分泌性中耳炎鼓室积液嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白测定

目的通过检测分泌性中耳炎(otitismediaofeffusion,OME)鼓室积液中是否存在嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白(eosinophilcationicprotein,ECP)及其与血清ECP的关系,探讨OME与变态反应关系。方法选取31例OME患者,利用Uni-CAP-100型变应原体外检测系统分别测量鼓室积液及血清ECP含量,对结果进行统计学处理。结果31例OME患者鼓室积液均检测到ECP,明显升高者9例,占28.1%。血清ECP浓度均小于正常值。鼓室积液ECP与血清ECP无相关性(spearman相关,P=0.4209)。结论ECP存在于OME的鼓室积液中,某些OME是中耳局限性变态反应炎性过程。     

IL-4及IgE在分泌性中耳炎患者中耳积液中的表达

分泌性中耳炎（OME）是以中耳积液及听力下降为主要特征的中耳炎性疾病，其发病机制至今尚未完全明了。部分研究认为工型变态反应是引起该病的因素之一。本研究通过测定46例伴有呼吸道变应性炎症的OME患者和38例对照组其血浆和中耳积液中IL-4及IgE含量，探讨工型变态反应在OME发病中的作用，报告如下。     

不同声阻抗试验对积液型分泌性中耳炎临床应用

目的　对比分析226、1000Hz声导抗和宽频声导抗（wideband immittance,WBI）在积液型分泌性中耳炎（OME）鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值,探讨WBI的临床应用价值。方法　检测中耳功能正常者12例（24耳）和2017年9月～2018年3月我科经耳内镜下鼓膜穿刺确诊为积液型OME患者64例（95耳）,单侧33例（33耳）,双侧31例（62耳）的226 Hz声导抗、1000 Hz声导抗和WBI检查,分析积液型OME在三种声导抗的敏感度、特异度和准确度。采用独立样本t 检验分析中耳功能正常者和积液型OME患者,WBI在外耳道压力为0 da Pa和峰压值时9个频率的能量吸收率。结果　①外耳道压力为0 da Pa和峰压值时,中耳功能正常者与积液型OME患者的能量吸收率在667、1000、1681、2669、3363、5339和8000 Hz比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,在226和408 Hz频率比较,无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;②对于积液型OME诊断而言,226 Hz声导抗敏感度87.30%,特异度40.63%,准确度71.58%;1000 Hz声导抗敏感度93.65%,特异度37.50%,准确度74.74%;WBI敏感度98.41%,特异度96.88%,准确度97.89%;③WBI敏感度、特异度和准确度最佳,1000 Hz声导抗敏感度和准确度优于226 Hz声导抗检查,226 Hz声导抗特异度优于1000 Hz声导抗检查。结论　相较于226和1000 Hz声导抗检查,WBI检查在积液型OME的鉴别诊断中具有较高临床应用价值。     

用RT—PCR方法检测中耳积液中的肠道病毒

利用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）方法对６５例分泌性中耳炎患者的中耳积液进行肠道疾病毒检测，１５例肠道病毒为阳性，阳性率为２３．１％（１５／６５），发病２周内肠病毒阳性率为３８．２％（１３／３４），发病一个月以上肠道病毒阳性率为６．４％（２／３１），二者差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结果提示ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法是一种敏感性高，特异性强的病毒检测方法，适合于中耳积液中肠道病毒的检测，肠道病毒在分泌性中耳     

