糖尿病患者凝血、抗凝血及纤溶功能的变化

目的 探讨糖尿病患者凝血、抗凝血、纤溶系统的变化及意义。方法 纤维蛋白原（Fg)采用Clauss法，纤维蛋白A肽（FPA）、血管性血友病因子（vWF)、D－二聚体（D－dimer)、抗凝血酶－Ⅲ（AT－Ⅲ）、血浆血小板α－颗粒膜蛋白140（GMP－140）采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法，组织型纤溶酶原激活物（t-PA)、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物（PAI）采用发色底物法。结果 与对照组比较，糖尿病无并发症组Fg、FPA、vWF、GMP-140水平显著增高（P＜0.05),AT-Ⅲ、D-dimer、t-PA、PAI差异无显著性；糖尿病有并发症组Fg、FPA、vWF、D-dimer、PAI、GMP－140水平显著增高（P＜0.01)，AT－Ⅲ、t-PA水平显著降低（P＜0.01)。结论 糖尿病时，凝血、抗凝血、血小板、纤溶等系统发生了显著变化，因此测定上述指标，对指导临床治疗、监测病情、预防血栓形成具有一定价值。     

急性脑梗死患者血浆t—PA、PAI—1、TM及GMP—140的变化及意义

目的：探讨血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活物（t-PA）及其抑制物（PAI－1）、血栓调节蛋白（TM）和血小板α颗粒膜蛋白－140（GMP－140）在急性脑梗死发病中的意义。方法：对57例急性脑梗死患者进行血浆t-PA、PAI－1、TM及GMP－140的检测,并与对照组进行比较,结果：急性脑梗死患者较正常对照组t-PA水平明显降低,PAI－1、TM及GMP－140水平明显升高（P＜0．01）结论：急性期脑梗死患者内皮细胞损伤、血小板活化及纤溶活性的变化可能参与了疾病的发生发展过程,为脑梗死的治疗提供了理论依据。     

糖尿病患者凝血、抗凝血及纤溶功能的变化

目的探讨糖尿病患者凝血、抗凝血、纤溶系统的变化及意义.方法纤维蛋白原(Fg)采用Clauss法,纤维蛋白A肽(FPA)、血管性血友病因子(vWF)、D-二聚体(D-dimer)、抗凝血酶-Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)、血浆血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白140(GMP-140)采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法,组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物(PAI)采用发色底物法.结果与对照组比较,糖尿病无并发症组Fg、FPA、vWF、GMP-140水平显著增高(P<0.05),AT-Ⅲ、D-dimer、t-PA、PAI差异无显著性;糖尿病有并发症组Fg、FPA、vWF、D-dimer、PAI、GMP-140水平显著增高(P<0.01),AT-Ⅲ、t-PA水平显著降低(P<0.01).结论糖尿病时,凝血、抗凝血、血小板、纤溶等系统发生了显著变化,因此测定上述指标,对指导临床治疗、监测病情、预防血栓形成具有一定价值.     

降纤酶对急性脑梗死患者凝血与纤溶指标的影响

目的：探讨降纤酶治疗后对脑梗死患者凝血与纤溶指标的影响及治疗意义。方法：测定38例降纤酶治疗前后急性脑梗死患者和25例正常对照组血浆纤维蛋白原（Fbg）、D－二聚体（D－D）、组织型纤溶酶原激活物（t-PA）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂（PAI－1）及α2-抗纤溶酶（α2－PI)含量。结果：急性脑梗死患者血浆Fbg、D－D、PAI－1及α2－PI明显升高，t-PA明显降低；降纤酶治疗后Fbg、D－D、PAI－1及α2－PI明显降低，t-PA明显升高，其中，Fbg、t-PA有非常显著性差异（P＜0．001）。结论：降纤酶有良好的降纤、溶纤作用，对急性脑梗死治疗有肯定作用。     

