Explorations in body image care: Peplau and practice knowledge

Practitioners in mental health care have long utilized the work of Hildegard Peplau, both for nursing discourse and for practice. At a time when the role of theory in practice is once more being debated, and when theories are being applied in new contexts, this paper examines the contribution that Peplau's work may have to offer altered body image nursing care. A case study is used to highlight concepts in practice, the paper examining the ways in which Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations complement the other elements of practice knowledge that the nurse uses to assist patients and lay carers alike.     

The evolution of an intervention — the use of Peplau's process of practice-based theory development

In 1969, at the first Nursing Theory Conference, Hildegard Peplau proposed a research methodology that would guide the development of nursing knowledge. To direct nurses in the development of practice-based theory, Peplau proposed a three-step process that would assist in this pursuit. The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of Peplau's process of practice-based theory development as it has directed a program of research in the area of depression. Peplau's ideas related to practice-based theory development came at a time in nursing when grand theories were being developed and theoretical nursing was highly valued. Peplau, ahead of her time, proposed an approach that valued the development of nursing knowledge in practice, while also combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. This research methodology deserves recognition today, as one that can guide knowledge development in psychiatric nursing.     

The future of the Theory of Interpersonal Relations? A personal reflection on Peplau's legacy

The work of Hildegard Peplau represents the most significant influence, worldwide, on the development of psychiatric nursing practice. Her use of the Theory of Interpersonal Relations created the basis for defining the potential significance of the psychiatric nurse's role as a therapeutic agent. Forty years later she has indicated the means by which nurses might sharpen their focus on the person often overshadowed by the 'patient' label. Peplau's writings have, over this 40-year period, helped clarify the broad range of roles required of the nurse in general and in particular, within psychotherapeutic nursing.     

Peplau and professionalism: the emergence of the paradigm of professionalization

We asked Dr Grayce Sills, a long-time collegue and friend of Dr Hildegard Peplau, to write a historical paper to assist in understanding the contributions of Dr Peplau to the professionalization of nursing. This historical reflection reveals insights into Dr Hildegard Peplau as a person, her leadership and her scholarly abilities. Dr Peplau's theorizing is largely inductive and based on keen observations of her clinical work and her environment. This insight into her inductive curiosity is further revealed in the papers that follow.     

Awareness of self and expanding consciousness: using nursing theories to prepare nurse-therapists

Psychotherapy is an accepted role of the advanced practice psychiatric nurse. Nursing theorists, notably Hildegard Peplau and Margaret Newman, offer guidance on the psychological and professional development of the nurse. This paper examines Newman's theory of health as expanding consciousness and the concept of awareness of self in Peplau's theory, and suggests that psychiatric advanced practice nursing programs consider the need for nurses to develop self-knowledge to facilitate the nurse-patient relationship and to improve outcomes of patient care in psychotherapy.     

Transforming Practice Knowledge into Nursing Knowledge—A Revisionist Analysis of Peplau

Nursing practice typically has been viewed as applying knowledge. However, currently, there is increasing awareness that nursing practice is also a process of knowledge development. Still, research and practice are not always connected. Analysis of Peplau's works illuminates a scholarship of nursing practice that is relevant today. This paper focuses on a specific strategy and philosophic perspective, as derived from Peplau, for integrating nursing practice more fully into today's knowledge development. Emphasis is on the need for nursing practice-based theory, as well as nursing theory-based practice.     

A naturalistic test of Peplau's theory in home visiting

Nurse-client relationships have been considered the foundation of successful home-visiting programs for vulnerable families. Even though nurse-client relationships are important when working with multiproblem families, relationship theory has not been used to guide interventions in home visiting. Identification of a fitting theory could provide direction for tailoring interventions to families at a "dose" individualized to meet their needs. This article reports a small study that tested the applicability of Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations in nursing (Peplau, 1952/1991) in the context of home visiting. Five prenatal clients and public health nurses participated in the study. Home visits were observed and audio-recorded beginning with the first prenatal home visit and ending in the early postpartum period. Audiotapes were transcribed and analyzed using a start list of codes based on Peplau's theory. Changes in the percentage of interaction assigned to the relationship phases along with a rating from the Relationship Form were compared over time to determine whether relationships progressed as predicted by Peplau. Findings of this study supported Peplau's theory. Implications for nursing practice and research are discussed.     

Control and restraint in contemporary psychiatric nursing: some ethical considerations

Nursing theories which have evolved from mental health-psychiatric nursing have focused on the individual nurse-client relationship Other nursing theories generally focus on the individual as client Therefore, nurses working with families may have difficulty in applying these frameworks to their practice Nursing theories need to be expanded to include families, groups and communities more explicitly The well established theory of Hildegard Peplau, which previous studies have found to be the theory most frequently used by psychiatric nurses, and the family systems nursing theory of Wright and Leahey share a complementary focus Both theories form part of the interpersonal paradigm of nursing, both view nursing from an interactional perspective, rather than focusing on individuals Use of a combined theoretical approach offers several advantages The approach explicitly considers both the individual and the family The combination provides grounding for family work in an articulated nursing theory     

Hildegard E. Peplau: The psychiatric nursing legacy of a legend

Hildegard Peplau is remembered by nurses worldwide as the “mother of psychiatric nursing.” Her scope of influence transcended her psychiatric nursing specialty and had a profound effect on the nursing profession, nursing science, and nursing practice. Peplau played a leadership role by influencing and emphasizing the advancement of professional, educational, and practice standards, and the importance of professional self-regulation through credentialing. She made a major contribution to nursing science, professional nursing, and, of course, to the psychiatric nursing specialty through development of the Interpersonal Relations paradigm, a mid-range theory that has influenced the importance with which the nurse-patient relationship is regarded. The essential nature of the nurse-patient relationship and its significance as a therapeutic modality operationalizes Peplau's scholarship and provides the basis for both the art and science of nursing practice. Peplau would challenge psychiatric nurses to thrive in the new millennium through continued commitment to the importance of the nurse-patient relationship, engagement in evidence-based practice, support of competence in information technology, and provision of leadership in influencing the health care paradigm shift to community-based health care delivery.     

