吗啡精神依赖大鼠VTA-NAc-PFC神经环路谷氨酸含量和NR2B表达的变化

目的 观察吗啡诱导条件性位置偏爱大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区-伏核-前额叶皮质(VTA-NAc-PFC)神经环路各核团谷氨酸递质含量和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体亚基NR2B表达的变化,从受体前和受体层面探讨该环路中通过谷氨酸能系统的阿片类精神依赖机制.方法 筛选出合格大鼠32只并按随机数字表法分为生理盐水对照组和吗啡条件性位置偏爱模型组(模型组),模型组采用吗啡剂量递增法建立大鼠条件性位置偏爱模型,分别用比色法和免疫组化染色检测中脑腹侧被盖区、伏核和前额叶皮质内谷氨酸含量和NR2B的表达.结果 与生理盐水对照组比较,模型组大鼠在白箱的停留时间明显延长,VTA-NAc-PFC神经环路各核团谷氨酸含量明显增高,NR2B平均吸光度值明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 VTA-NAc-PFC神经环路谷氨酸递质含量及其受体亚基NR2B表达水平上调在吗啡精神依赖形成中发挥重要作用.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the mechanism of opioid-psychic dependence involving the aspects of pre-receptor and receptor by observing the changeable expressions of glutamate neurotransmitter and NR2B of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor in the neuroanatomical circuit of ventral temental area, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex (VTA-Nac-PFC) of rats subjected to morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Methods The models of CPP were validated by escalating doses of morphine in rats (n=16). The colorimetry and immunohistochemistry ways were applied to detect the contents of glutamic acid and the expression level of NR2B in VTA, Nac and PFC. Results As compared with those in the control group physiological saline), the prolonged detention time of white compartment in the model group was notably observed (P<0.05), and increased content of glutamic acid and expression level of NR2B in fields of VTA, Nac and PFC in the model group were significantly detected (P<0.05). Conclusion Increased level of giutamic acid and expression level of NR2B in nuroanatomieal circuit of VTA, Nac and PFC could play key roles in inducing morphine-psychic dependent rats.     

吗啡精神依赖大鼠VTA-NAc-PFC神经环路谷氨酸含量和NR2B表达的变化

目的 观察吗啡诱导条件性位置偏爱大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区-伏核-前额叶皮质(VTA-NAc-PFC)神经环路各核团谷氨酸递质含量和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体亚基NR2B表达的变化,从受体前和受体层面探讨该环路中通过谷氨酸能系统的阿片类精神依赖机制.方法 筛选出合格大鼠32只并按随机数字表法分为生理盐水对照组和吗啡条件性位置偏爱模型组(模型组),模型组采用吗啡剂量递增法建立大鼠条件性位置偏爱模型,分别用比色法和免疫组化染色检测中脑腹侧被盖区、伏核和前额叶皮质内谷氨酸含量和NR2B的表达.结果 与生理盐水对照组比较,模型组大鼠在白箱的停留时间明显延长,VTA-NAc-PFC神经环路各核团谷氨酸含量明显增高,NR2B平均吸光度值明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 VTA-NAc-PFC神经环路谷氨酸递质含量及其受体亚基NR2B表达水平上调在吗啡精神依赖形成中发挥重要作用.     

吗啡精神依赖大鼠相关脑区细胞外氨基酸类神经递质的变化

目的 研究吗啡精神依赖大鼠伏隔核(NAc)、苍白球腹侧核(VP)以及中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)中细胞外谷氨酸(Glu)和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量的变化. 方法 18只Wisar大鼠按照随机数字表法分为对照组(8只)和吗啡组(10只).吗啡组大鼠每日皮下注射盐酸吗啡,并进行位置偏爱(CPP)训练,10 d后停药,戒断躯体依赖后行CPP评分;对照组大鼠在相同时间给予同体积的生理盐水皮下注射10d.停药一周后用微透析探针对大鼠NAc、VP和VTA行微透析,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定透析液中的Glu和GABA的含量. 结果 吗啡组NAc中细胞外Glu含量明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组VP和VTA中细胞外Glu和GABA含量比较差异有统计学意义. 结论 Glu在维持精神依赖的过程中发挥重要作用.     

