Estimated production by the official inspection of tar colors (including aluminum lakes) in fiscal year 2000

There were 176 official inspections of tar colors and their lakes in fiscal year 2000, and 175 samples were qualified. The quantity of tar colors that passed inspection in Japan in fiscal year 2000 reached 137.5 tons. Tar color production is estimated by month and by manufacturer. The food tar color produced in the largest quantity was Food Yellow No. 4, accounting for 43.4% during this period.     

Estimated production by the official inspection of tar colors (including aluminum lakes) in fiscal year 2003

There were 197 official inspections of tar colors and their lakes in fiscal year 2003, the two of their samples were rejected, and the other were qualified. Total production amount of tar colors that passed inspection in Japan in fiscal year 2003 reached 147.9 tons. Tar color production amounts were described by month and by manufacturer. The food tar color produced in the largest amount was Food Yellow No. 4, accounting for 41.7% during this period.     

Estimated production by the official inspection of tar colors (including aluminum lakes) in fiscal year 2002

There were 157 official inspections of tar colors and their lakes in fiscal year 2002, and all of their samples were qualified. Total production amount of tar colors that passed inspection in Japan in fiscal year 2002 reached 113.6 tons. Tar color production amounts were described by month and by manufacturer. The food tar color produced in the largest amount was Food Yellow No. 4, accounting for 42.5% during this period.     

Estimated production by the official inspection of coal-tar dyes (including dye aluminum lakes) in fiscal year 1998

There were 284 official inspections of coal-tar and their lakes in fiscal year 1998, and 283 of the lots qualified, one of the 40 samples of Food Yellow No. 5 was rejected. The quality of coal-tar dyes that passed inspection in Japan in fiscal year 1998 reached 150.3 tons. Coal-tar dye production is summarized by manoth in Table 2 and by manufacturer in Table 3. The food coal-tar dye produced in the largest quantity was Food Yellow No. 4, accounting for 44.1% during this period.     

Estimated production by the official inspection of coal-tar dyes (including dye aluminum lakes) in fiscal year 1999

There were 260 official inspections of coal-tar dyes and their lakes in fiscal year 1999, and 259 of the lots qualified, one of the 8 samples of Food Blue No. 1 aluminum lakes was rejected. The quantity of coal-tar dyes that passed inspection in Japan in fiscal year 1999 reached 151.9 tons. Coal-tar dye production is estimated by month and by manufacturer. The food coal-tar dye produced in the largest quantity was Food Yellow No. 4, accounting for 44.2% during this period.     

Estimated production by the official inspection of coal-tar dyes (including dye aluminum lakes) in 1997

The number of official inspection of coal-tar dyes and their lakes from April in 1997 till March in 1998 were 571 in total. The quantity which passed inspection amounted to 160.3 ton in Japan. The production of color in each month was summarised in Table 1, and by each producing company in Table 2. The food coal-tar dye produced in the largest quantity was Food Yellow No.4, occupying 39.8% in this period.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定糖果中6种合成着色剂及其铝色淀

目的 建立糖果中6种合成着色剂及其铝色淀的高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析方法。方法 样品经NaOH溶液浸泡超声提取,离心,上清液经PWAX柱富集净化;采用InertsilR ODS-3 C18为分离柱,以乙酸铵（0.02 mol/L）-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器检测,外标法定量。结果 6种目标化合物在0.1～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,相关系数（r值）大于0.999,3个浓度水平加标回收率为70.3%～110%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.07%～11.4%,检出限为1.0 mg/kg。应用该方法检测了10件市售糖果样品,检出柠檬黄、日落黄、胭脂红、诱惑红和亮蓝,其含量为1.5～363 mg/kg。结论 该方法简便快速,灵敏度高,适合于糖果中6种合成着色剂的测定。     

Efficient extraction of vaccines formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel by including surfactants in the extraction buffer

Efficient antigen extraction from vaccines formulated on aluminum hydroxide gels is a critical step for the evaluation of the quality of vaccines following formulation. It has been shown in our laboratory that the efficiency of antigen extraction from vaccines formulated on Alhydrogel decreased significantly with increased storage time. To increase antigen extraction efficiency, the present study determined the effect of surfactants on antigen recovery from vaccine formulations. The Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) formulated on Alhydrogel and stored at 2-8 °C for 3 years was used as a model in this study. The AMA1 on Alhydrogel was extracted in the presence or absence of 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or 20 mM cetylpyridinium chloride in the extraction buffer (0.60 M citrate, 0.55 M phosphate, pH 8.5) using our standard antigen extraction protocols. Extracted AMA1 antigen was analyzed by 4-20% Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining or western blotting. The results showed that inclusion of SDS or cetylpyridinium chloride in extraction buffer increased the antigen recovery dramatically and can be used for efficient characterization of Alhydrogel vaccines.     

