软性内镜下个性化手术治疗第四脑室流出道梗阻

目的 总结软性神经内镜下个性化手术治疗第四脑室流出道梗阻的指证、方法及效果.方法 对应用软性神经内镜个性化手术治疗第四脑室流出道梗阻32例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 单纯第四脑室正中孔造瘘9例,第四脑室正中孔造瘘加第三脑室底造瘘5例,导水管成形加第三脑室底造瘘5例,导水管成形加第四脑室正中孔造瘘2例,单纯第三脑室底造瘘11例.术后脑脊液电影检查显示导水管区脑脊液流动良好26例,枕大孔区第四脑室正中孔脑脊液流动良好10例,第三脑室底瘘口脑脊液流动良好15例,脑脊液电影检查结果不满意但临床症状缓解者2例,术后仍有高颅压表现者5例,其中2例经脑脊液外引流数日后缓解,3例复行脑室-腹腔分流术.所有患者无明显手术并发症出现.结论 软性内镜下可以经额部锁孔导水管入路对第四脑室流出道梗阻进行个性化手术治疗,使部分患者恢复正常脑脊液循环,摆脱分流依赖,但应严格选择手术指证.     

软性内镜下个性化手术治疗第四脑室流出道梗阻

目的 总结软性神经内镜下个性化手术治疗第四脑室流出道梗阻的指证、方法及效果.方法 对应用软性神经内镜个性化手术治疗第四脑室流出道梗阻32例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 单纯第四脑室正中孔造瘘9例,第四脑室正中孔造瘘加第三脑室底造瘘5例,导水管成形加第三脑室底造瘘5例,导水管成形加第四脑室正中孔造瘘2例,单纯第三脑室底造瘘11例.术后脑脊液电影检查显示导水管区脑脊液流动良好26例,枕大孔区第四脑室正中孔脑脊液流动良好10例,第三脑室底瘘口脑脊液流动良好15例,脑脊液电影检查结果不满意但临床症状缓解者2例,术后仍有高颅压表现者5例,其中2例经脑脊液外引流数日后缓解,3例复行脑室-腹腔分流术.所有患者无明显手术并发症出现.结论 软性内镜下可以经额部锁孔导水管入路对第四脑室流出道梗阻进行个性化手术治疗,使部分患者恢复正常脑脊液循环,摆脱分流依赖,但应严格选择手术指证.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the indication, method and effect of individual flexible endoscopic procedure for treatment of obstruction of fourth ventricle outlet. Methods The clinical data of 32 cases of obstruction of fourth ventricle outlet treated by individual flexible endoscopic procedure from July,2006 to June,2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Single endoscopic fourth ventriculostomy (EFV)was performed in 9 cases, EFV with endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in 5 cases, endoscopic aquductoplasty (EAP) with ETV in 5 cases, EAP with EFV in 2 cases, and single ETV in 11 cases. In cine phase -contrast magnetic resonance imaging(cine - MRI), 26 (81.3%) cases showed fine circulation of CSF in aqueduct, 10 (31.3%) fine circulation of CSF in Magendie's foramen and 15 (46.9%) fine circulation of CSF in the orificium fistulae of third ventricle floor. 2 (6. 3% ) cases were symptomatic relief although unsatisfactory result appeared in postoperative cine- MRI. Of 5 ( 15.6% ) cases who still suffered from postoperative intracranial hypertension, 2(6.3%) cases were released by external ventricle drainage for several days, 3 (9. 4% ) cases had to had ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt because the intracranial hypertension could not be released. There was no complication related to operation appeared in all patients. Conclusions The obstruction of fourth ventricle outlet could be treated individually through trans - aqueduct approach via frontal key - hole with flexible neuroendoscope. Regular CSF circulation could be put back with shunt -free in partial patients, but the operative indication should be obeyed strictly.     

