2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝临床资料分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病舍并非酒精性脂肪肝的危险因素.方法 2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝(DFL)组93例,2型糖尿病无非酒精性脂肪肝(NDfL)组、90例,用空腹C肤代替胰岛素改良HOMA公式评价胰岛素抵抗.结果 DFL组体质量指数、腰围、空腹C-肽、餐后2小时c-肽、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、谷氨酰胺转移酶、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血尿酸和HOMA(CP)升高(均P＜0.05);Logistic回归分析表明体重指数、高甘油三酯血症、空腹C-肽是DFL形成的危险因素.结论 2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的危险因素是肥胖、高甘油三酯血症和胰岛素抵抗.     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的临床资料分析

目的：探讨2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的危险因素。方法：2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝（DPL）组56例,2型糖尿病无非酒精性脂肪肝（NDFL）组56例,用空腹C肽代替胰岛素改良HOMA公式评价胰岛素抵抗,对两组临床资料进行分析。结果：DFL组体重指数、空腹C-肽、餐后2hC-肽、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、谷氨酰胺转移酶、总胆固醇、高甘油三脂、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血尿酸和HOMA（CP）升高（均P〈0.05）;Logistic回归分析表明体重指数是DFL组的危险因素。结论：2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的独立危险因素是肥胖。     

2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝的危险因素研究

目的:探讨影响糖尿病合并脂肪肝的主要危险因素。方法:采用病例对照研究,2型糖尿病伴有脂肪肝(DFL)组1 1 8例,2型糖尿病不伴脂肪肝(NDFL)组1 4 9例,非糖尿病非酒精性脂肪肝(NDNASH)组5 5例。结果:⑴与DFL有关的危险因素包括体重指数、腰臀比值、血压、空腹胰岛素、餐后2h胰岛素、胆固醇、甘油三酯、HOMA -IR ,其中最主要的两个危险因素是腰臀比值、甘油三酯;⑵DFL组与NDFL组比较,空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)无显著差异性;( 3 )NDFL与NDNASH组比较,HOMA -IR差异无显著性。结论:( 1 )影响DFL的因素众多,主要因素是腰臀比值、甘油三酯;( 2 )血糖对DFL发病作用降低;( 3 )脂肪肝可能是糖尿病前一个阶段,DFL可能是代谢综合征的一个组成部分     

初诊老年2型糖尿病并发非酒精性脂肪肝210例相关因素分析

目的:探讨初诊老年2型糖尿病与非酒精脂肪肝的相互关系及代谢综合征的关系。方法:将初诊老年2型糖尿病按是否并发非酒精脂肪肝分为两组(A组:2型糖尿病并发非酒精脂肪肝;B组:2型糖尿病无非酒精脂肪肝),测身高、体重、腰围、臀围,计算体质指数及腰臀比,进一步检查并记录并发症。检查肝功、血脂、血尿酸、空腹血糖,糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、尿微量白蛋白,计算胰岛素抵抗指数HOMA-IR,比较各指标。结果:A组腰臀比、舒张压、体重指数较B组明显增高(P<0.05);且A组中冠心病、高血压、肥胖及痛风发生率显著增高(P<0.05);A组与B组相比较,其TG显著升高(P<0.05),而HDL显著降低(P<0.05);A组GGT、ALT、AST、UA水平显著高于B组(P<0.05)。结论:初诊老年2型糖尿病并发非酒精性脂肪肝发生率高达60%,存在明显的高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗、脂代谢异常、腹型肥胖及高发肥胖、高血压、冠心病和痛风。脂肪肝可能是代谢综合征之一,脂肪肝与其他代谢综合征相互影响,尤其是糖尿病,加重胰岛素抵抗。     

脂肪肝与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的　探讨脂肪肝患者代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗的情况及脂肪肝与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法　采用病例对照研究 ,2型糖尿病伴有脂肪肝 (DF)组 6 7例 ,2型糖尿病不伴脂肪肝 (NDF)组 33例 ,脂肪肝 (F)组 2 1例 ,正常对照 (C)组 18例。检测 4组患者的体脂参数、血脂、血糖 (空腹和餐后 2h)、胰岛素 (空腹和餐后 2h)及游离脂肪酸 (FFA) ,采用稳态模式胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)评价胰岛素抵抗。结果　DF组与NDF组、F组与C组比较 ,体重指数 (BMI)、腰围 (W 1)、腰臀比 (WHR)、胆固醇 (TC)、三酰甘油 (TG)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)、HOMA IR水平明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。F组的空腹血糖 (FBG)、餐后 2h血糖 (2hBG)、空腹胰岛素 (FINS)和餐后 2h胰岛素 (2hINS)水平高于C组 (P <0 .0 5 )。DF组中游离脂肪酸 (FFA)水平高于C组 (P <0 .0 5 )。多元逐步回归分析显示 ,FBG、TG、BMI和脂肪肝是脂肪肝患者胰岛素抵抗独立的危险因素。结论　脂肪肝患者普遍存在胰岛素抵抗 ,FBG、TG、BMI和脂肪肝是影响脂肪肝患者胰岛素抵抗独立的危险因素     

