拇指背侧皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损

目的探讨吻合神经的拇指背侧皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损的临床效果及并发症的防治。方法利用拇指背侧皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损23例,11例将皮瓣内皮神经与受区内指神经外膜吻合,以重建受区感觉。结果23例皮瓣手术,22例皮瓣成活,1例皮瓣远端部分坏死。6例皮瓣远端出现张力性水泡,经积极处理后缓解。术后随访4～24个月,1例发生嵌甲,2例出现虎口轻度挛缩,成活皮瓣质地良好,手部外形与功能恢复满意,皮瓣恢复保护性感觉。结论该皮瓣手术操作简单,皮瓣外形好,可恢复部分感觉,是修复拇指软组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

拇背神经营养血管皮瓣修复拇指皮肤缺损

目的分析拇背神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复拇指皮肤缺缺损的临床应用效果。方法应用拇指指背神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复拇指皮肤缺损18例。结果皮瓣全部成活，皮瓣外观、拇指功能满意。结论拇指指背神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠，创伤小，手术操作简单，是修复拇指皮肤及软组织缺损较好的术式之一。     

拇指背侧动脉逆行皮瓣修复电击伤后拇指软组织缺损

目的 探讨以拇指桡(尺)背侧动脉为蒂逆行皮瓣修复电击伤后拇指软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 2009年10月至2011年10月,根据拇指高压电击伤后软组织缺损的不同部位,分别采用以拇指桡背侧动脉为蒂皮瓣修复7例,以拇指尺背侧动脉为蒂皮瓣修复2例,皮瓣切取面积5.0 cm×3.0 cm～ 2.0 cm×1.5 cm.结果 术后9例皮瓣全部存活,随访时间3～7个月,拇指外形满意,功能无明显受限.结论 该手术操作简单,术后皮瓣外形好,是修复电击伤后拇指软组织缺损的理想术式.     

应用手部岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用手部岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手指皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 根据拇指和手部皮肤软组织缺损的部位、范围大小及修复要求等选择手部7种不同的岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手指皮肤软组织缺损43例.结果 43例皮瓣完全成活.术后随访5个月～2年,皮瓣血运、质地良好,手指活动及感觉良好.结论 应用手部岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手指皮肤软组织缺损,手术操作简便、安全、效果良好,是临床上比较理想的方法选择.     

拇指桡背侧皮神经营养皮瓣修复拇指皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨拇指背桡侧皮神经营养血管蒂的岛状皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对19例拇指软组织缺损患者利用拇指背桡侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复,其中修复感觉神经15例。缺损面积：1.5cm×1.0cm～2.5cm×2.5cm;皮瓣面积：2.0cm×1.5cm～3.0cm×2.5cm。结果19例皮瓣全部成活。随访5～30个月,皮瓣外观及感觉良好,指腹两点分辨觉为6～10mm。指间关节活动范围0°～80°。结论该皮神经皮瓣手术操作简单,皮瓣外形好,部分皮瓣能恢复感觉,是修复拇指软组织缺损的理想方法。     

拇指软组织缺损的本体皮瓣修复

目的探讨应用拇指本体皮瓣对拇指软组织缺损修复的有效方法。方法应用三种不同的拇指本体皮瓣,即Hueston皮瓣,Moberg皮瓣及拇指尺背侧动脉逆行皮瓣修复10例拇指软组织缺损的患者。结果皮瓣全部成活,外形修复理想,受创拇指的长度得到保留,拇指感觉存在。结论对于拇指软组织缺损,尤其合并多指损伤时,应用同指本体皮瓣,完成对裸露骨组织的覆盖,可避免受创拇指有效长度的进一步缩短和恢复理想的感觉,操作简单、手术效果满意。     

应用手部岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用手部岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手指皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 根据拇指和手部皮肤软组织缺损的部位、范围大小及修复要求等选择手部7种不同的岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手指皮肤软组织缺损43例.结果 43例皮瓣完全成活.术后随访5个月～2年,皮瓣血运、质地良好,手指活动及感觉良好.结论 应用手部岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手指皮肤软组织缺损,手术操作简便、安全、效果良好,是临床上比较理想的方法选择.     

应用手部岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用手部岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手指皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 根据拇指和手部皮肤软组织缺损的部位、范围大小及修复要求等选择手部7种不同的岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手指皮肤软组织缺损43例.结果 43例皮瓣完全成活.术后随访5个月～2年,皮瓣血运、质地良好,手指活动及感觉良好.结论 应用手部岛状皮瓣修复拇指和手指皮肤软组织缺损,手术操作简便、安全、效果良好,是临床上比较理想的方法选择.     