婴儿出血后脑积水的内镜诊断和治疗

目的 探讨软性神经内镜在婴儿出血后脑积水诊断和治疗中的应用价值.方法 自2006年4月至2008年10月,应用电子软性神经内镜对28例婴儿出血后脑积水明确诊断并进行治疗,脑室内出血25例,蛛网膜下腔出血2例,小脑幕下硬膜下血肿1例.除1例硬膜下血肿患者内镜下行血肿腔冲洗外,其余27例均在神经内镜下进行脑室冲洗,其后行第三脑室底造瘘18例,同时行脉络丛烧灼7例,终板造瘘4例,脑室内多发分隔造瘘1例;经额第四脑室正中孔造瘘3例;导水管成形术6例.结果 28例婴儿出血后脑积水,术前通过影像学检查结合病史明确诊断17例,通过软性神经内镜对脑室系统进行全面探查后明确诊断11例.术后出现间脑发作6例,远期出现基底池梗阻2例,分别发生在术后80 d和7个月,经内镜下二次脑室探查证实后再次行基底池造瘘.随访2-27个月,平均13.5个月效果良好,无脑室感染、硬膜下积液等其他并发症出现.结论 软性内镜下脑室系统全面探查是诊断出血后脑积水最可靠的手段,内镜下脑室系统冲洗尽量清除脑室壁上的陈旧血斑,有利于降低术后造瘘口或分流管梗阻概率,二次脑室探查能够明确术后效果不佳的原因,值得提倡.     

神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术成功治疗交通性脑积水的手术机制和指征.方法 回顾性分析18例神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水患者的临床资料.结果 11例患者术前MRI显示第四脑室异常扩张和“喇叭形”中脑导水管出口,其中9例效果良好;另外7例无此影像学特征的均失败而需进一步行分流术.结论 神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术是 治疗部分交通性脑积水的有效手段,而近端脑池梗阻可能是其重要的作用机制.第四脑室相对第三脑室异常扩张和“喇叭形”中脑导水管出口可能是此类患者的影像学特征,可作为第三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水的手术指征之一.     

第四脑室脑积水的诊断及治疗进展

第四脑室脑积水是神经系统罕见的一类梗阻性脑积水, 及时准确地诊断及治疗可以避免发生不可逆的脑损伤。脑脊液动力影像学技术的进步提高了人们对第四脑室脑积水的认识及诊断。传统的手术方式包括开颅手术第四脑室流出道再通术、脑室-腹腔分流术等。近年来, 随着软性神经内镜技术的发展, 神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术、第四脑室流出道再通术治疗第四脑室脑积水取得了良好的效果。但是, 以上研究仅限于单个病例或多个病例系列的报道研究, 而且该病的发病机制目前仍不明确, 手术指征和治疗方法尚存争议。因此, 本文通过检索第四脑室脑积水诊治的相关文献, 总结对该病诊断和治疗的研究进展。     

小儿的导水管梗阻和正中孔粘连90例分析

分析小儿导水管梗阻和正中孔粘连90例,认为导水管梗阻和正中孔粘连分别以先天性和炎症性为主,指出颅内高压是重要的临床表现,有记载的79例脑室造影皆示脑室中度以上扩大,主张导水管梗阻采用侧脑室枕大池引流术或第三脑室前部造瘘术,正中孔粘连可用第三脑室前部造瘘术或正中孔剥离加下蚓部切开术。     

脑室铸型血肿的软性神经内镜治疗

目的 探讨应用软性神经内镜治疗脑室铸型血肿的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2014年5月～2016年1月航空总医院神经外科采用软性神经内镜治疗11例脑室铸型血肿患者的临床资料.评估手术时间、术后脑室外引流时间,额外的脑脊液分流手术,术后3个月结果和相关并发症.结果 在发病后第4天和第5天接受软性神经内镜手术的2例患者需要随后的脑脊液分流手术.相比之下,在发病当天接受内镜手术的9例患者中,只有1例患者因为纤维粘连导致继发性梗阻,需要额外行第三脑室底造瘘术.术后3个月,所有6例mRS评分为2～3分的患者符合以下标准:初始格拉斯哥昏迷评分高于8分,在发病当天接受软性神经内镜手术,并且脑室外引流时间小于4d.结论 使用软性神经内镜早期干预和术后短时间脑室外引流对于脑室铸型血肿效果较好.     