谷氨酸、多巴胺、“动机环路”与物质依赖

精神活性物质急性使用与长期滥用的形成有共同的神经解剖学基础，复吸又是一个相对独立的病理过程，在神经递质传递与作用机制方面有独特之处。“动机环路”及其谷氨酸、多巴胺的相互作用可能是物质依赖与复吸有关的神经生物学基础。     

谷氨酸、多巴胺、“动机环路”与物质依赖

精神活性物质急性使用与长期滥用的形成有共同的神经解剖学基础 ,复吸又是一个相对独立的病理过程 ,在神经递质传递与作用机制方面有独特之处。“动机环路”及其谷氨酸、多巴胺的相互作用可能是物质依赖与复吸有关的神经生物学基础。     

中枢谷氨酸能系统与吗啡依赖

本文综述了谷氨酸、谷氨酸受体及其拮抗对吗啡位置偏爱、戒断综合征、吗啡依赖部分相关基因表达的影响。     

中枢谷氨酸能系统与吗啡依赖

本文综述了谷氨酸、谷氨酸受体及其拮抗剂对吗啡位置偏爱、戒断综合征、吗啡依赖部分相关基因表达的影响。     

吗啡依赖和戒断大鼠海马CA1区TNF-α和GDNF的表达变化

药物成瘾或药物依赖是一种慢性复发性脑疾病。药物依赖的形成机制目前尚不清楚，已有研究提示胶质源性神经营养因子（GDNF）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）等多种因子可能参与药物依赖形成过程，但这方面的实验证据尚少，很多环节需进一步研究。     

吗啡依赖及戒断对大鼠强啡肽原mRNA表达的影响

目的　研究吗啡依赖形成及戒断对大鼠强啡肽原mRNA表达的影响。方法　将 18只Sprague Dawley雄性大鼠随机分为吗啡依赖组、吗啡戒断组和空白对照组 ,每组 6只。采用皮下注射吗啡建立大鼠吗啡依赖模型 ,初剂量为 10mg/kg ,以后每天增加 5mg/kg ,3次 /d ,连续 6天。应用放射性3 2 磷标记的三磷酸脱氧胞苷掺入标记探针法进行Northern印迹杂交技术检测三组大鼠强啡肽原mRNA的表达水平。结果　 (1)连续 6天给予吗啡 ,吗啡依赖组大鼠下丘脑 (2 3 88± 1 6 2 )、纹状体(19 87± 2 0 3)及脊髓 (13 36± 1 4 6 )的强啡肽原mRNA相对含量分别低于对照组 (分别为 34 36±1 4 6、31 2 4± 2 83和 2 7 6 0± 2 89;均P <0 0 1) ,海马 (2 9 6 7± 3 2 3)强啡肽原mRNA相对含量高于对照组 (2 5 87± 1 74 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;(2 )给予纳洛酮处理 6 0min后 ,下丘脑 (10 2 2± 1 2 2 )、纹状体(5 90± 0 84 )、脊髓 (2 99± 0 4 8)强啡肽原mRNA的相对含量低于吗啡依赖组 (均P <0 0 1) ,而垂体强啡肽原mRNA(2 6 72± 1 79)却高于吗啡依赖组 (11 6 0± 2 2 4 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　慢性给予吗啡可影响大鼠强啡肽原mRNA的表达 ,从而参与吗啡依赖形成和戒断反应。     

吗啡依赖大鼠脑内相关脑区CREB mRNA的表达

目的　观察吗啡依赖和戒断时大鼠脑内转录因子CREBmRNA的变化。方法　采用逆转录PCR(RT PCR)方法 ,对CREBmRNA在吗啡依赖和戒断时大鼠脑内与阿片类物质依赖有关的前额叶皮质、海马、伏隔核和新纹状体等脑区的表达进行观察。结果　吗啡依赖和戒断时前额叶皮质以及吗啡戒断时新纹状体CREBmRNA的光密度值高于对照组 ,海马、伏隔核等处无改变。结论　吗啡依赖和戒断时CREBmRNA在某些脑区的表达升高 ,提示CREB可能与阿片类物质依赖的形成有关。     

Postnatal development of NR1, NR2A and NR2B immunoreactivity in the visual cortex of the rat