接合神经的拇指背侧皮瓣修复拇指再植坏死后创面的临床疗效

目的探讨接合神经的拇指背侧皮瓣修复拇指再植坏死后创面的临床疗效。方法 2011年7月-2016年5月,应用接合神经的拇指背侧皮瓣修复拇指再植坏死后创面7例7指,创面大小为1.5 cm×1.2 cm~2.8 cm×2.5 cm,皮瓣大小为1.8 cm×1.5 cm~3.2 cm×2.8 cm,其中拇指桡背侧皮瓣5例,尺背侧皮瓣2例。拇指背侧供区4例直接缝合,其余3例取全厚皮片植皮。结果 7例皮瓣全部成活,1例出现皮瓣远端坏死,经换药后愈合,1例出现静脉危象,拆除部分缝线后缓解。随访3~12个月,皮瓣外观满意,两点辨别觉9~12 mm。结论接合神经的拇指背侧皮瓣修复拇指再植坏死后创面,手术操作简单,皮瓣成活率高,是修复拇指再植坏死后创面较为理想的方式。     

拇指尺背侧皮瓣在拇指远端损伤修复中保留拇指长度的效果探讨

目的:探讨拇指尺背侧皮瓣在拇指远端损伤修复中保留拇指长度的临床应用效果。方法:2013年5月-2018年6月,笔者单位应用拇指尺背侧皮瓣修复20例患者21指拇指远端损伤创面,皮瓣切取面积2.8cm×2.5cm～3.8cm×3.2cm,供瓣区均于同侧上臂内侧切取全厚皮片移植修复。结果:术后21例皮瓣全部成活,血运良好,最大限度地保留了拇指的长度,供瓣区移植皮片均成活。术后6个月～1年随访,皮瓣质地、色泽、外形良好,感觉亦有不同程度恢复,最大限度地保留了拇指的外形及功能。结论:拇指尺背侧皮瓣具有手术操作简单、皮瓣成活率高、能最大限度保留拇指长度及拇指功能等优点,是修复拇指远端损伤最大限度保留拇指长度较为理想的皮瓣。     

Treatment of thumb soft-tissue defects using a bipedicle island flap of the index finger: anatomical basis and clinical application

Purpose

Reconstruction of the thumb with exposure of bone and tendon is challenging. We designed a bipedicle island flap from the dorsum of the index finger to repair thumb defects. One pedicle includes the radial proper palmar digital artery (PDA) of the index finger, another pedicle includes the first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA). The aim of the study was to investigate the anatomical basis and clinical application of this flap.

Methods

Eleven fresh cadaver hands were dissected, the FDMA and the radial proper PDA were exposed. Their origin, distribution and diameter in different locations, especially in the dorsum of the proximal phalanx of the index finger, were examined. Ten patients (11 hands) underwent thumb reconstruction using this flap. During follow-up, the flap survival and hand function were evaluated.

Results

The origin of the FDMA in three cadaver hands was abnormal. The FDMA was mainly distributed in the proximal area of the dorsum of the proximal phalanx. The radial proper PDA of the index finger formed one constant dorsal branch, mainly distributing in the middle and distal area of the dorsum of the proximal phalanx. All flaps survived. At follow-up, the span of the first web and the range of motion of the thumbs and index fingers reached more than 94 % of the contralateral finger. All patients were satisfied with the hand function according to the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ).

Conclusions

The bipedicle island flap has two arterial systems to provide sufficient blood supply. This technique provides another option for thumb reconstruction when a large supercharged FDMA island flap needs to be designed, or when there is an additional injury to the radial side of the dorsum of the hand or if there are anatomical variations of the FDMA, or if damage to the FDMA occurs during surgery.     

以第一、二掌背动脉为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复拇指套脱伤

目的介绍应用以第一、二掌背动脉为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复拇指套脱伤的临床疗效。方法选择9例拇指套脱伤而指血管神经束、甲根、甲床完好或可修复的患者，采用以第一、二掌背动脉为蒂的手背桡侧岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指。结果术后9例皮瓣及供区植皮全部存活。术后7例获得6个月-4年的随访，2例失访。修复后的拇指及指甲外形、供区皮肤外形均较满意，指甲生长正常，拇指对指功能正常。皮瓣两点分辨觉为6．9mm，平均8mm。结论对拇指套脱伤指血管神经束存在，甲根、甲床尚好或可以修复的患者，采用以第一、二掌背动脉为蒂的手背桡侧岛状皮瓣修复是一种疗效较好的手术选择。     