白细胞介素-5与干扰素-γ介导的Th2/Th1失衡在腺样体肥大伴分泌性中耳炎中的研究

目的　通过检测IL-5与INF-γ在患儿的腺样体组织、中耳积液及血清中的表达，探讨其在儿童分泌性中耳炎（otitis media with effusion，OME）发病机制中的作用。方法　将2017年我科住院的符合条件的腺样体肥大患儿，随机分为单纯腺样体肥大组及腺样体肥大伴OME组患儿各20例，检测OME患儿腺样体组织、中耳积液及血清中IL-5与INF-γ的表达，并进行比较。结果　腺样体肥大组与OME组两组间比较腺样体组织中IL-5表达，差异有统计学意义（t =-3.211，P＜0.05）。两组间比较血清中IL-5表达，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。伴发OME组内比较IL-5的表达：腺样体组织与血清比较，差异有统计学意义（t =-8.955，P＜0.05）。腺样体组织与中耳积液比较，差异有统计学意义（t =-7.486，P＜0.05）。血清与中耳积液比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。腺样体肥大组与OME组两组间比较腺样体组织中INF-γ表达，差异无统计学意义（t =1.038，P >0.05）。两组间比较血清中INF-γ表达，差异无统计学意义（t =-0.509，P＞0.05）。伴发OME组内比较INF-γ的表达：腺样体组织与血清比较，差异有统计学意义（t =-9.810，P＜0.05）。腺样体组织与中耳积液比较，差异有统计学意义（t =-8.075，P＜0.05）。血清与中耳积液比较，差异无统计学意义（t =-0.062，P＞0.05）。结论　Th2型细胞因子活化亢进，Th2/Th1失衡，导致腺样体局部免疫异常，可能是儿童腺样体肥大伴分泌性中耳炎的重要发病基础。     

应用PCR技术检测分泌性中耳炎病人中耳积液病毒基因

目的：评价分泌性中耳炎中耳积液中多种病毒、支原体、衣原体及细菌的感染率。方法：应用PCR技术检测48例（55耳）中耳积液中腺病毒（ADV）,EB病毒（EBV）,呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）,肺炎支原体（MP）及沙眼衣原体（CT）基因,并对中耳积液行常规细菌培养。结果：78．2％患者发病初期有感冒病史。病原微生物基因总检出率为70．9％（39／55）,其中ADV阳性率29．1％（16／55）;EBV为12．7％（7／55）;RSV为7．3％（4／55）;MP为10．9％（6／55）;CT为10．9％（6／55）。两种病毒感染阳性者为14．5％（8／55）,均为ADV感染合并其它病原体感染。对28例行常规细菌培养均为阴性。87．2％的患者经临床常规治疗获治愈。结论：分泌性中耳炎存在多种病毒、支原体、衣原体混合感染,春季是本病易发季节（4．0％）;防治感冒是预防本病的关键。     

中耳积液中胆固醇含量及细胞成分的研究

采用瑞士罗氏公司产ＣＯＢＡＳ－ＦＡＲＡ－Ⅱ型全自动生化分析仪以酶法测量４４例中耳积液中胆固醇含量，发现老年病人明显高于青少年患者，二者差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）；粘液者显著高于浆液者，二者差异非常显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）；病程４个月以上者显著高于２个月以内者，二者差异极为显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）。各细胞成分组间胆固醇含量均值无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。表明：分泌性中耳炎患者，尤其是积液呈粘液性者，越是年纪大     

唇腭裂患儿中耳功能分析

目的：分析唇腭裂患儿的中耳功能。方法对71例（142耳）（单侧完全性腭裂40例80耳,单侧不完全性腭裂31例62耳）婴幼儿期唇腭裂患儿行腭裂修补术前行声导抗检查,术中先行鼓膜切开置管术,后行腭裂修补术,所有患耳均在鼓膜前下切口,如果有鼓室积液,则延长切口并置入小号鼓膜通气管,记录有无鼓室积液,比较完全性及不完全性腭裂患儿中耳功能及分泌性中耳炎的发生率。结果71例142耳中,B型鼓室导抗图110耳（77．46％,110／142）,术中见鼓室积液103耳（93．46％,103／110）;C型鼓室导抗图18耳（12．68％,18／142）,术中见有鼓室积液16耳（88．89％,16／18）;A型鼓室导抗图14耳（9．99,14／142）,术中见有鼓室积液8耳（57．14％,8／14）;本组患儿中耳积液总发生率为97．18％（69／71例）或89．44％（127／142耳）。完全性腭裂与不完全性腭裂两组鼓室积液耳分别为75耳（93．75％,75／80）和52耳（83．87％,52／62）,差异无统计学意义（ P＝0．057）。结论鼓室导抗图B或C型的唇腭裂患儿中耳积液的发生率高,在早期行腭裂修补术同期行鼓膜置管术,可最大程度地降低听力损失导致的不良后果。     