神经内镜治疗迟发特发性中脑导水管狭窄脑积水的临床效果分析

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术(endoscopic third ventriculostomy,ETV)对迟发特发性中脑导水管狭窄(Late-onset idiopathic aqueduct stenosis,LIAS)脑积水的临床疗效.方法 2009年1月至2012年12月间收治的15例LIAS患者,在神经内镜下行第三脑室底造瘘治疗,并利用MRI、临床症状、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)在术前和术后对患者进行评估、比较分析,了解LIAS患者的临床特点和神经内镜治疗效果.结果 15例LIAS患者术前MRI均有可见的中脑导水管狭窄或梗阻,侧脑室和第三脑室扩大,脑组织相对萎缩,无室管膜下渗出;术后3个月MRI显示第三脑室底造瘘口通畅,脑室缩小.MoCA、临床症状评估显示术后3个月较术前有明显改善.所有病人利用Odom评价标准进行调查,显示患者对手术效果满意度高.结论 神经内镜第三脑室底造瘘可明显改善LIAS患者的认知功能和临床症状,注意不应该把此类患者定义为静止性脑积水进行保守治疗.     

神经内窥镜第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的 探讨对梗阻性脑积水患者采用神经内窥镜下进行第三脑室底造瘘的手术方法．分析手术成功与失败的原因。方法梗阻性脑积水原因分别为第三脑室后部肿瘤5例，中脑顶板胶质瘤2例，Chiari畸形2例，另12例为不明原因引起的导水管梗阻或狭窄。同位素^99Tcm-TPA脑池显像显示为非脑脊液吸收障碍性阻塞性脑积水。神经内窥镜从侧脑室经蒙氏孔进入第三脑室，在乳头体前方第三脑室底最薄处造一瘘口与脚间池相通。结果术后随访12～26个月，所有患者脑积水症状均缓解，脑室体积缩小。结论神经内窥镜行第三脑室底造瘘治疗非脑脊液吸收障碍性脑积水是一种有效的微创手术。     

导水管梗阻所致巨大脑室脑积水的内镜治疗

目的 探讨导水管梗阻所致巨大脑室脑积水手术治疗的指征及并发症预防.方法 神经内镜下共治疗32例巨大脑室脑积水患者,其中25例行经额入路第三脑室底造瘘术,1例行经额小脑上池囊肿造瘘术,5例行枕下入路内镜下后颅窝囊肿切除、囊腔枕大池造瘘,1例行经枕下入路导水管成形术.结果 术后随访1-4年,32例具有行走不稳、尿失禁、智商下降、精神运动发育迟缓的患者中,26例症状明显改善,6例症状未继续进展.6例术前存在高颅压症状患者术后症状改善,除1例出现硬膜下积液外,无其他严重并发症发生.结论 巨大脑室脑积水并非内镜手术治疗禁忌,凡影像检查确定为导水管梗阻所致的巨大脑室脑积水,均应积极手术治疗,改进手术方法 可以避免严重并发症的发生.     

Endoscopic aqueductoplasty

Objective Endoscopic aqueductoplasty (EA) was considered as a good alternative to endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in selected patients. A personal experience on EA is presented in this paper. Materials and methods Forty-five patients with primary or secondary aqueductal stenosis underwent EA with or without a stent between June 2000 and June 2005. Age, gender, diagnosis, endoscopic procedures, complications, and outcome were reviewed. EA was considered successful when patients with noncommunicating hydrocephalus became shunt-free. When the patient did not need a fourth ventricular shunt after the EA with or without a stent, it was considered to be successful in patients with isolated fourth ventricle. Results Fifteen patients were older than 18 years of age. EA, EA with stent, EA with ETV, and EA with stent in addition to ETV were performed in 11, 6, 11, and 17 patients, respectively. Out of 45 patients who had undergone EA with or without stent and ETV, 31 (69%) benefited from the endoscopic procedures. The type of the endoscopic procedure, diagnosis, and the age of the patients did not significantly affect the outcome. Conclusion EA with a stent can be performed in patients with isolated fourth ventricle and in patients with aqueduct stenosis in which ETV is not feasible. EA can be dangerous and useless in aqueduct stenosis (AS), and EA with ETV is even more useless. Those patients who have undergone EA should be closely followed up for a long period of time because restenosis of the aqueduct and stent migration may happen years after endoscopic surgery.     

