大鼠超急性期脑缺血的磁共振扩散加权成像研究

目的：利用磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）评价大鼠超急性期脑缺血的诊断价值。方法：12只Wistar雄性大鼠,采用线栓法制作右侧大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）脑缺血模型,分别于栓塞后1h和6h行大鼠冠状位磁共振DWI、T2WI和T1WI检查,并测量缺血区DWI异常高信号的体积、表观扩散系数（ADC）值,将所测值进行比较。磁共振检查结束后处死大鼠,断头取脑行TTC染色,并与DWI结果进行比较。结果：大鼠MCAO后1h进行MRI扫描右侧大脑中动脉供血区DWI可见异常稍高信号,ADC为低信号,T2WI和T1WI均未见异常信号;MCAO后6hDWI可见明显高信号,较1hADC值显著减低（P〈0.01）,DWI上梗死灶体积显著扩大（P〈0.01）,T2WI显示缺血区异常高信号,T1WI可见稍低信号。TTC染色者均显示脑梗死灶,与MCAO后6h的DWI显示脑缺血范围一致。结论：DWI对超急性期脑梗死较常规MRI敏感,是超急性期脑缺血重要的检查方法。     

DWI及FLAIR技术在不同时期脑梗死诊断中的应用

目的 :探讨磁共振弥散加权像 (DWI)及液体衰减反转恢复 (FLAIR)技术对不同阶段脑梗死诊断的应用价值。方法 :5 4例脑梗死患者共计完成 75例次DWI及FLAIR成像检查 (超急性 8例 ,急性期 30例 ,亚急性 15例 ,慢性期 2 2例 )。分析不同时期梗死灶在各序列的表现 ,并比较不同序列上病变核心与对侧相应部位正常脑组织信号强度比 (rDWI、rFLAIR)。结果 :①超急性脑梗死灶DWI为高信号 ,FLAIR为等信号 ,rDWI与rFLAIR有显著性差异 (P =0 .0 0 3)。②急性期病灶DWI表现为高信号 ,FLAIR为略高、高信号 ;信号强度比有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,DWI优于FLAIR。③亚急性期脑梗死灶DWI、FLAIR均以高信号为主 ,两者间无显著性差异 (P =0 .0 85 )。④慢性期信号强度比差异无显著性 (P =0 6 4 2 ) ,但DWI表现不一 ,而FLAIR上表现一致 ,均为高信号。结论 :磁共振弥散加权像 (DWI)及液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)技术对于不同时期脑梗死具有重要价值。DWI对超急性、急性期脑梗死的诊断优于FLAIR ;亚急性期内两种方法基本相同 ;慢性期总体上不如FLAIR。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在超急性期脑梗死诊断中的应用

目的 评价磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）对超急性期脑梗死诊断的准确性。方法 对卒中样起病且发病时间在6h以内、临床高度怀疑脑梗死的21例患者进行DWI和常规MRI扫描。结果 DWI诊断脑死16例，其最终临床诊断均为急性脑梗死，DWI阴性5例，其最终临床诊断为短暂性脑缺血发作；DWI所见高信号区域的同一部位在以后的CT和（或）MRI随访中均有脑梗死病灶；DWI诊断超急性期脑梗死的敏感度和特异度均为100％，常规MRI诊断超急性期脑梗死的敏感度为25％，特异度为100％。结论 DWI对超急性期脑梗死的诊断高度准确，其敏感度明显高于常规MRI。     

Time course of the apparent diffusion coefficient after cerebral infarction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate quantitative apparent diffusion changes in the center of infarction by measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and to investigate the influence of ischemia on the contralateral hemisphere. By diffusion echo-planar imaging (EPI) 52 patients showing cerebral infarction were studied within 5 h to >12 months after onset of clinical symptoms. Using three diffusion gradient strengths (b1=30 s/mm(2); b2=300 s/mm(2), b3=1100 s/mm(2)) ADC maps were generated. After onset of ischemia, ADC in the center of infarction was lower than in the contralateral regions of human brain. At first ADC declined for approximately 28 h to a minimum of approximately 150x10(-8) cm(2)/s. Then the ADC reincreased and reached a "pseudonormalization" after approximately 5 days. Chronic infarctions did show much higher ADC values (2000x10(-8) cm(2)/s) than unaffected areas. Neither localization nor size of infarctions showed a significant influence on this time course. In the center of infarction diffusion is isotropic. Even brain regions of the contralateral hemisphere are influenced by cerebral ischemia. In these regions ADC is higher than for physiological conditions. The ADC also declines especially for the first 2-3 days after onset of symptoms, also followed by reincrease. The ADC calculation enables determination of the onset of infarction more exactly than is possible using only diffusion-weighted imaging. Diffusion in the center of infarction is isotropic; hence, orientation of the diffusion gradients has no significant influence on sensitivity of measurements. The calculation of the ADC ratio based on data derived from the center of infarction and the contralateral hemisphere seems to be critical because the ADC in the unaffected contralateral hemisphere also changes.     