足部皮瓣移植修复拇、手指皮肤缺损

目的 探讨应用5种足部皮瓣移植修复拇、手指皮肤缺损的疗效。方法 1987年5月-2003年6月，对93例拇、手指皮肤缺损的患者，采用5种不同类型的足部皮瓣进行移植修复。其中采用趾腹皮瓣移植修复指腹缺损27例；趾甲瓣移植修复指甲与指背皮肤缺损8例；[足母]甲瓣或第二趾趾甲皮瓣移植修复拇、手指皮肤脱套伤48例；[足母]趾腓侧半月形皮瓣移植修复拇、手指近节与（或）中节皮肤环形缺损6例；足背三叶或二叶皮瓣移植修复2～3个手指部分皮肤缺损4例。结果 术后皮瓣成功90例，失败3例，成功率为96．8％。供区3例[足母]甲瓣切取后创面不愈．经扩创、植皮后愈合。术后随访8个月～6年．平均2年，皮瓣质地、弹性及拇、手指外形功能良好．指腹皮瓣两点分辨觉达5～8mm。供区行走无影响。结论 选择不同类型的足部皮瓣游离移植是修复拇、手指不同部位皮肤缺损的理想、有效的治疗方法。     

改良中环指岛状皮瓣加髂骨植骨再造拇指

目的介绍改良中环指岛状皮瓣加髂骨植骨再造拇指Ⅲ°、Ⅳ°缺损的临床经验。方法对拇指Ⅲ°、Ⅳ°缺损的特殊病例采用将中环指岛状皮瓣设计于近中节,在近节指蹼间保留0．5-1cm皮肤,避免指蹼破坏,指血管神经束一并分离转位,供侧指神经与健侧指神经作端侧吻合,供区创面I期带真皮血管网植皮,中环指岛状皮瓣转移后瓦合加髂骨植骨再造拇指。结果临床应用共7例,中环指皮瓣均顺利存活。经6月-1年随访,再造指外观满意,两点辨别觉1-2mm,对掌对指功能恢复良好。结论改良中环指岛状皮瓣加髂骨植骨再造拇指是一种简单有效可靠的方法。     

中环指岛状皮瓣、示指背侧岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指损伤

目的 评价中环指岛状皮瓣和（或）示指背侧岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指损伤的疗效。方法 １９８９年７月￣１９９８年１１月共８例拇指损伤应用中环指岛状皮瓣和（或）示指背侧岛状瓣修复。其中示指侧同状皮瓣转移修复拇指损伤２例,中指尺侧岛状皮瓣加示指背侧岛状岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指脱套伤１例,中环指双岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指撕脱离断伤１例。中指尺侧岛状皮拇指损伤４例。随访７个月－９年１１个月,平均５年１个月,主要观察皮     

指背血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复拇指组织缺损

目的 探讨拇指组织缺损的修复方法。方法 利用8具尸体16只手进行解剖学研究，观察了拇指背动脉、第1掌背动脉及食指桡侧指背动脉。临床上分别以拇指背动脉、示指桡侧指背动脉为蒂于手背侧设计岛状皮瓣进行应用。结果 拇指背动脉外径0．24～0．46mm，平均0．37mm，示指桡侧指背动脉0．26～0．56mm，平均0．44mm，血管恒定。临床应用拇指背血管蒂逆行皮瓣、示指桡侧指背血管蒂皮瓣修复拇指组织缺损12例；皮瓣带人桡神经指背支形成有感觉皮瓣，效果更满意。结论 以指背血管为蒂的手背侧皮瓣是修复拇指组织缺损的较为理想方法。     

指背侧岛状皮瓣在手指皮肤缺损中的临床应用

目的 探讨以手指背侧微血管网为血管蒂的手指近、中节背侧皮瓣逆行修复手指不同平面皮肤缺损的临床效果.方法 2007年1月-2011年12月,以近节及中节手指桡、尺背侧的手指背侧微血管网为血管蒂,逆行修复手指近指间关节掌侧,及其以远指体掌背侧及侧方皮肤缺损60例78指,皮瓣大小为1.2 cm×2.0 cm～2.5 cm×3.5 cm.结果 术后随访6～36个月,73指皮瓣成活,5指中节指背皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后创面愈合.术后皮瓣两点辨别觉8～10 mm,指间关节活动功能好.结论 该皮瓣具有操作简单、不损伤指固有动脉及指固有神经等优点.近节指背皮瓣面积大、血管蒂长、旋转弧大、成功率高.中节指背皮瓣血管蒂短,可用于修复末节甲根及甲中段平面背侧及指侧方皮肤缺损.     