用RT－PCR方法检测中耳积液中的肠道病毒

利用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）方法对６５例分泌性中耳炎患者的中耳积液进行肠道病毒检测，１５例肠道病毒为阳性，阳性率为２３．１％（１５／６５）。发病２周内肠道病毒阳性率为３８．２％（１３／３４）；发病一个月以上肠道病毒阳性率为６．４％（２／３１），二者差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法是一种敏感性高、特异性强的病毒检测方法，适合于中耳积液中肠道病毒的检测，肠道病毒在分泌性中耳炎发生过程中，特别是发生的早期阶段可能发挥重要作用。     

临床实践指南：分泌性中耳炎（更新版）

目标本指南是在美国耳鼻咽喉－头颈外科基金学会、美国儿科学会和美国家庭医生学会2004年共同制定的分泌性中耳炎（OME）诊疗指南的基础上进行的更新,指南所涉及的 OME 为不伴急性中耳感染的中耳积液。与原指南相比,本指南增加了消费者利益维护,并依据4项新临床实践指南、20项新的系统性回顾和49个随机对照试验,重点强调患者教育和共同决策,阐明临床决策之间的关系,并对 OME 的诊断与治疗做出新的延伸性建议。目的本项多学科指南旨在提高 OME 的诊治水平,并对临床实践提出明确可行的建议,特别是提高诊断的精确性、鉴别在生长发育方面可能受 OME 影响的儿童,并教育医生和家长关注大多数 OME 的自然病程以及药物治疗的临床效益（例如类固醇激素、抗组胺药、减充血剂）。本指南的目的还包括对 OME 进行监测、听力及言语评估以及对新生儿筛查发现的 OME 患儿进行处理,适用的患者年龄范围为2个月到12岁,伴或不伴发育障碍或其他易导致 OME 及其后遗症的潜在因素。本指南专为致力于儿童 OME 诊治的医生而设计,它适用于 OME 的确诊、监测以及处理的任何医疗场所。本项指南不适用于年龄低于2个月或大于12岁的患者。临床决策本指南对医生的强烈推荐如下：①诊断儿童 OME 时,应记录经鼓气耳镜观察到的中耳积液;②对出现耳痛和／或听力下降的儿童应该使用鼓气耳镜评估 OME;③对于鼓气耳镜检查不成功或通过鼓气耳镜检查不能明确诊断为 OME 的儿童应行声导抗测试;④对于没有危险因素的 OME 患儿应该给予3个月的等待观察,具体时间应从发现中耳积液开始计算（如果可以明确积液的起始时间）或者从诊断之日开始计算（如果不能明确积液的起始时间）;⑤不推荐鼻腔或全身使用类固醇激素治疗 OME;⑥不推荐全身使用抗生素治疗 OME;⑦不推荐使用抗组胺药和／或减充血剂治疗 OME。
　　本指南对医生的推荐包括如下内容：①对未通过新生儿听力筛查的 OME 婴儿家长应提供随访重要性的咨询,并在病史中有所记录,以确保 OME 缓解后听力正常,并排除可能存在的感音神经性聋;②应以感知、身体、认知或行为等作为基线因素,确认 OME 儿童的说话、语言或学习方面问题是否因中耳腔积液而加大风险;③对于存在OME 高危因素的患儿,应在高危因素发现时以及12个月到18个月龄时进行 OME 评估（如果高危因素暴露的确诊早于这个年龄段）;④不应对非高危儿童进行定期 OME 筛查,对于缺乏可能导致 OME 症状的儿童,也不应定期进行 OME 筛查,这些症状包括听力障碍、平衡（前庭）功能障碍、学业欠佳、行为问题或耳部不适;⑤应该教育 OME儿童和家庭认识 OME 的自然病程,以及随访的必要性和可能的后遗症;⑥应该对 OME 持续时间长达或超过3个月的儿童进行适合其年龄的听力检查,对于存在高危因素的 OME 儿童则可在患病任何时间进行适合年龄的听力检查;⑦对于双侧 OME 并确诊有听力损失儿童的家庭应提供咨询,了解对其言语和语言潜在的影响;⑧在中耳积液没有消失前,没有确诊显著听力下降,或没有确定鼓膜／中耳可疑的结构异常前,应该每口服3个月到半年,对慢性 OME 儿童定期复查,⑨对于小于4岁、需要手术治疗的 OME 儿童推荐使用鼓膜通气管;腺样体切除应有明确的适应证（鼻塞、慢性腺样体炎）;⑩对于4岁或以上、需要手术治疗的 OME 儿童推荐使用鼓膜通气管和／或腺样体切除;11应该记录治疗过程中病情缓解、听力提高或生活质量改善的情况。     