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critically involved in some types of synaptic plasticity. The NMDAR subunits NR1, NR2A and NR2B are developmentally regulated, and it has been proposed that developmental changes in their expression may underlie developmental changes in cortical plasticity. Age-dependent change in cortical plasticity is most commonly measured by the monocular deprivation effect, which occurs during a critical period between P22 and P50 in the rat. Although the development of NMDAR subunits has been studied from birth through the fourth postnatal week, there is only meager information from older ages when visual plasticity ends. We hypothesized that there will be significant age-dependent change in expression of NR1, NR2A or NR2B between P22, when the cortex is plastic, and P90, when it is not. We applied specific antibodies recognizing NR1, NR2A and NR2B to the primary visual cortex at P14, P22, P30, P45 and P90. We found age-dependent changes in NR1-IR that were negatively correlated with changes in NR2A-IR; these subunits are not regulated in unison. In contrast, NR2A-IR and NR2B-IR were positively correlated. NR2A-IR and NR2B-IR both passed through a developmental minimum around P45, then recovered to approximately their P22 level. NR1-IR passed through a maximum at P45. There were no significant differences between P22 and P90. These results do not support the simple hypothesis that the loss of plasticity corresponds to a simple transition from juvenile levels of NMDAR subunit proteins to new adult levels. On the other hand, the results do confirm the hypothesis that there are significant changes in processing of NMDAR proteins during the time that plasticity is lost. How these changes of IR relate to synaptic transmission and plasticity needs to be clarified.     

NMDA receptors in nucleus accumbens modulate stress-induced dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area

Converging evidence suggests that dopamine (DA) transmission in nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is modulated locally by an excitatory amino acid (EAA)-containing input possibly originating in medial prefrontal cortex (PFC). In the present study, we examined the effects of intra-NAcc administration of EAA receptor antagonists on stress-induced increases of NAcc DA levels and of dendritically released DA in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Local injection of the NMDA receptor antagonist—AP-5 (0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 nmoles)—dose-dependently potentiated increases in NAcc DA levels elicited by 15 min of restraint stress. In contrast, local application of equivalent doses of the kainate/AMPA receptor antagonist—DNQX—failed to alter the NAcc DA stress response reliably. In a separate experiment, we found that intra-NAcc injection of AP-5 also potentiated stress-induced increases in VTA DA levels. These results indicate that EAAs acting at NMDA receptors in NAcc can modulate stress-induced DA release in this region. Our data indicate, however, that this action exerts an inhibitory influence on the NAcc DA stress response, suggesting that the relevant population of NMDA receptors are not located on NAcc DA terminals. The fact that intra-NAcc AP-5 injections also potentiated the DA stress response in VTA suggests instead an action mediated by NMDA receptors located on NAcc neurons that feedback, directly or indirectly, to cell bodies of the mesocorticolimbic DA system. Synapse 26:225–234, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.     

Dendritic morphology changes in neurons from the ventral hippocampus,amygdala and nucleus accumbens in rats with neonatal lesions into the prefrontal cortex

Neonatal prefrontal cortex (nPFC) lesions in rats could be a potential animal model to study the early neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with the behavioral and morphological brain changes observed in schizophrenia. Morphological alterations in pyramidal neurons from the ventral hippocampus (VH) have been observed in post‐mortem schizophrenic brains, mainly because of decreased dendritic arbor and spine density. We assessed the effects of nPFC‐lesions on the dendritic morphology of neurons from the VH, basolateral‐amygdala (BLA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in rats. nPFC lesions were made on postnatal day 7 (PD7), after dendritic morphology was studied by the Golgi‐Cox stain procedure followed by Sholl analysis at PD35 (prepubertal) and PD60 (adult) ages. We also evaluated the effects of PFC‐lesions on locomotor activity caused by a novel environment. Adult animals with nPFC lesions showed a decreased spine density in pyramidal neurons from the VH and in medium spiny cells from the NAcc. An increased locomotion was observed in a novel environment for adult animals with a PFC‐lesion. Our results indicate that PFC‐lesions alter the neuronal dendrite morphology of the NAcc and the VH, suggesting a disconnection between these limbic structures. The locomotion paradigms suggest that dopaminergic transmission is altered in the PFC lesion model. This could help to understand the consequences of an earlier PFC dysfunction in schizophrenia. To evaluate possible dendritic changes in neonatal prefrontal cortex lesions in schizophrenia‐related regions including nucleus accumbens, ventral hippocampus and basolateral amygdala, we used the Golgi‐Cox stain samples at PD35 and PD70. Our results suggest that neonatal prefrontal cortex damage alters dendritic parameters in limbic regions, and this has potential implications for schizophrenia. Synapse 69:314–325, 2015 . © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Dendritic morphology of neurons in medial prefrontal cortex,hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens in adult SH rats