A patient-oriented perspective in existential issues: a theoretical argument for applying Peplau's interpersonal relation model in healthcare science and practice

Since Hildegard Peplau's interpersonal relation model for psychodynamic nursing, in the 1950s, many theories about humanity have been expanded in the discipline of nursing. For this purpose Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, for example, synthesized principles and concepts from Martha Rogers with existential phenomenology, when she introduced the idea of a simultaneity paradigm as unique for the discipline of nursing in opposition to Peplau's psychodynamic model. The aim of this paper is to discuss borrowed theories in relation to the efforts to find a unique theoretical foundation for healthcare science and practice. It is suggested that Parse's division in a totality vs. a simultaneity paradigm is an artificial distinction. The discussion is concluded with reflections about Peplau's interpersonal relation model, a patient-oriented perspective and psychodynamic theory, as example of a theory, which may help to further understand patients' existential situation.     

A comparative analysis of Orem's self-care model and Peplau's interpersonal theory

The process of choosing a nursing model or theory to guide one's clinical practice, curriculum development or theoretical framework for research can be facilitated by analysis of and comparison of existing theories, with each other and then with one's personal philosophies This paper summarizes the major concepts and assumptions of Dorothea Orem's self-care model and Hildegard Peplau's interpersonal theory, and then compares the two for similarities and differences in their origins of theory development, meanings related to nursing metaparadigm concepts, logical adequacy, usefulness and generalizability, parsimony and testability     

A Glance Back in Time: Nurse-Doctor Relationships

As individuals, we have history, the present, and the future. Dr. Hildegard Peplau, the "mother of psychiatric nursing, "developed the role of the nurse in the nurse-patient relationship. When she died in March of this year, she left a great legacy to the nursing profession. We reprint here, almost in its entirety, this article from Nursing Forum, 1966,5(1), 60-75, in which Dr. Peplau traces the nurse-doctor relationship from the beginning of this century. Her conclusions, written more than 30 years ago, are valid today.     

Interpersonal mental health nursing: research issues and challenges

Since Peplau outlined her perceptions of psychiatric/mental health nursing in (1952) interpersonal relationships has been considered by many as the core of practice. In the intervening period of almost a half century many researchers and theorists have endeavoured to develop and integrate Peplau's framework into day-to-day nursing activity. However, more recently, as a result of the fusion between the professional nursing agenda and the wider political agenda, the importance of interpersonal relationships and the individuality of psychiatric/mental health nursing is being questioned. This questioning is represented in the debate about the aetiology of mental illness, the choice of research methods to determine treatment outcomes and by association the role and value of the psychiatric/mental health nurse. This paper will focus on the interpersonal nature of psychiatric/mental health nursing and explore possible research approaches aimed at explicating its core. Attention will be given to the necessity of using pluralistic methodology in order to do so.     

Perspectives on nursing knowledge.

On May 19, 1991, in Tokyo, Japan, four nurse theorists participated in a panel discussion at Discovery International, Inc.'s Biennial Nurse Theorist Conference. The participants were Imogene M. King, Hildegard E. Peplau, Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, and Martha E. Rogers. The goal of the conference was to present the latest views on nursing knowledge of these nurse leaders. The panel discussion provided the nurse theorists with an opportunity to engage in dialogue regarding issues of concern to the audience. The panel moderator was Hiroko Minami of St. Luke's College of Nursing in Tokyo.     

A literature review of the progress of the psychiatric nurse-patient relationship as described by Peplau

Knowledge is limited with regard to the progress of the nurse and patient through the phases of the psychiatric nurse-patient relationship (PNPR). Relationship progress is indicative of patient progress in the healing and recovery process. Hildegard Peplau described the phases of the therapeutic relationship in her Interpersonal Relations Theory (IRT). This review of literature describes the state of nursing science using IRT as the theoretical framework. Research conducted on the progress of the PNPR has generated evidence of the relevance of IRT to clinical practice, the importance of the PNPR to the patients themselves, and the importance of nursing knowledge regarding the progress of the orientation phase of the PNPR to patient care. However, all studies were done in Canada, and additional studies are needed. Knowledge of the relationship established between psychiatric nurses and patients is essential to the nursing process in psychiatric mental health settings.     

Peplau人际关系模式在实习护生管理中的应用

目的探讨Peplau人际关系模式在实习护生管理中的应用效果。方法按照Peplau人际关系模式中认识期、确认期、进展期、解决期4个阶段对护生进行管理，并对实施与未实施人际关系模式护生实习成绩及护生对临床带教老师的评价进行对比。结果实施人际关系模式的护生实习成绩及护生对临床带教老师评价均高于未实施组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论Peplau人际关系模式的应用实现了临床带教工作的系统化、科学化、规范化，提高了实习护生的理论成绩、临床实践能力及临床带教老师的专业素质。     

Peplau人际关系理论在护理实践中的应用现状

阐述Peplau人际关系理论的核心内容,综述Peplau人际关系理论在国内外护理实践中的应用现状。     

应用佩普洛人际理论探讨临床心理护理路径

基于为临床心理护理实践拓展理论依据、探讨有效对策之目的,应用佩普洛人际关系理论的核心内容,参照国内外研究现状,提出紧扣佩普洛“4个阶段、6个角色“的理论要点,构筑心理护理的临床路径:充分沟通,护患相长;把握契机,灵活应对;正视角色,合理演绎.