水解蛋白配方与婴幼儿牛奶过敏的预防和治疗

食物过敏是婴幼儿最早出现的过敏问题,牛奶是婴幼儿最常见的过敏食物。牛奶过敏的临床表现多种多样,可涉及皮肤、呼吸道、消化道等多器官多系统。母乳喂养是过敏高风险婴儿的首选喂养方式,但对不能进行母乳喂养的婴儿应选择适当的低敏配方奶,水解蛋白是获得低敏配方的最好方法。根据水解的程度,水解蛋白配方分为适度水解蛋白配方和完全水解蛋白配方。完全水解配方被推荐用于牛乳蛋白过敏婴儿的治疗,适度水解配方通常推荐用于特应质高风险婴儿的初级干预。     

关注儿童食物过敏管理中的热点问题

临床上食物过敏的管理主要包括回避过敏食物和多学科合作对症治疗。低敏配方是牛奶蛋白过敏婴幼儿重要的营养来源,医生应合理选择并规范使用低敏配方。食物阶梯疗法已应用于管理轻中度非IgE介导食物过敏儿童。开展食物过敏个体化治疗是未来的方向。     

牛奶蛋白过敏婴儿的配方奶使用指南:澳大利亚专家组共识

概要 3种婴儿配方奶(豆基配方、深度水解配方和氨基酸配方)可用于治疗牛奶蛋白过敏症. 应根据过敏综合征选择配方奶. 深度水解配方奶首选用于治疗6个月以下婴儿的速发性牛奶蛋白过敏(非全身过敏反应)、食物蛋白诱发的小肠结肠炎综合征、特应性湿疹、胃肠道综合征和食物蛋白诱发的直肠结肠炎.豆基配方奶首选用于治疗6个月以上婴儿的速发性食物反应、胃肠道综合征或不伴生长发育障碍的特异性皮炎.     

食物过敏性胃肠病诊断与管理进展

<正>食物过敏性胃肠病是指食物过敏累及胃肠道的一组疾病,其中常见由牛奶蛋白过敏所致。由于食物过敏性胃肠病累及消化系统,营养风险高,易造成儿童,尤其是婴幼儿的生长发育障碍。对于由牛奶蛋白等引起的食物过敏性胃肠病的治疗,目前强调回避牛奶蛋白等过敏食物、给予低敏配方等替代食物。但是,回避食物和应用替代食物后继发的长期营养问题值得关注。此外,如何建立免疫耐受也是研究热点之一。鉴于食物过敏性胃肠病临床表现各异、国内外指南不断更新,为了提高和     

牛奶过敏的诊断和处理

食物过敏在小儿是一个常见的医学问题。由于人工喂养的婴儿,牛奶是蛋白质和热卡的主要来源,因而在婴儿食物过敏中,牛奶过敏比较多见,而且是研究得最充分的。本文主要讨论有关牛奶的超敏感反应问题,提出诊断、处理和预防的方法。临床表现牛奶过敏在婴幼儿最常见。某一报告介绍57%的病人症状发生在生后第1个月,以胃肠道、呼吸道和皮肤的症状最常见。临床可将其分成几个方面: 一、即刻的IgE反应在几分钟至几小时内发病并在接触一次食物过敏原后24～48小时     

喘息性疾病患儿过敏原检测分析

目的分析喘息性疾病婴幼儿过敏情况,以利早期干预治疗。方法用UniCAP全自动检测仪和皮肤点刺试验对243例喘息性疾病婴幼儿(毛细支气管炎、伴喘息的支气管炎或肺炎、婴幼儿哮喘)进行过敏原筛查和特异性IgE测定。结果1.婴儿期过敏原以食物为主(P=0.03),幼儿期气媒性过敏原阳性率达67.2%;婴幼儿期主要的食物过敏原为牛奶、鸡蛋白;气媒性过敏原是户尘螨。2.进行过敏原特异性IgE测定时,皮肤点刺试验阳性比例低(0～37.5%)。结论婴儿出生后即食入蛋白质,胃肠道功能未健全,易发生食物过敏;幼儿期添加易致敏食物,且在户外时间增多,食物和吸入性过敏均明显。UniCAP系统是一种用于筛查和寻找变应原的较为准确的方法。     

婴幼儿牛奶过敏的诊断和治疗

牛奶过敏 (ｃｏｗ＇ｓｍｉｌｋａｌｌｅｒｇｙ)是小儿最常见的食物过敏之一 ,在欧美发达国家 ,婴儿牛奶过敏发生率约２ %～７．５ %。５０ %牛奶过敏的婴儿可能对其它食物过敏 ,如蛋类、豆类、花生仁等。５０ %～８０ %牛奶过敏婴儿以后可能出现对吸入性过敏原 ,如尘螨、花粉等过敏。同时 ,牛奶过敏婴儿还存在着发生哮喘、湿疹、过敏性鼻炎等特应性疾病的风险。牛奶过敏的临床表现和分型牛奶过敏是指机体对牛奶蛋白的高反应性 (ｈｙｐｅｒｓｅｎｓｉ＿ｔｉｖｉｔｙ)。牛奶中含有多种蛋白质 ,其中 ,α＿乳清蛋白、β＿乳球蛋白是引起牛奶过敏…     

婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏15例回顾性分析

目的总结婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏的临床表现及诊治方法。方法回顾性分析15例牛奶蛋白过敏患儿临床表现、实验室检查、治疗方法。结果所有患儿病情经过牛奶回避及其他积极治疗后均得到缓解,湿疹及腹泻等消化道症状恢复较快,喘息症状恢复较慢。结论婴儿牛奶过敏的临床表现多样,早期表现是特应性皮炎(湿疹),逐渐出现胃肠道表现及呼吸道症状。深度水解蛋白奶粉是解决牛奶蛋白过敏的最佳选择。     

婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏的诊断

<正>婴儿期最常见的过敏性疾病是食物过敏,由于牛奶蛋白是婴儿期主要的食物蛋白来源,所以婴儿期食物过敏以牛奶蛋白过敏(cow's milk allergy,CMA)最为常见。牛奶蛋白过敏可涉及全身各个系统,并以消化系统症状和皮肤症状为最主要表现。如:呕吐、反流、腹泻、便血、肠绞痛、湿疹、荨麻疹等。这些症状均为非特异性。单从临床症状判断是否为食物过敏有一定的困难,需要结合辅助检查进行综合分析。本文探讨婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

新生儿食物过敏性腹泻

早在半个世纪以前就有婴儿对牛奶过敏、发生严重血性腹泻的报道[1].近年来,儿科医师注意到,因环境污染、抗菌素普遍应用及免疫接种等因素,食物过敏的患病率逐年增加.而新生儿、小婴儿的食物过敏,尤其是纯母乳喂养儿的牛奶蛋白过敏导致带血稀便,也逐渐引起我们的关注.     

Safety and efficacy of a new extensively hydrolyzed formula for infants with cow's milk protein allergy

Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is best treated by complete elimination of cow's milk from the diet. For infants with CMPA who cannot be breast-fed, formulas based on extensively hydrolyzed proteins or on amino acids are the preferred substitutes for cow's milk-based formulas. In this study, we compared the tolerance and growth of infants with CMPA who were fed a new extensively hydrolyzed formula containing lactose (eHF) with those who were fed an amino acid formula (AAF). This was a prospective, multi-center, randomized, reference-controlled study. Seventy-seven infants <12 months old with suspected CMPA were enrolled. In 66 of these, CMPA was confirmed by oral challenge in a double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) or by a medical history of severe allergic reaction to cow's milk and a positive skin prick test. These infants were then tested for their reaction to eHF and AAF in a DBPCFC. All infants tolerated both formulas and were randomized to receive either eHF (n = 34) or AAF (n = 32) for 180 days. Growth (weight, length, and head circumference) and tolerance [skin, gastro-intestinal, and respiratory tract symptoms of allergy] were evaluated after 30, 60, 90, and 180 days. There were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the growth measurements. Length and head circumference were similar to Euro-growth standards, but weight was slightly lower. Gastro-intestinal and respiratory tract symptoms of allergy were also similar in the two groups. However, whereas SCORAD scores for atopic dermatitis remained constant throughout the study in infants-fed eHF, there was a slight decrease in those fed AAF. Infants-fed eHF had significantly fewer incidents of vomiting than infants-fed AAF and a significantly higher frequency of soft stools. The new eHF is safe and well tolerated in infants diagnosed with CMPA.     

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF COW'S MILK PROTEIN INTOLERANCE IN SWEDISH INFANTS

Abstract. 1079 of 1548 newborn infants were followed during their first year. 328 were prospectively contacted once a month. 751 were followed up at child welfare clinics. Altogether 20 were diagnosed as being cow's milk protein intolerant (1.9%). Symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract and the skin predominated. Only 2 had respiratory symptoms. Ten had their symtpoms within one week after the introduction of cow's milk, 3 of them at their first cow's milk-containing meal. A further 4 already had symptoms when fed only human milk. The others (6 infants) showed symptoms after more than one week on a cow's milk containing diet. Before 2 years of age, 13 had recovered. Twelve of the cow's milk protein intolerant infants also showed adverse reactions to other foods, soy-protein intolerance being the most common (7 infants). A family history of allergy was found in 35% (116) of the 328 infants and in 70% (14) of those with cow's milk protein intolerance.     

婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏的危险因素：多中心调查分析

目的 通过多中心临床研究了解婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏（CMPA）发生的危险因素。方法 以2016年6月至2017年5月于深圳市6家医院儿科门诊就诊的1 829例1~12月龄婴儿为调查对象,通过问卷调查,筛选CMPA可疑病例,然后进行食物回避激发试验以确诊CMPA。采用多因素logistic回归分析调查婴儿CMPA发生的危险因素。结果 1 829例患儿中,82例确诊为CMPA（4.48%）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,母亲食物过敏（OR=4.91,95% CI：2.24~10.76）、母亲孕期使用抗生素（OR=3.18,95% CI：1.32~7.65）、开始添加辅食月龄小于 < 4个月（OR=3.55,95% CI：1.52~8.27）是CMPA的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）,而纯母乳喂养（OR=0.21,95% CI：0.08~0.58）和 > 6个月添加辅食（OR=0.38,95% CI：0.17~0.86）是CMPA的保护因素（P < 0.05）。结论 小于4月龄添加辅食、母亲食物过敏、母孕期使用抗生素是婴儿CMPA发生的危险因素。     

The spectrum of cow''s milk allergy

Childhood cow's milk allergy is a diagnosis encompassing various syndromes. Antigen-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody interaction is classically involved in mast cell degranulation in IgE-mediated food allergy, while non-IgE mediated cow's milk allergy is mostly mediated by cellular mechanisms. The diagnosis of cow's milk allergy largely relies on a good knowledge of the clinical expression of the disease. In this educational review series, we describe three cases of cow's milk allergy, first a 7-yr-old girl with persisting IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy, second a 8-month-old boy with cow's milk induced flares of atopic dermatitis, and third a 6-yr-old boy with sheep and goat milk allergy, in the absence of cow's milk allergy. The cases are discussed and summarized with more general recommendations for the clinical management of cow's milk allergy.     

Efficacy of donkey's milk in treating highly problematic cow's milk allergic children: An in vivo and in vitro study

Successful therapy in cow's milk protein allergy rests on completely eliminating cow's milk proteins from the child's diet: it is thus necessary to provide a replacement food. This prospective study investigated tolerance of donkey's milk in a population of 46 selected children with cow's milk protein allergy, for whom it was not possible to use any cow's milk substitute. Thirty-eight children (82.6%) liked and tolerated donkey's milk at the challenge and for the entire duration of follow-up. Catch-up growth was observed in all subjects with growth deficit during cow's milk proteins challenge. The degree of cross-reactivity of immunoglobulin E (IgE) with donkey's milk proteins was very weak and aspecific. Donkey's milk was found to be a valid alternative to both IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated cow's milk proteins allergy, including in terms of palatability and weight-height gain.     

Cow's milk protein intolerance and chronic constipation in children

Cow's milk protein (CMP) allergy was investigated in 25 children (age-range 3 months to 11 years) with chronic constipation. A diagnosis of constipation was made on the basis of a history of painful elimination of hard stools for at least 1 month, whether or not associated with a reduced frequency of stools or soiling. The children were evaluated using clinical parameters and the following laboratory tests: total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE); specific IgE (radioallergosorbent test [RAST]) for whole cow's milk, α-lactoalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and a food group; and skin-prick tests with whole milk, α-lactoalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and casein. Following the evaluation, the children were submitted to a CMP-free diet for a period of 4 weeks. In seven patients (28%), constipation disappeared during the CMP-free diet and reappeared within 48–72 h following challenge with cow's milk. In two infants a rectal biopsy revealed allergic colitis and they therefore did not undergo the challenge. High serum levels of total IgE were observed in five of the children who showed a clinical improvement (71%), a positive skin-test in two (29%), and detectable specific IgE in two (29%). These results suggest that CMP allergy or intolerance should be considered as a cause of chronic refractory constipation in children, although the underlying mechanism still require further investigation.     

Low Colostral IgA Associated with Cow's Milk Allergy

ABSTRACT. During a nutritional study of 198 infants, seven became allergic to cow's milk. The seven infants showed acute cutaneous manifestations during cow's milk challenge tests in hospital and six had increased levels of IgE cow's milk-specific antibodies. Neither in the development of the levels of immunoglobulins G, A and M, nor in that of the cow's milk-specific antibodies of these isotypes did these seven patients differ from the remaining infants. Beta-lactoglobulin content and levels of cow's milk-, and beta-lactoglobulin-specific antibodies and of immunoglobulins A, G and M were measured in samples of colostrum and milk from the mothers of the seven infants with cow's milk allergy and from a comparison group (non-atopic mothers of non-atopic infants). The milk of the mothers whose infants became allergic to cow's milk contained less IgA through the lactation: 95% confidence intervals of the groups did not overlap. The difference was most marked in the colostrum. All other measurements were similar in the two groups. This suggests that an infant is more likely to develop cow's milk allergy if the mother's colostrum had a low total IgA content.     