MR扩散加权成像对急性脑梗死的诊断价值

目的 :评价磁共振扩散加权成像 (MRDWI)及ADC图对急性脑梗死的诊断价值。方法 :对 18例疑有急性脑梗死患者行MRDWI检查并分析其ADC图 ,并与CT及常规MRI进行比较。结果 :常规MRI、DWI及ADC图显示所有 18例脑梗死患者的 42个急性梗死病灶 ,而常规MRI只显示了其中 19个病灶。 18例患者中有 3例于MRI检查前行CT扫描 ,仅1例提示急性脑梗死 ,且为大脑中动脉供血区大面积脑梗死。结论 :MRDWI对于急性脑梗死的诊断明显优于CT及常规MRI,并且能够鉴别急性、亚急性和慢性脑梗死     

弥散加权MRI对急性和非急性脑梗死的鉴别诊断价值

目的：评价弥散加权(DWI)MRI对急性和非急性脑梗死的鉴别诊断价值。方法：对41例脑梗死(急性12例，亚急性14例，慢性15例)患者行头颅DWI和常规MRI扫描。结果：急性和亚急性脑梗死在DWI上均表现为高信号，其中8例急性脑梗死在DWI上比常规T2WI显示的更清楚或范围更大；而慢性脑梗死在DWI上表现为等信号、混杂信号或低信号。结论：DWI可为急性和非急性脑梗死的鉴别诊断提供可靠的依据。     

急性脑缺血表观扩散系数成像的实验研究

用改良的线栓法大脑中动脉阻塞模型,探讨急性脑缺血及再灌注的表现扩散系数成像特点。方法：２０只ＳＤ大白鼠,分为４组：Ａ组（８只）,非再通组,Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ组（各４只）,分别于ＭＣＡＯ３０ｍｉｎ、１ｈ、２ｈ后再通,于不同时间点作ＡＤＣ成像和Ｔ２ＷＩ,并测量感兴趣区的ＡＤＣ、相对ＡＤＣ（ｒＡＤＣ）。结果：ＭＣＡＯ后１５ｍｉｎ好出现缺血区ＡＤＣ下降,而Ｔ２ＷＩ最早在栓塞后２ｈ出现异常。６ｈ内缺血区,ＡＤＣ及ｒ     

联合SWI与DWI在急性脑弥漫性轴索损伤中的应用价值

目的：评价联合磁敏感成像（SWI）与扩散加权成像（DWI）在急性期脑弥漫性轴索损伤中的应用价值。方法：32例脑弥漫性轴索损伤急性期患者,所有患者行常规MRI序列、DWI及SWI序列全脑扫描。结果：共检出病灶313个,T1WI 78个,T2WI 207个,FLAIR 292个,DWI 286个,SWI 297个。SWI显示245个病灶内分布斑片状、点状出血灶,其它序列共显示43个内分布出血灶。SWI、DWI病灶检出率高于常规T2WI（χ2=82.465,χ2=59.584;P〈0.01）,SWI、FLAIR及DWI病灶检出率无明显差异（χ2=3.052;P〉0.05）。结论：联合SWI与DWI有利于提高急性脑弥漫性轴索损伤的检出率,有助于准确评价病变的严重程度,SWI与DWI应作为急性脑弥漫性轴索损伤的常规扫描序列组合。     

Diffusion-weighted imaging: basic concepts and application in cerebral stroke and head trauma

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the brain represents a new imaging technique that extends imaging from depiction of neuroanatomy to the level of function and physiology. DWI measures a fundamentally different physiological parameter compared with conventional MRI. Image contrast is related to differences in the diffusion rate of water molecules rather than to changes in total tissue water. DWI can reveal pathology in cases where conventional MRI remains unremarkable. DWI has proven to be highly sensitive in the early detection of acute cerebral ischemia and seems promising in the evaluation of traumatic brain injury. DWI can differentiate between lesions with decreased and increased diffusion. In addition, full-tensor DWI can evaluate the microscopic architecture of the brain, in particular white matter tracts, by measuring the degree and spatial distribution of anisotropic diffusion within the brain. This article reviews the basic concepts of DWI and its application in cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury.     