第三脑室底造瘘术后瘘口区脑脊液流动的MRI定量研究

目的应用磁共振相位对比电影成像(Cine PC MRI)对第三脑室底造瘘术(ETV)后瘘口区脑脊液流动情况进行定性及定量分析。方法对15例因中脑导水管狭窄或闭塞行ETV的病人,行Cine PC MRI检查(研究组),并选择15名正常志愿者作为对照组。观察瘘口区脑脊液流动情况,测量并计算瘘口区的收缩期最大流速(MSV)、舒张期最大流速(MDV)、平均流率(AFR)及1个心动周期脑脊液搏动量(SV)、净流量(NV);并对两组参数进行比较。结果研究组瘘口区脑脊液流动表现为与对照组导水管区相似的双向搏动。研究组脑脊液进入收缩期时间点为(35.52±10.26)%,对照组为(24.47±7.64)%;研究组脑脊液达到MSV时间点为(54.89±12.8)%,对照组为(42.95±10.88)%;研究组SV为(121.27±75.97)μl,对照组为(41.77±20.05)μl;研究组AFR为(20.79±10.16)ml/min,对照组为(7.28±2.42)ml/min;以上参数两组差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而两组脑脊液收缩期占心动周期的百分比、MSV及MDV差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 C...     

Endoscopic ventriculostomy of the third ventricle in adults. Own experience

Only few reports can be found on endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the Polish literature, and the majority of other reports concern paediatric or mixed population. This has induced the authors to report their experience with ETV in adults, reporting the results and discussing the usefulness and effectiveness of this procedure, causes of complications and failure. ETV was carried out in 20 patients aged over 18 years in a two-year period, beginning in 1999. In 13 cases (64%) the cause was external compression of CSF system by tumour leading to hydrocephalus. In 3 cases aqueduct stenosis was producing hydrocephalus, in 3 cases arachnoid cyst, perisellar or situated in posterior part of the third ventricle, was the cause, and in one case colloidal cyst of the third ventricle. The outcome were analysed according to clinical and radiological criteria finding that the ETV was successful in 90% of cases by clinical criteria, and in 88% by radiological criteria. Only unimportant clinical complications were reported without major consequences. It is concluded that ETV is a very useful method for hydrocephalus treatment in adults, especially if caused by blockade of CSF pathways by tumour or arachnoid cysts in the vicinity of the third ventricle.     

Efficacy of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in old aged patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a chronic disorder caused by interrupted CSF absorption or flow. Generally, shunt placement is first option for NPH treatment. Due to complications of ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt placement, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) can be considered as an alternative treatment option. Here we report the efficacy of ETV especially in old aged patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus.Total 21 old aged patients with communicating hydrocephalus with opening pressure, measured via lumbar puncture, less than 20 cm H₂O underwent ETV. 15 patients had primary/idiopathic NPH and 6 patients had secondary NPH. All patients were studied with a MRI to observe the flow void at aqueduct and the fourth ventricle outflow. And all of them underwent ETV. In a group with peak velocity was higher than 5 cm/s, nine patients (75%) were evaluated was ‘favorable’ and three of them (25%) was scored ‘poor’. In another group with peak velocity less than 5 cm/s, three of them were scored ‘poor’ and two of them were scored ‘stable’. None of them was evaluated as ‘favorable’. We also evaluated the outcomes according to etiology: 12 patients (80% of the patients with primary NPH) were evaluated with ‘favorable’ after ETV treatment. Two patients (13.3%) were as ‘stable’. And one patient was as ‘poor’ evaluated. Five patients (83.3%) among patients with secondary NPH were as ‘poor’ evaluated and one of them was stable and no patient was as ‘favorable’ evaluated. 4 patients, which was as ‘poor’ evaluated in the group with the secondary NPH, underwent additional VP shunt implantation. Overall, the outcomes of the group with the idiopathic NPH after ETV treatment were more favorable than of the group with the secondary NPH.Our study suggest that ETV can be effective for selected elderly patients with primary/idiopathic NPH, when they satisfy criteria including positive aqueduct flow void on T2 Sagittal MRI and the aqueductal peak velocity, which is greater than 5 cm/s on cine MRI.     

