胰岛素促进狗缺血心肌葡萄糖转运子1移位和葡萄糖摄取

观察胰岛素能否刺激缺血心肌葡萄糖转运子 1(GLUT1)移位和葡萄糖摄取。利用自动分析仪测定生理代谢参数 ,应用免疫印迹和免疫荧光法检测GLUT1。胰岛素使缺血心肌细胞质膜GLUT1明显增加 (从 5 2 %± 4%～ 6 7%± 6 % ,P <0 0 5 )。细胞器膜GLUT1则相应减少 ,同时伴随葡萄糖摄取量明显增加 ,是单纯缺血心肌葡萄糖摄取量的 2倍。胰岛素刺激引起GLUT1移位 ,使缺血心肌葡萄糖摄取增加。提示心肌缺血时 ,应用胰岛素有助于增加心肌葡萄糖的摄取和利用     

胰岛素增强缺血心肌葡萄糖转运子1基因表达的实验研究

目的:探讨胰岛素刺激低血流缺血心肌增加葡萄糖摄取的机制。方法:采用Northern法分析缺血心肌葡萄糖转运子-1(GLUT1)mRNA和免疫法分析心肌葡萄糖转运子1(GLUT1)多肽水平。结果:胰岛素使局部低血流缺血心肌GLUT1 mRNA和GLUT1多肽表达明显增加。同时伴随缺血心肌葡萄糖摄取明显增多。结论:胰岛素能增强缺血心肌GLUT1 mRNA和GLUT1多肽表达,使GLUT1数增加,进而促进心肌葡萄糖摄取增多,胰岛素增强低血流缺血刺激的心肌GLUT1表达。     

胰岛素促进犬在体心肌细胞葡萄糖转运子4基因表达

目的 探索胰岛素促进心肌细胞葡萄糖摄取增强的机制。方法 采用Northern法分析心肌LGUT4mRNA和免疫法分析心肌GLUT4多肽。结果 胰岛素刺激心肌GLUT4mRNA和GLUT4多肽表达增加1-1.2倍,同时伴随心肌葡萄糖摄取增多。结论 胰岛素能刺激GLUT4mRNA和GLUT4多肽表达,使GLUT4数增加,进而促进心采购员葡萄糖摄取增多,胰岛素刺激心肌细胞GLUT4表达,可能是心肌增加葡萄糖摄取的重要分子学机制之一。     

葡萄糖转运蛋白4活性与钙超载后心肌细胞胰岛素抵抗

目的:初步研究钙超载后心肌细胞胰岛素抵抗与葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)活性之间的关系,探讨钙超载后心肌细胞胰岛素抵抗的分子机制。方法:采用伊屋诺霉素构建不同程度成年大鼠心肌细胞钙超载模型;应用同位素示踪技术观察胰岛素刺激大鼠心肌细胞的葡萄糖摄取效应,用West-ern blot分析检测胰岛素刺激的心肌细胞膜GLUT4的活性变化。结果:钙超载后心肌细胞表现出严重的胰岛素抵抗,实验组(1.0μmol/L伊屋诺霉素)心肌细胞膜基础GLUT4磷酸化形式和对照组无统计学差异,但胰岛素刺激的GLUT4磷酸化形式显著增加,为对照组的226.3%(P0.05)。结论:胰岛素刺激的GLUT4活性障碍是心肌细胞钙超载后胰岛素抵抗的另一重要分子机制;缺血再灌注心肌细胞内钙超载是急性胰岛素抵抗的始动因素。     

GLUT4研究进展

葡萄糖转运蛋白 4 (GLUT4 )是脂肪细胞和骨骼肌细胞协助葡萄糖转运的主要蛋白质 ,基础状态时分布于细胞内 ,在胰岛素刺激或运动等刺激下转位至细胞膜上。对GLUT4表达的调节在转录水平和转录后水平都存在。GLUT4转位涉及胰岛素信号传导途径和一磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶 (AMPK)途径。GLUT4分子内部结构变化也可影响葡萄糖的转运。     

高脂饮食喂养对大鼠骨骼肌细胞膜GLUT4含量的影响

目的:检测骨骼肌细胞膜GLUT4含量的改变,探讨高脂饮食喂养诱导胰岛素抵抗的受体后机制。方法:将动物分为3组:①正常对照组;②高脂饮食组;③高脂饮食+饮食控制组。通过8周高脂饮食喂养建立胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型,随后代以普通饮食继续喂养4周。用Westernblot方法检测骨骼肌细胞膜表面GLUT4蛋白表达。结果:在胰岛素刺激下,高脂饮食组大鼠骨骼肌细胞膜GLUT4蛋白表达显著少于正常对照组(减少约31%);饮食控制组骨骼肌细胞膜GLUT4蛋白表达明显高于高脂饮食组(约1.14倍)。结论:高脂喂养的方法可成功复制出胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型;高脂饮食可能通过影响胰岛素信号转导系统,使胰岛素刺激的GLUT4转位至细胞膜受阻,其在膜上的含量也降低,从而促进胰岛素抵抗的形成和发展。     