超急性和急性脑梗死的扩散张量成像研究

目的：探讨扩散张量成像（DTI）技术在超急性和急性脑梗死患者中的临床应用价值。方法：对19例超急性脑梗死、22例急性脑梗死患者行常规颅脑MRI及DTI检查。测量梗死灶中心区、边缘区及对侧镜像区的FA、DCavg值,并得到DWI图、DCavg图、FA图、彩色编码FA图及皮质脊髓束图。结果：DWI图、DCavg图、FA图及彩色编码FA图可清楚显示超急性和急性脑梗死病灶。超急性和急性脑梗死组梗死灶中心区FA值分别为（0.481,0.284）×10-4mm2/s,边缘区FA值分别为（0.473,0.306）×10-4mm2/s,急性脑梗死组梗死灶中心区、边缘区FA值与超急性脑梗死组之间差异有统计学意义。超急性和急性脑梗死组梗死灶中心区DCavg值分别为（4.207,4.924）×10-4mm2/s,边缘区DCavg值分别为（5.805,5.420）×10-4mm2/s,急性脑梗死组梗死灶中心区、边缘区与超急性脑梗死组DCavg值之间差异亦有统计学意义。白质纤维束三维重建显示皮质脊髓束为无受累、部分受累、完全受累,其临床肌力分别表现为无减退、治疗后肌力恢复或大部分恢复、无恢复。结论：DTI技术对超急性和急性脑梗死的诊断、治疗及判断预后具有重要的价值。     

Whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) provides information on the diffusivity of water molecules in the human body. Technological advances and the development of the concept of diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS) have opened the path for routine clinical whole-body DWI. Whole-body DWI allows detection and characterization of both oncological and non-oncological lesions throughout the entire body. This article reviews the basic principles of DWI and the development of whole-body DWI, illustrates its potential clinical applications, and discusses its limitations and challenges.     

Transient detection of early wallerian degeneration on diffusion-weighted MRI after an acute cerebrovascular accident

We report three patients with a cerebrovascular accident studied serially by MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). In case 1, DWI 1 day after the onset of left frontoparietal cortical infarcts showed no abnormal signal in the left corticospinal tract. DWI 12 days after onset showed high signal in the corticospinal tract, interpreted as early wallerian degeneration. This had disappeared by 22 days after onset. In case 2, DWI obtained 7 days after the onset of a right internal capsule lacunar infarct showed high signal from the right corticospinal tract in the brainstem, which was less marked 15 days after onset. In case 3, MRI on postnatal day 7 showed a cerebral haemorrhage in the right corona radiata and high signal from the right corticospinal tract on DWI. The latter disappeared by day 23. DWI shows early wallerian degeneration; transient signal abnormalities within 2 weeks of stroke should not be mistaken for new ischaemic lesions.     

Diffusion-weighted imaging and single-voxel MR spectroscopy in a case of malignant cerebral lymphoma

Since conventional MRI fails to distinguish between the common neoplasm involving the corpus callosum, we explored the utility of diffusion weighted imaging and single-voxel proton spectroscopy in a case of corpus callosum lymphoma.     

The value of diffusion-weighted imaging for prediction of lasting deficit in acute stroke: an analysis of 134 patients with acute neurologic deficits

Acute stroke is one of the three major causes of death and disability in the United States. Now that new, and possibly effective therapy is becoming available, accurate, rapid diagnosis is important to provide timely treatment, while avoiding the risk of complications from unnecessary intervention. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that use of echo-planar (EPI) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is more accurate than conventional T₂ weighted MRI in predicting progression to stroke in patients with acute ischemic neurologic deficits. We studied 134 patients presenting with acute neurologic deficits to a community hospital emergency room with both conventional MRI and DWI within 72 h of the onset of the acute deficit. We found DWI significantly more sensitive to permanent neurologic deficit at discharge (sensitivity 0.81) than conventional MRI (sensitivity 0.41). When available, DWI should be considered for routine use in patients being imaged for acute stroke. Received: 21 January 2000 Accepted: 7 October 2000     

Invited. Ultrafast MR imaging of the abdomen: Echo planar imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging

Ultrafast MRI technique has become available with the introduction of new generation MR scanners for abdominal imaging. However, there is no consensus about the optimal imaging acquisition at the present time. Because single shot echo planar imaging (EPI) technique is based on high technology and had just applied in clinical imaging, further clinical investigation will be needed. Currently, the hypersensitivity to magnetic inhomogeneity and local magnetic susceptibility and the low spatial resolution may limit the widespread application of EPI technique. In addition to providing information for morphologic diagnosis, EPI will be more widely used for functional and qualitative diagnosis. Diffusion-weighted imaging can be used for differentiation of solid tumors according to their different cellular construction, evaluation of cystic lesions based on the different viscosity of their contents, and assessment of diffused pathologic changes in the parenchyma of solid organs. In addition to the previous parameters such as proton density and T1 and T2 values, diffusion factors may provide important information for the qualitative and dynamic evaluation of abdominal pathologic changes. Even though there are many difficulties that must be solved for diffusion-weighted imaging, a more wide application of this technique is expected through technologic improvement.     

CTA联合灌注成像对急性脑梗死静脉溶栓的疗效评估

目的:探讨CTA联合灌注成像对急性脑梗死静脉溶栓后的疗效评估价值.方法:选择120例脑梗死患者,均行CTA和灌注成像检查,并根据检查结果将其分为双阳性组、单阳性组和阴性组,比较3组近期及远期预后.结果:双阳性63例,占52.5％,双阳性组近期及远期预后明显较单阳性组和阴性组差(均P<0.05).结论:灌注成像和CTA可...     

原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤MR扩散加权成像的应用研究

目的:探讨原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤(primary gastrointestinal lymphoma,PGIL)MR扩散加权成像的诊断价值。方法:分析34例PGIL(46个病灶),33例结肠癌(33个病灶),以及40例正常腰大肌的DWI信号以及ADC值,PGIL和结肠癌病例均经手术或活检病理证实。结果:本组34例PGIL病灶DWI均呈高信号,平均ADC值约(0.896±0.044)×10-3mm2/s,33例结肠癌病灶平均ADC值为(1.229±0.312)×10-3mm2/s,正常腰大肌平均ADC值为(1.739±0.318)×10-3mm2/s,前两者进行t检验,P值为0.021(0.05)。结论:原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤(PGIL)的DWI信号以及ADC值具有一定的特征性,有较高的临床应用价值。     

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: diffusion-weighted imaging and pathological correlations

We examined MRI of two patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), with calculation of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC). The pathology findings of one patient were compared with those of MRI. The lesions had different ADC and DWI appearances, depending on the stage of the disease. Newer lesions and the advancing edge of large lesions had normal-to-low ADC and gave high signal on DWI. Older lesions and the centre of large lesions had increased ADC and gave low signal. High signal on DWI and low ADC mark the regions of active infection and cell swelling, distinguishing them from areas of reparative gliosis.Presented in part at the XVII Symposium Neuroradiologicum, Paris, August 2002     

Necrotic cervical nodes: Usefulness of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the differentiation of suppurative lymphadenitis from malignancy

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of diffusion-weighted (DW) MR imaging for the differentiation between suppurative lymphadenitis and malignancy in necrotic cervical lymph nodes.

Materials and methods

Fifteen patients with suppurative lymphadenitis, 40 with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), eight with lymphoma, and six with thyroid cancer were accompanied by necrotic cervical nodes. All 69 patients underwent 1.5-T MR imaging including DW and 58 underwent gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Necrotic area-to-spinal cord signal intensity ratios (SIR) on T1-, T2- and DW images and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) [10⁻³ mm²/s] were correlated with the pathologies.

Results

Nineteen necrotic cervical nodes with suppurative lymphadenitis, 67 with SCC, 10 with lymphoma, and 12 with thyroid cancer were identified. SIR on DW images was higher in suppurative lymphadenitis (2.50 ± 1.21) than in malignancies (1.29 ± 0.67) (p < .01), and ADC value was lower in suppurative lymphadenitis (0.89 ± 0.21) than in malignancies (1.46 ± 0.46) (p < .01). SIR on T1-weighted images was higher in thyroid cancer (1.95 ± 0.53) than in suppurative lymphadenitis (0.87 ± 0.17), SCC (0.92 ± 0.13), and lymphoma (0.95 ± 0.09) (p < .01). No significant difference in SIR on T2-weighted images was found between suppurative lymphadenitis (1.46 ± 0.50) and malignancies (1.61 ± 0.56).

Conclusion

DW imaging with ADC measurements may play a supplementary role in the differentiation of necrotic cervical nodes between suppurative lymphadenitis and malignancy.