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age: is it a first-choice method?

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is considered a safe procedure and is a method of choice in treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus nowadays. In case of Sylvian aqueduct stenosis, the success rate reaches 90%. In children younger than 6 to 24 months, respectively, however, some authors report lower effectiveness ranging between 0% and 64%. The reasons of ETV failure are discussed: hyporesorption in patients with obstruction as a consequence of hemorrhage or infection, suboptimal ETV performance, especially in premature newborns, or the theory of different cerebrospinal fluid circulation in newborn babies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2005 and December 2006 in our clinic, 14 patients younger than 6 months having presented with obstructive hydrocephalus were treated endoscopically. Obstruction was revealed by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. The etiology of hydrocephalus was congenital aqueduct stenosis in five patients, posthemorrhagic obstruction in eight patients, and combination of posthemorrhagic and postinfection etiology in one patient. ETV was considered successful when no shunt operation was needed in the patient. RESULTS: ETV was successful in eight patients who experienced regression of signs of intracranial hypertension and were not forced to undergo ventriculo-peritoneal (V-P) shunting. In one patient, a successful repeat ETV was performed. In the remaining six patients, V-P shunt implantation was necessary. Total success rate in our group of patients was 57%. The only complication was subdural hygroma in one patient requiring evacuation. CONCLUSION: Based on our experience, we recommend ETV as the method of choice in children younger than 6 month of age.     

Quantitative assessment of cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics using a phase-contrast cine MR image in hydrocephalus

This investigation was undertaken to characterize CSF flow at the level of the aqueduct of Sylvius with a phase-contrast cine MR pulse sequence in 28 healthy volunteers. Sixteen patients with obstructive hydrocephalus and 11 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) were investigated with the same sequence before and after CSF diversion. The peak CSF flow velocity and stroke volume in the aqueduct increased significantly in the NPH group and decreased significantly in the obstructive hydrocephalus group. After lumboperitoneal shunting in the NPH group, the retrograde flow of CSF was anterogradely converted and the peak flow velocities decreased somewhat. The clinical diagnosis of NPH was well correlated with the results of cine MRI. After endoscopic III ventriculostomy in the obstructive hydrocephalus group we noted increased CSF flow velocity with markedly increased stroke volume at the prepontine cistern. Phase-contrast cine MR is useful in evaluating CSF dynamics in patients with hyperdynamic aqueductal CSF or aqueductal obstruction.     

Assessment of the influence of operative factors in the success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children

Objective To determine if operative factors correlate with success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the treatment of hydrocephalus.Materials and methods The ETV procedure video of 33 hydrocephalic children was reviewed. Mean age at operation was 76 months (range: 1–196). Success was defined as no need for shunt in the long term. We calculated the relative size of stoma as the percentage of stoma diameter to the distance between posterior clinoid–basilar artery. Factors analysed were: intra-operative haemorrhage, stoma size, thick/double third ventricular floor, pre-pontine adhesions presence, brisk cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) flow through the stoma as well as hydrocephalus cause, previous shunt presence, CSF infection or haemorrhage and previous ETV. Analysis was performed using chi-square, linear regression, and one-way ANOVA.Results Overall ETV success rate was 42%. Mean stoma size was 37%. For the entire group, none of the operative factors correlated statistically with success. Previous shunt presence adversely correlated with success (p=0.008). The highest success rate was in the aqueduct stenosis group. In patients without previous shunt (n=17), stoma size over 30% tended towards significance (p=0.094), CSF leak was adversely associated with ETV success (p=0.041) and mean stoma size was 41.3% in successful ETV and 27.8% in unsuccessful ETV (p=0.072). In patients with previous shunt (n=16), thin third ventricular floor was a negative predisposing factor (p=0.057).Conclusion This study did not demonstrate a correlation between the presence of pre-pontine adhesions, double or thickened floor of third ventricle and ETV success. In patients without previous shunt, stoma size may correlate with success. CSF leak was strongly associated with failure.