁组死因顺位均以交通运输事故、自杀为主,分别占该组死亡总数的59.07%、51.33%;5.5岁~以跌落、交通运输事故为主,分别占31.21%、25.96%。结论伤害是无锡市居民的主要死亡原因之一,是危害青壮年人群健康和生命的最主要危险因素,对劳动力的损失影响最明显。政府必须尽快把伤害纳入疾病预防控制规划,采取有效的措施进行干预。     

2008—2011年广西壮族自治区宾阳县居民伤害死亡原因分析

目的分析广西壮族自治区宾阳县居伤害死亡原因,为制定伤害干预措施和预防控制策略提供依据。方法依照国际统计分类ICD-10编码进行根本死因分类,对宾阳县死因登记报告的伤害死亡信息进行描述性分析。结果 2008—2011年宾阳县居民平均伤害死亡率为75.53/10万,男女性别平均伤害死亡率分别为93.87/10万和42.02/10万,男性高于女性;伤害死亡前6位死因依次是机动车辆交通事故、意外跌落、机动车以外的运输事故、淹死、自杀和意外中毒,分别占伤害死亡的20.5%、20.4%、14.5%、11.1%、7.5%、5.6%,0～19岁组伤害死亡主要以淹死为首因,占伤害死亡的6.8%,20～59岁组伤害死亡主要以交通事故为首因（包括机动车辆交通事故和机动车以外的运输事故）,占伤害死亡的23.5%,60岁～组伤害死亡主要以意外跌落为首因,占伤害死亡的13.34%。结论伤害是宾阳县居民的主要死亡之一,应针对其分布和影响因素采取相应对策和措施,减少伤害的发生。     

交通事故伤害4752宗的流行病学分析

目的探讨交通事故意外伤害的高危人群,高危车种和高发时间,以揭示车祸发生的危险因素.方法用流行病学原理对番禺市1997年发生的4 752宗交通事故(车祸)伤害进行回顾分析.结果全年共发生交通事故4 752宗,造成268人死亡,3 202人受伤,死亡率为20.94/10万.高发年龄是20～49岁的青壮年,男性车祸死亡率(29.45/10万)是女性死亡率(12.46/10万)的2.36倍;骑自行车者和行人特别是老年人是车祸的高危人群,共死亡124人,占总死亡人数的47.46%;摩托车是造成交通事故的高危车种,全年摩托车发生车祸101宗,死亡105人,占总死亡宗数的40.40%,车辆死亡率为5.84/万辆.而交通事故的高发时间是夜间(17:00～24:00),共发生车祸1 709宗,死亡116人,占总死亡人数43.28%.结论预防和控制车祸的对策是加强群众性的交通安全教育,改善道路安全设施和限制摩托车上牌.     

1951—1999年中国道路交通伤害流行病学分析

目的 探讨我国道路伤害的长期趋势和影响因素。为减少交通事故发生和保障居民人身安全提供依据。方法 计算LTS、LPS和MC等指标。对我国的道路伤害进行评价。结果 50年来我国道路伤害致死人数每10年翻一番,LPS和里程死亡率一直呈上升趋势,近10年来,浙江省的车祸发生率一直高居前三位,而宁夏地区上升幅度最大,从排行11位跃升第一位,造成道路伤害的责任是机动车驾驶员,其中以超速行驶、疏忽大意和措施不当为主,造成经济损失达97%,因车祸造成死亡中2/3为行人、骑自行车和乘客,死亡人员年龄主要在21-45岁和65岁,90%以上的道路伤害发生在平坦,潮湿路段,70%以上是晴天。结论 机动化程度提高时交通安全水平得到改善,人身安全水平也将会逐步好转。交通环境的改善以及提高人的交通安全意识对预防道路伤害是十分重要的。     

深圳市光明新区机动车伤害监测特征分析

目的了解深圳市光明新区机动车车祸急诊伤害分布情况,为伤害事件预防与控制提供依据。方法采用统一的调查表对2010-2011年在深圳市光明新区伤害监测哨点医院急诊科就诊的首诊伤害病例进行登记,运用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果 2010-2011年机动车车祸伤害病例累计4 887例,发生年龄主要集中在1~5岁和16~50岁,分别占5.44%、84.59%;其主要职业为生产运输设备操作人员及有关人员(占73.42%)、商业/服务业人员(占9.17%)、学龄前儿童(占5.93%)等。机动车车祸伤害事件大部分发生在7-24时之间占89.67%;对比2010年,2011年12月机动车车祸伤害发生下降幅度达47.43%。绝大部分伤害事件为非故意伤害事故(99.84%),以轻度伤害事故为主(78.21%),小型载客汽车和摩托车是造成伤害的主要直接交通工具(分别占36.32%、32.11%),另外重度伤害事件中小型载客汽车占52.42%。结论机动车车祸伤害呈下降趋势,绝大部分为轻度非故意事件,但小型载客汽车和摩托车仍是造成机动车车祸伤害的主要原因,加强交通安全宣传以及加大交通安全执法力度,以及采用针对性的预防与控制手段,能有效预防与控制机动车车祸伤害的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.