小鼠骨骼肌细胞离体胰岛素抵抗模型的建立和验证

目的:建立稳定可重复的骨骼肌细胞离体胰岛素抵抗模型,促进胰岛素抵抗病理机制的探索及药物的研发与筛选。方法:采用小鼠骨骼肌成肌细胞C2C12为研究对象,分别以正常分化液及含40和60 mmol/L葡萄糖的分化液诱导分化,每天用相差显微镜观察不同浓度葡萄糖处理对细胞汇聚、融合和形成多核肌管的影响;分别在分化1、3、5和7 d后应用2-NBDG法检测不同处理对细胞基础糖摄取和胰岛素刺激糖摄取的影响;在分化5 d和7 d后应用Western blot法检测不同干预对葡萄糖转运子4(glucose transporter 4,GLUT4)蛋白表达的影响;分化5 d后应用免疫荧光组化法检测不同干预对GLUT4蛋白分布的影响。结果:形态学结果显示,经60 mmol/L葡萄糖(高糖)处理3 d后明显抑制C2C12细胞的生长分化;葡萄糖摄取结果表明高糖处理5 d和7 d后均明显抑制C2C12的基础糖摄取和胰岛素刺激的糖摄取(P0.01),且处理5 d后胰岛素刺激的糖摄取与基础糖摄取的差异无统计学显著性(P0.05); Western blot检测结果表明高糖处理5 d和7 d后,胰岛素刺激的GLUT4表达与基础GLUT4表达的差异无统计学显著性(P0.05),而对照组差异显著(P0.05);免疫荧光组化检测结果表明高糖处理5 d后明显减少C2C12细胞胞膜上GLUT4蛋白分布水平(P0.01)。40 mmol/L葡萄糖处理也在一定程度上发挥作用,但效果不如60 mmol/L葡萄糖明显和稳定。结论:通过高糖刺激可成功构建较为稳定的小鼠骨骼肌细胞离体胰岛素抵抗模型,以60 mmol/L葡萄糖刺激5 d效果最好,通过形态学观察并检测基础和胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖摄取能力和GLUT4蛋白表达与分布能较好地评价骨骼肌细胞离体胰岛素抵抗水平。     

胰岛素调控葡萄糖转运蛋白4转位的研究进展

<正>胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢异常是Ⅱ型糖尿病的主要病理特征。机体在正常情况下通过胰岛素等相关激素能够非常精准地调控血液中的葡萄糖。伴随着能量摄入,升高的血糖水平会刺激胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素。血液中过量的葡萄糖被快速地转运至细胞内,从而使机体维持正常的血糖水平。胰岛素调控葡萄糖摄取主要是通过葡萄糖转运蛋白4(glucose transporter 4,GLUT4)从细胞内转位到质膜上来实现的。     

急性心肌缺血时连接蛋白43降解对传导速度影响的研究

目的：探讨急性短时间缺血时心肌细胞连接蛋白43(Cx43)的降解对缺血心肌电传导速度的影响。方法：16只犬随机分为正常对照组(n=4)和缺血组(n=12), 缺血组结扎冠状动脉1h造成急性心肌缺血, 测定缺血区心肌电传导速度, 应用激光共聚焦显微镜技术和荧光免疫组织化学方法对缺血心肌Cx43含量进行定量检测。结果：(1)急性心肌缺血时Cx43迅速降解, 心肌电传导速度明显下降；(2)缺血区各局部传导速度与该部位Cx43像素密度呈明显正相关；(3)出现持久传导阻滞的区域其Cx43降解程度均大于50%。结论： 急性短时间(1 h)缺血时Cx43的降解已经开始对心肌传导速度产生明显的影响, 而局部心肌Cx43的严重降解将导致该区域出现持久传导阻滞。     

SM22α调节GLUT4转位的机制及其在增殖性血管疾病中的意义

目的:葡萄糖转运体4(GLUT4)在球囊损伤血管新生内膜中高表达,而其转位过程依赖于肌动蛋白(actin)细胞骨架的调节。平滑肌蛋白22α(smooth muscle protein 22α,SM22α)是一种actin细胞骨架相关蛋白,其在增殖性血管疾病中表达下调。本研究观察了SM22α是否参与血管损伤或者PDGF刺激诱导的GLUT4表达和转位活性升高。方法:用PDGF-BB刺激血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC),观察GLUT4膜转位和细胞骨架的变化;用荧光葡萄糖2-NBDG检测葡萄糖摄取;用特异性si RNA敲低内源性SM22α表达;Brd U实验检测细胞增殖;高效液相色谱法检测组织葡萄糖含量。结果:PDGFBB诱导VSMCs GLUT4转位和葡萄糖摄取依赖于皮层F-actin聚合,而敲低SM22α促进这一过程。损伤新生内膜处GLUT4表达显著增加,PDGF-BB刺激促进细胞GLUT4表达和葡萄糖消耗,抑制GLUT4活性则显著降低细胞增殖活性。相对于WT组,SM22α-/-小鼠颈总动脉2-NBDG摄取显著增加,结扎后28 d新生内膜明显增厚,损伤动脉组织GLTU4转位和葡萄糖含量均明显升高。结论:PDGF-BB诱导的GLUT4转位和糖摄取参与VSMCs增殖。缺失SM22α可诱导皮层细胞骨架聚合,增强PDGF-BB诱导的GLUT4膜转位和糖摄取及代谢活性。SM22α是一种新的增殖相关糖代谢调节因子。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。