冠心病患者止凝血与纤溶状态检测的临床价值

目的探讨冠心病(coronaryheartdisease,CHD)患者止凝血、纤溶状态检测的临床价值。方法102例冠心病患者,其中31例稳定型心绞痛(stableangina,SA),33例不稳定型心绞痛(unstableangina,UA),38例急性心肌梗死(acutemyocardialinfarction,AMI),采用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法检测血浆中血管性血友病因子(vonWillebrandfactor,vWF)、血浆血小板α颗粒膜蛋白140(α-granulemembraneprotein140,GMP-140)、组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue-typeplasminogenactivator,t-PA)、血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制物(plasminogenactivatorinhibitor,PAI)及D-二聚体(D-Dimer),采用Clauss法检测纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)含量并比较各指标在CHD患者组与健康对照组的差别。结果CHD患者血浆中t-PA低于健康对照组,其他指标的含量高于健康对照组。UA组与SA组比较,vWF、t-PA、PAI、D-Dimer、FIB有显著性差异(P<0.05),而GMP-140无显著性差异(P>0.05)。AMI组与UA组比较,GMP-140和D-Dimer无显著性差异(P>0.05),其他指标有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论CHD患者存在内皮细胞损伤、血小板活性增高而纤溶活性降低的状态,易发生血栓,并且各项指标异常程度与CHD严重程度相一致(AMI>UA>SA),有助于进行危险分层诊断。     

凝血纤溶异常对老年高血压颈动脉粥样硬化病变的影响

目的：探讨部分凝血、纤溶指标异常对老年高血压患者颈动脉粥样硬化病变的影响。方法：采用彩色多普勒显像仪对70例老年高血压患者、30例老年健康体检者进行颈动脉超声检查，并对老年高血压患者行血浆纤维蛋白原（FIB）、D－二聚体（D-d)、血管性假血友病因子（VWF）、血小板α颗粒膜蛋白（GMP－140）及组织型纤溶酶原激活物（tPA)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂－1（PAI－1）含量的测定。结果：老年高血压组颈动脉粥样硬化病变与健康老年人组比较差异有显著性意义；老年高血压组中颈动脉正常、内膜增厚及斑块三组间血浆FIB、D-d、PAI－1水平有显著性差异，且颈动脉斑块组血浆FIB水平明显高于内膜增厚组和正常组，颈动脉斑块组血浆D-d水平明显高于内膜增厚组。结论：增高的血浆FIB、D-d、PAI－1水平与颈动脉粥样硬化病变程度和斑块形成密切相关。     

脑梗死患者止血参数检测的临床意义

目的：通过众多试验找出脑梗死的早期实验诊断指标。方法：采用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA），免疫比浊法，全自动义器法进行10项参数检测，结果：血管性血友病因子（vWF):Ag，血小板表面颗粒膜蛋白（GMP－140）、纤维蛋白单体聚合反应速率（FMPV）、组织纤溶酶激活物（t-PA)及抗凝血酶Ⅲ（AT-Ⅲ）试验在脑梗死组均明显异常，结论：vWF、GMP－140、MFPV、t-PA及AT-Ⅲ的异常可能是急性脑梗死前期（血栓前状态）发病的主要危险因素的特异指标。     

妊高征患者血管内皮产物变化的临床意义

妊高征发病机制目前还未完全明确，但血管内皮细胞受损导致凝血和纤溶过程相继被启动，是妊高征发生的中心环节已得到公认。血管内皮受损导致一系列因子释放。本文检测妊高征患者血液中血管内皮产物组织因子（TF）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物（PAI）、组织型纤溶酶原激活物（tPA）的变化，监测妊高征的发展。     

心肌梗死患者介入术前后血小板活化及纤溶功能的变化

目的 观察急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者冠状动脉介入术后外周循环血中血小板活化及凝血-纤溶功能的变化。方法 采用ELISA检测PTCA和冠状动脉内支架术前后血小板表面α-颗粒膜蛋白（GMP-140），血管性假血友病因子（vWF)，组织纤溶酶原激活剂（t-PA)，纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1（PAI-1），D-二聚体（D-D）的含量。结果 35例急性心肌梗死患者PTCA术后10分钟，GMP-140，tPA和vWF明显增高，术后24小时vWF仍显著增高，结论 AMI患者介入术后血小板活化和纤溶功能均出现改变。     

老年高血压病患者血浆中VWF，t—PA及PAI变化的意义

目的 观察老年高血压病患者的血管内皮细胞损伤及纤溶活性的变化。方法 选择30例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期老年高血压病患者和30例老年正常对照者，测定其血浆Von Willebrand因子（VWF）含量及组织型纤溶酶原激活物（t－PA）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物（PAI）的活化。结果 老年高血压病患者血浆VWF含量及PAI活性明显高于老年正常对照组（P＜0．001），而t-PA活性明显低于老年对照组（P＜0．001）。结论 提示Ⅰ、Ⅱ老年高血压患者存在明显的内皮细胞损伤和纤溶活性下降，有血栓形成倾向。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.