Anatomic basis of dorsal finger skin cover

This study describes the anatomy of the dorsal cutaneous vascular system of 180 digits (36 thumbs, index, middle, ring, and little fingers) from 18 pairs of fresh human cadaver hands. The aim of this paper is to incorporate the anatomic data into the current way of designing the homodigital adipofascial turnover flap for cutaneous coverage of the dorsum of the finger. We have carried out an anatomic study in preserved cadaver hands to define the distance between the joint and the origin of the dorsal cutaneous branches of the proper palmar digital artery in the proximal and middle phalanx of the long fingers and for the thumb to metacarpal and interphalangeal joint. All branches of the proper digital artery that ran to the dorsal skin were then identified, and their diameters and the distances of their origins from the proximal interphalangeal joint were measured. We showed that 2 constant branches in the proximal and middle phalanx from each proper digital artery have consistent sites of origin at predictable distances from the proximal interphalangeal joint for the long fingers and the metacarpal and interphalangeal joint for the thumb. The flap survival was excellent, and no donor site complications were observed. We showed that these branches have consistent sites of origin at predictable distances from the proximal interphalangeal joint. The adipofascial turnover arterial flap has appeared as an excellent alternative to achieve early coverage of cutaneous wounds at the dorsal aspect of the fingers.     

Reversed dorsal digital and metacarpal island flaps supplied by the dorsal cutaneous branches of the palmar digital artery

The dorsal digital and metacarpal island flaps have been described for use in a variety of clinical situations. On the basis of the authors' previous angiographic studies, these two skin flaps were planned on the dorsum of the proximal phalanx or intermetacarpal space based on the vascular anastomoses between the proximal dorsal cutaneous branches of the palmar digital artery and the dorsal digital branches of the dorsal metacarpal artery at the level of the proximal phalanx. The authors present a series of 13 patients using these flaps. To reconstruct the injured finger pulp, the reverse dorsal digital flap was used in 5 patients, and the reverse dorsal metacarpal flap was used in 8 patients. Most of the 13 patients sustained a work-related injury. Associated injuries of bone, joint, or tendon occurred in most patients. In all patients, the skin defect was located distal to the proximal interphalangeal joint. The skin paddle was taken from the dorsal aspect of the middle and ring fingers or the first, second, third, and fourth metacarpal area. All flaps survived completely. Two patients who had the dorsal branch of the sensitive radial nerve anastomosed to the digital nerve recovered 6-mm two-point discrimination in the reverse dorsal digital flap. The results of this anatomic study and the authors' clinical experience confirm the reliability of the dorsal digital and metacarpal island flaps.     

改良第二掌背动脉皮瓣修复示中指中末节套脱伤

目的 探讨应用第二掌背动脉(second dorsal metacarpal artery,SDMA)逆行岛状皮瓣修复示、中指中末节皮肤套状撕脱伤的方法及疗效.方法 2004年5月至2010年1月,收治17例示指或中指中末节皮肤套状撕脱伤患者.采用SDMA岛状皮瓣进行修复,并缝合指背神经.皮瓣切取面积为2.5 cm×5.6 cm～5.0cm×6.5 cm,供区创面行游离植皮.结果 术后2例皮瓣远端出现张力性水泡,表皮结痂,经换药后愈合;其余皮瓣顺利存活.皮瓣及供区植皮切口均Ⅰ期愈合.术后17例获得4～27个月的随访,平均15.3个月.皮瓣质地柔软,外观饱满无臃肿.两点分辨觉为7～11 mm,平均8.6 mm.手功能按手指总主动活动度(total active movement,TAM)法评定:优8指,良7指,可2指;优良率为88.2%.结论 缝合指背神经的改良SDMA逆行岛状皮瓣,皮瓣切取面积足够覆盖示、中指中末节套状撕脱伤皮肤缺损创面,皮瓣血运可靠,手术安全,是一种较好的手术方法.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the operative procedure and the clinical results of the modified reversed island flap based on the second dorsal metacarpal artery (SDMA) for repairing index or long finger degloving defects.Methods From May 2004 to January 2010, circumferential soft tissue defect in the middle and distal phalanx of the index or long fingers in 17 patients were repaired by the modified reversed island flaps based on SDMA.The dorsal digital nerve in the flap was coapted to the severed proper digital nerve.The area of the flaps ranged from 2.5 cm × 5.6 cm to 5.0 cm × 6.5 cm.The donor sites were closed by skin graft.Results Postoperatively blister and necrosis of the distal flap occurred in 2 cases which was cured by dressing change.All the other flaps survived uneventfully.Primary healing of the flaps and donor sites was achieved.All 17 patients were follow-up for 4 to 27 months with an average of 15.3 months.The flaps were pliable, full but not bulky.Two-point discrimination was 7 to 11 mm (mean 8.6 mm).Hand function as judged by the total active range of motion of the fingers was excellent in 8 fingers, good in 7 fingers and fair in 2 fingers.The satisfactory rate was 88.2%.Conclusion Modified SDMA reversed island flap transfer with dorsal digital nerve coaptation is an ideal procedure to repair index or long finger degloving injuries.The area of the harvested flap is large enough to cover the circumferential soft tissue defect in the middle and distal phalanx.The surgery is safe due to the reliable flap circulation.