Cow's milk protein allergy after neonatal intestinal surgery.]

Cases of cow's milk protein allergy have been occasionally reported after neonatal intestinal surgery. AIM OF THE STUDY: To measure the prevalence of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) following neonatal intestinal surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The files of all children who underwent intestinal surgery in the neonatal period over a four-year-period were reviewed. The diagnosis of CMPA was made on the association of one or several symptoms suggesting food allergy after the introduction of cow's milk protein in the diet, the disappearance of the symptoms after exclusion of cow's milk protein from the diet and their reappearance after reintroduction of cow's milk protein. RESULTS: During the study period, 251 neonates underwent an intestinal surgery. Among them, 11 babies (4.3%) developed CMPA. None of them had a medical history of family atopy. Moreover, while 5 children were fed with a diet containing cow's milk protein before surgery: none of them presented initially with symptoms suggesting CMPA before intestinal surgery. Small intestine suffering was observed during operation in seven of 11 patients. No specific neonatal digestive disease or malformation was associated with CMPA. The signs revealing CMPA were primarily digestive : diarrhoea (N =3), vomiting (N =4), abdominal distension (N =2), colic or anorexia (N =2). Casein specific immunoglobulin E were present in nine of ten cases, alpha lactalbumin and/or beta lactoglobulin specific immunoglobulin E were present in six of ten cases. Prick test were performed in three children and were positive. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of CMPA among these patients with no risk factors of allergy raises the question of the role of neonatal intestinal surgery in developing food allergy. These data should be confirmed by prospective case-control studies. They underline the interest to evoke the diagnosis of CMPA when digestive symptoms occur after milk protein introduction in children undergoing neonatal intestinal surgery. Breast feeding or milk protein hydrolysate formula should be used for refeeding these patients.     

Cow's milk protein allergy through human milk

Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the first allergy that affects infants. In this population, the incidence rate reaches 7.5%. The multiplicity and aspecificity of the symptoms makes its diagnosis sometimes complicated, especially in the delayed type (gastrointestinal, dermatological, and cutaneous). CMPA symptoms can develop in exclusively breastfed infants with an incidence rate of 0.5%. It, therefore, raises questions about sensitization to cow's milk proteins through breast milk. Transfer of native bovine proteins such as β-lactoglobulin into the breast milk is controversial: some authors have found bovine proteins in human milk but others point to cross-reactivity between human milk proteins and cow's milk proteins. However, it seems that a small percentage of dietary proteins can resist digestion and become potentially allergenic. Moreover, some authors suspect the transfer of some of these dietary proteins from the maternal bloodstream to breast milk, but the mechanisms governing sensitization are still being studied. Theoretically, CMPA diagnosis is based on clinical observations, prick-test or patch-test results, and cow's milk-specific IgE antibody concentration. A positive food challenge test usually confirms the diagnosis. No laboratory test is available to make a certain diagnosis, but the detection of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in the mother's milk, for example, seems to be advantageous since it is linked to CMA. Excluding cow's milk from the mother's diet is the only cure when she still wants to breastfeed. Usually, cow's milk proteins are reintroduced after 6 months of exclusion. Indeed, the prognosis for infants is very good: 80% acquire a tolerance before the age of 3 or 4 years. Mothers should not avoid dairy products during pregnancy and breastfeeding as preventive measures against allergy.     

以胃肠道症状为主要表现的婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏280例临床分析

目的 探讨以胃肠道症状为主要表现的婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏（CMPA）的流行病学特点及临床特征。方法 回顾性分析280例临床诊断为以胃肠道症状为主要表现的CMPA住院婴儿的临床资料。结果 280例CMPA患儿中,6月龄以内患儿占72.5%（203例）。表现为腹泻171例（61.1%）,血便149例（53.2%）,呕吐71例（25.4%）,湿疹57例（20.4%）,营养不良42例（15%）,便秘13例（4.6%）;轻-中度CMPA258例（92.1%）,重度CMPA 22例（7.9%）。重度CMPA组营养不良发生率（50.0%）高于轻-中度组（12.0%）,血便发生率（22.7%）则低于轻-中度组（55.8%）,差异均有统计学意义。母乳喂养CMPA组营养不良发生率（10.3% vs 24.6%）及重度CMPA患儿比例（4.4% vs 18.0%）均低于人工喂养CMPA组,而人工喂养CMPA组的血便发生率（37.7%）则低于母乳喂养CMPA组（56.6%）及混合喂养CMPA组（59.0%）,差异均有统计学意义。结论 以胃肠道症状为主要表现的CMPA多发生于6月龄以内婴儿,以腹泻、血便起病多见,病情大多为轻-中度。人工喂养比母乳喂养更易导致重度CMPA,更易引起营养不良。