Analysis of public health expenditures in the area of Guadalajara during the fiscal year 1989]

In the health care area of Guadalajara health expenses are met by three agencies, although there are no local data on the participation of each of them. The present paper studies public expenditures in Guadalajara, as well as their distribution by agency, by budget items and by type of service during 1989, and their relationship with population size and the gross provincial product. Total expenditures amounted 9.085.343.426 ptas. of which the National Health Institute (INSALUD) provided 80.5%, the Regional Health Council 15.5% and the County Council 4%. This implies a health expenditure of 61.385 ptas per year (21.424 ptas for primary care, 36.278 ptas for specialized care 3.683 ptas for overheads and administrative costs). The gross provincial product amounted to 122.5 billion ptas of which 7.65% were allocated to health care. Guadalajara is a large area with a small but widely dispersed and regressive population moderately depressed from the economic point of view, and with overall health resources above national average. Distribution of health care expenditure coincides with the overall data provided by the direct management of INSALUD. The expenditure/inhabitant ratio is higher than the national average, both in absolute terms and in percentage of the gross provincial product, which is understandable when demographic characteristics and existing resources are considered.     

Evaluation of students' nutrition in Poland based on the data for the year 2001 gathered by the Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations

Having used reports from sanitary-epidemiological stations, a situation of schools supplementary nutrition in all types of schools in Poland in the year 2001 has been analyzed. It has been stated, that a hot meal is consumed by 16.1% (1,090,535) of pupils. It has been reported, that schools serving meals probably met demand, but meals were not provided in 65% of schools. In these institutions, creating possibility of serving meals appears to be the most important task on the way to improve pupils nutrition in schools. In 60% of schools such conditions need to be established from the foundation, while in 5% of schools it is enough to make use of existent potential. It has been emphasized, that a pupil of every school should have possibility to have a drink (today it is possible in 32% of schools) as well as to eat a sandwich. Milk products were consumed in 4% of schools and it concerned 2% of pupils. In 40% of schools a pupil could purchase in a grocery articles of consumption, mainly confectionery articles and non-milk drinks. However, pupils should be encouraged and stimulated to purchase in groceries products reinforcing rational nutrition.     

Estimating the relationship between exposure to tar volatiles and the incidence of bladder cancer in aluminum smelter workers

A previously reported case-referent study of 85 incident cases of bladder cancer among aluminum smelter workers and 255 matched referents revealed an excess risk among workers exposed to coal-tar pitch volatiles. For the study reported in the present investigation these data have been augmented by estimates of past workplace exposure to total tar (benzene-soluble matter) and to benzo-a-pyrene (BaP). From these new data, exposure-response relationships have been estimated by maximum likelihood. A linear relationship between cumulative exposure and relative risk and a minimum latency period of ten years were assumed on a priori grounds and found compatible with the data. Under these assumptions, relative risk increased for each year of exposure to benzene-soluble matter at a concentration of 1 mg/m3 by 13%, the 95% confidence interval being 5-31. The corresponding figure for BaP (as micrograms/m3 X year) was 2.3%. On the basis of these estimates, 40 years of exposure to benzene-soluble matter at the current exposure limit of 0.2 mg/m3 would lead to a relative risk of 2.4. There was suggestive but not conclusive evidence that relative risks due to exposure to tar volatiles and to cigarette smoke combined multiplicatively.     

Assessment of magnesium and aluminum in erythrocytes by the laser microprobe mass analyzer (LAMMA)

The erythrocyte magnesium content was determined using two different analytical systems (atomic absorption spectrometry and the laser microprobe mass analyzer) with specimens from 18 patients with normal renal function and from 10 patients with chronic renal insufficiency. There was a good correlation (r = 0.73) between the two analytical systems. Additionally, the laser microprobe mass analyzer was used to determine the aluminum content of plasma and erythrocytes in specimens from patients who ingested moderate quantities of aluminum hydroxide for several months. Results showed a significant elevation of the plasma aluminum concentration, but a normal erythrocyte aluminum content. The laser microprobe mass analyzer may be useful in studies of mineral metabolism in humans.     

Modeling of egg production by Temora longicornis from the southern Baltic Sea including salinity

The paper presents modeling of egg production (Egg — no. of eggs female^?1 d^?1) by Temora longicornis in the changing environmental conditions of the southern Baltic Sea (Gdańsk Deep). It is hypothesized that the food-saturated rate of egg matter production is equivalent to the specific growth rate of copepods. Based on the findings from the south-western Baltic Sea, Egg of T. longicornis is evaluated as a function of food concentration, temperature and salinity over a wide range of these parameters. Subsequently, the rate of reproduction during the seasons in the Gulf of Gdańsk is determined. According to our calculations, values of Egg reach ca 11 eggs per day in April and decline strongly in June-July, while the second smaller peak in reproduction occurs in September, ca 8 eggs per day. Our results suggest that egg production rates of T. longicornis depend not only on food concentration and temperature, but also on salinity, which is a masking factor in the Baltic Sea.     

Clinical evaluation of Fuji computed radiography (FCR) by physicians including non-radiologists

In Niigata university hospital, most of conventional radiography were changed to FCR from July 1988. To evaluate its clinical utility, questionnaires relating to FCR image were distributed to all physicians including non-radiologists in the hospital after three months. The ratio of the physicians evaluated FCR image to be better than conventional image was 75% in chest radiography, 64% in abdominal radiography. FCR tomography of bone, joint, cranium and chest was also evaluated to be better than conventional by most of the physicians. Reduced size of the film and difficulty in detecting interstitial shadows of the lung were mentioned to be the fault of FCR.