We have studied, in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats at different ages (2, 4, and 8 months old), the dendritic morphological changes of the pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus and medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) induced by the chronic effect of high‐blood pressure. As control animals, we used Wistar‐Kioto (WK) rats. Blood pressure was measured every 2 months to confirm the increase in arterial blood pressure. Spontaneous locomotor activity was assessed, and then brains were removed to study the dendritic morphology by the Golgi‐Cox stain method followed by Sholl analysis. SH animals at 4 and 8 months of age showed decreased spine density in pyramidal neurons from the mPFC and in medium spiny cells from the NAcc. At 8 months of age as well the pyramidal neurons from the hippocampus exhibited a reduction in the number of dendritic spines. An increase in locomotion in a novel environment at all ages in the SH rats was observed. Our results indicate that high‐blood pressure alters the neuronal dendrite morphology of the mPFC, hippocampus, and NAcc. The increased locomotion behavior supports the idea that dopaminergic transmission is altered in the SH rats. This could enhance our understanding of the consequences of chronic high‐blood pressure on brain structure, which may implicate cognitive impairment in hypertensive patients. Synapse, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Distribution and expression of the subunits of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors; NR1, NR2A and NR2B in hypoxic newborn piglet brains

The purpose of this study was to identify the distribution and the expression of the NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor after cerebral hypoxia. Ten piglets were divided into control and hypoxic groups (n=5, each). The control piglets were ventilated with normoxia for 1 h, and the hypoxic piglets were ventilated with hypoxia until p_aO₂ was below 20 mmHg. Tissue samples from the nine different regions of newborn piglet brain were obtained, and the protein amount of the NR1, NR2A, and NR2B subunits measured by immunoblot using the antibody to the NR1, NR2A, and NR2B subunits. The NR1, N2A, and NR2B subunits were distributed very differently; hippocampus and cortical area are more prominent than white matter and cerebellum. But the expression of the NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits were not significantly different between the control and the hypoxic group, 1 h after hypoxic exposure, indicating no changes in the protein amount of NMDA receptor subunits. These results show a significantly higher amount of the NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex of newborn brains, indicating that these structures could be highly vulnerable to excitotoxicity in the newborn brain.     

Chronic nicotine and smoke treatment modulate dopaminergic activities in ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens and the gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor expression of the rat prefrontal cortex

Dopaminergic afferents from the mesencephalic areas, such as ventral tegmental area (VTA), synapse with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Pharmacological and electrophysiological data show that the reinforcement, the dependence-producing properties, as well as the psychopharmacologic effects of nicotine depend to a great extent on activation of nicotinic receptors within the mesolimbocortical dopaminergic projection. To explore further the relationship between the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and PFC GABAergic neurons, we investigated the effects of nicotine and passive exposure to cigarette smoke on the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in VTA and substantia nigra (SNC) and dopamine (DA) D1 receptor levels in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate-putamen (CPu). Also, the simultaneous changes in GABAB receptors mRNAs in the PFC were studied. The results showed that chronic nicotine and smoking treatment differentially changed the levels of TH protein in VTA and SNC and DA D1 receptor levels in Nac and CPu. GABAB1 and GABAB2 receptor mRNA levels also showed different change patterns. Ten and thirty minutes of smoke exposure increased GABAB1 receptor mRNA to a greater extent than that of GABAB2, whereas GABAB2 was greatly enhanced after 1 hr of smoke exposure. The TH levels in VTA were closely related to DA D1 receptor levels in NAc and with GABAB receptor mRNA changes in PFC. These results suggest that the mesolimbic pathway and GABAB receptor mRNA in PFC are modulated by nicotine and cigarette smoke, implying an important role in nicotine's psychopharmacological effects.