The role of allergic rhinitis in the development of otitis media with effusion: effect on eustachian tube function

PURPOSE: The pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME) is considered multifactorial, with viral upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. Allergy may be related to the pathogenesis of OME or to another etiological factor. We investigated the role of allergic rhinitis (AR) in children with OME and evaluated eustachian tube function in patients with AR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively analyzed the prevalence of AR, serum eosinophil count, and serum total IgE concentrations in 123 children with OME and in 141 controls. IgE concentration in middle ear effusion was compared in children with OME with and without AR, and eustachian tube function after a nasal provocation test was compared between patients with AR and controls. RESULTS: The prevalence of AR in children with OME (28.4%) and control subjects (24.1%) did not differ significantly. These 2 groups also showed no differences in total eosinophil count and serum and middle ear effusion IgE concentration. Abnormalities in eustachian tube function were the same in patients with AR and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Allergic rhinitis may not be related to the development of OME in children.     

Association of Otitis Media With Effusion and Allergy as Demonstrated by Intradermal Skin Testing and Eosinophil Cationic Protein Levels in Both Middle Ear Effusions and Mucosal Biopsies

This study was performed to ascertain the role of allergy, as defined by skin testing and histochemical markers, in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME). A historical perspective of allergy as it relates to OME is presented. The study included 89 patients: 48 with persistent effusion but no recent acute infection, 25 with purulent OME complicated by a superimposed infection, and 16 control subjects. All 89 patients had persistent effusion for more than 2 months and subsequently required the placement of tympanostomy tubes. Allergy was defined using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, and skin tests. Allergies were present in 97% of the patients with nonacute OME. The relationship between allergy and OME was corroborated clinically in 89% of patients and was also substantiated by elevated levels of effusion eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in 87.5% of OME patients. Histologically, polyclonal antibody staining for ECP demonstrated the presence of eosinophils in middle ear mucosal biopsy specimens. This study confirms that OME is a sign of allergic inflammation in the middle ear that is associated with an increase in eosinophils and a concomitant release of ECP into the effusion in individuals with allergy demonstrated by skin testing.     

Magnesium levels in middle ear fluids and sera in otitis media with effusion

Summary Middle ear fluids (MEE) and matched sera (S) were obtained from 50 patients with serous otitis media and magnesium levels were measured to determine if magnesium concentration was distinctly varied in otitis media with effusion (OME). The MEE/S ratio was considerably raised along with transient sensory hearing loss in chronic OME when compared with acute OME. The higher magnesium level found in the MEE implies that it is probably produced locally by the middle ear mucosa and may contribute to the hearing loss found. We also regard the MEE/S ratio as a prognostic factor in OME. Correspondence to: W. L. Yue     

Evidence of mast cell activity in the middle ears of children with otitis media with effusion

OBJECTIVES: This is the first study to report the presence of tryptase, a reflection of mast cell activity, in chronic middle ear effusion of patients whose atopic status was characterized. DESIGN AND METHODS: Mediator activity of mast cells and eosinophils was measured prospectively from effusion of 33 randomly selected patients and 5 control subjects with chronic otitis media with effusion (OME). Atopy was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Middle ear biopsies from a second group of 8 OME patients and 4 controls were fixed in plastic and stained immunohistochemically for mast cells. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent of patients had extensive activation of mast cells in their middle ears. Among those with elevated tryptase in their effusion, 95.6% were atopic and 94.7% also had elevated levels of effusion eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP). Tryptase levels were elevated only in the effusion of atopic patients, as compared with 5 controls (P < .01). Mast cells were present in 6 of 8 OME ears and absent in all 4 normal ears. CONCLUSION: Mast cells and its mediator tryptase, both indicators of a Th2-driven immune response, are present in a majority of ears that have chronic effusion. These findings support the hypothesis that middle ear mucosa is capable of an allergic response and that the inflammation within the middle ear of most OME patients is allergic in nature.     

Demonstration of RANTES and eosinophilic cataionic protein in otitis media with effusion with allergy

Regulated upon activation, normal T cell-expressed and -secreted (RANTES) is a chemokine which is an effective eosinophil and memory T cell chemoattractant and activator, and eosinophil is an important effector cell in allergic disease. It may contribute to the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME). Eosinophil cataionic protein (ECP), one of the major components of basic granules of eosinophils which is identified in middle ear effusion (MEE). We measured RANTES and ECP in MEEs of OME to determine whether RANTES is increased in the MEEs of OME with allergy. We also evaluated the correlation between RANTES and ECP to determine the role of RANTES as an eosinophil activator in the pathogenesis in OME with allergy. Both RANTES and ECP in MEE of OME with allergy were significantly higher than controls. There was a significant correlation between the contents of RANTES and ECP. Our results suggest the allergic role of chemokine in the pathogenesis of OME.     

分泌性中耳炎患儿腺样体与中耳积液中IgE相关性的研究

目的:探讨反复发作的分泌性中耳炎(OME)患儿腺样体和中耳积液中的IgE是否存在相关性.方法:选取35例OME患儿为实验组,31例腺样体肥大患儿为对照组,实验组取中耳积液和腺样体标本,对照组取腺样体标本,其中腺样体标本制成组织匀浆,用酶联免疫分析技术测定腺样体和中耳积液中IgE的含量.运用SPSS 18.0统计软件对所有相关数据进行处理分析.结果:实验组腺样体和中耳积液中IgE的含量比对照组明显增高(P<0.05).实验组中耳积液和腺样体中IgE的含量呈直线正相关(r=0.580,P<0.05).结论:OME的发生与免疫因素有关,肥大腺样体内的Ⅰ型免疫反应增强,可能与OME的反复发作、迁延不愈有关.     

Role of immunoglobulin E and gastro-esophageal reflux disease in the development of otitis media with effusion

Introduction

The role of allergy in chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) is controversial. Aim of the work: To study the role of allergy and gastroesphogeal reflux diseases in the etiology of OME. Materials and methods: It is a prospective study that was done on 43 cases; 30 patients suffer from OME with mean age 6.8 years and 13 control child with mean age 8.3 years. Blood sample were taken from patients and control children for assay of total Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and serum pepsinogen 1 (PG1). Effusion fluid samples were taken from middle ear of the patients during myringotomy and ventilation tube insertion; IgE and PG1 were assayed in the effusion samples. Total IgE and PG1 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Our results showed that, there is a correlation between serum IgE and Effusion IgE in the patients group, there is a significant negative correlation between PG1 in the effusion and serum of the studied patients.

Conclusion

Allergy is a possible risk factor for the development of OME. The level of PG1in the effusion is one tenth of its level in the serum of the patients.     

Detection of Helicobacter pylori in children with otitis media with effusion: a preliminary report

OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the middle ear effusion of patients with otitis media with effusion (OME) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study in patients with OME. METHODS: The study was performed in 38 patients with OME who were admitted to the ENT Clinic, Firat University from June 2003 to April 2004. In all cases, a myringotomy operation (with or without placement of a ventilation tube) was carried out. The effusion samples aspirated from the middle ear were analyzed with PCR assay. RESULTS: A total of 55 aspiration samples collected from 38 children ranging in age from 2 to 12 were included in the study. Fifteen of the subjects were girls, and 23 were boys. In 17 patients, both ears demonstrated effusions, whereas in 21 patients, only one ear had effusions. Nine (16.3%) of 55 the middle ear effusion samples were shown to be H. pylori positive by PCR. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori was detected in the middle ear effusion of some patients with OME. These results may have interesting implications for a possible role of H. pylori in OME. In addition, these results suggest that further studies are needed to investigate the role of H. pylori in the etiology of OME.     

The role of allergy in otitis media with effusion

The role of allergy in chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) is controversial. New evidence from cellular biology and immunology explain the basics of allergic reactions and allow more accurate diagnosis of allergies and inflammatory disease throughout the unified airway. This article examines the epidemiologic, methodological, and immunologic studies of allergic causes of OME, including (1) evidence for and against OME as an allergic disease, (2) allergy as a cause for eustachian tube obstruction, (3) examination of the most sensitive diagnostic tests for allergy, and (4) the effect of treatment of underlying allergies in improving and resolving middle ear disease.