四川大学华西医院住院初诊早发糖尿病患者的回顾性分析

目的 研究早发糖尿病人群的临床特征、代谢状况、胰岛素抵抗以及胰岛β-细胞功能,探讨糖尿病早发的原因。 方法 回顾性分折638例华西医院住院糖尿病患者中新诊断及病程≤1年,且谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体、胰岛细胞抗体、胰岛素抗体均为阴性者的临床资料,根据诊断时的年龄分为2组。早发糖尿病组 （诊断年龄15～45岁）342例,晚发糖尿病组 （诊断年龄>45岁）296例。收集所有对象住院病历资料,并用胰岛素抵抗指数 （HOMA2-IR）评估胰岛素抵抗,胰岛素敏感指数 （HOMA2-%S）评估胰岛素敏感性,胰岛细胞功能指数 （HOMA2-%β）评估胰岛细胞分泌功能,餐后30 min胰岛素和空腹胰岛素差值 （ΔI30）与餐后30 min血糖和空腹血糖差值 （ΔG30）的比值 （ΔI30/ΔG30）评估早期胰岛素分泌。比较两组的临床特征、代谢状况、胰岛素抵抗以及胰岛β-细胞功能。 结果 早发糖尿病组患者以酮症、酮症酸中毒起病的比例、糖尿病家族史阳性率、需要使用胰岛素治疗的比例、空腹及餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白 （HbAlc)、甘油三酯 （TG）均高于晚发糖尿病组 （P均＜0.01）。早发糖尿病组患者收缩压、舒张压、体质指数 （BMI）、腰臀比、尿酸 （UA）、空腹及餐后胰岛素和C肽水平低于晚发糖尿病组 （P均＜0.01）。早发糖尿病组患者高血压、中心性肥胖、高尿酸、代谢综合征的发生率以及合并3种以上代谢异常的比例低于晚发组 （P<0.05,或P<0.01）。早发糖尿病组HOMA2-%β、ΔI30/ΔG30以及HOMA2-IR降低,而HOMA2-%S升高 （P<0.01）。多元回归分析显示低HOMA2-%β、低ΔI30/ΔG30以及糖尿病阳性家族史是糖尿病早发的独立预测因素。 结论 早发糖尿病患者代谢异常的发生率低,代谢综合征、胰岛素抵抗以及胰岛素敏感性降低并不是影响糖尿病早发的因素,胰岛β细胞功能障碍可能是其影响因素。     

腰围/身高比值与2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗及胰岛B细胞功能的关系

目的通过计算患者腰围／身高比值∽HtR）及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、空腹C肽（FCP）水平的测定，研究腹型肥胖对2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗及胰岛8细胞功能的影响。方法将411例初诊2型糖尿病病人按照WHtR≥0．5或〈0．5分为2组。比较其空腹及餐后血糖（FBG，P2hBG）、血压、血脂、HOMA—IR、FCP水平的异同。结果2组间FBG、HbAlc、HOMA—IR、FCP及血压、血脂差异存在显著性。结论以WHtR．作为腹型肥胖指标有助于初步判断患者胰岛素抵抗与胰岛B细胞功能。     

2型糖尿病血清尿酸与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的关系

目的：探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血清尿酸（SUA）水平与颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）的关系。方法：2011年8月～2012年6月内分泌科住院的157例T2DM患者,分为高血尿酸组（68例）及正常血尿酸组（89例）。记录患者身高、体重、腰围和臀围,测定空腹血糖（FBG）、血总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDLC）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、IMT,并计算相应的体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果：高血尿酸组BMI、WHR、FINS、HOMA—IR、LDL—C、TG、IMT较正常血尿酸组升高（P〈0．05）,而FBG、TC、HDL—C两组差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：2型糖尿病高血尿酸组更易出现血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗及动脉粥样硬化。     

2型糖尿病患者腰围与胰岛素抵抗的相关研究

目的：评价不同腰围2型糖尿患者胰岛素抵抗的程度。方法：92例2型糖尿病患者根据2005年国际糖尿病联盟关于代谢综合征中心性肥胖的华人定义进行分组,按女性腰围〈80 cm、男性腰围〈90 cm,女性腰围≥80 cm、男性腰围≥90 cm分别分成2型糖尿病非肥胖组及2型糖尿病肥胖组,均测定其空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（PBG2h）、空腹胰岛素水平（FINS）、胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,比较不同腰围2型糖尿患者胰岛素抵抗程度。结果：HOMA-IR随腰围的增加而增大,2型糖尿病肥胖组较非肥胖组显著升高（P〈0.01）。多元线性回归显示,影响HOMA-IR的因素分别为腰围和FBG。结论：腰围是影响胰岛素抵抗的重要因素,腰围、FBG增加均可加重胰岛素抵抗程度。女性腰围≥80 cm、男性腰围≥90 cm较女性腰围〈80 cm、男性腰围〈90 cm的2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗程度严重。     

住院2型糖尿病患者体重指数与代谢指标及慢性并发症关系

目的探讨住院2型糖尿病患者BMI与代谢指标及慢性并发症的关系。方法将508例2型糖尿病患者根据BMI不同分为肥胖组（BMI≥25kg/m2）206例及非肥胖组（BMI＜25kg/m2）302例。测量并比较两组患者的身高、腰围、臀围、体重、血压（收缩压、舒张压）,并计算BMI、腰围身高比值、腰臀比以及相关实验室检查[TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FIN）、血尿酸（SUA）、肝酶（ALT、AST、ALP、GGT）],同时比较两组患者慢性并发症发生情况。采用Pearson相关分析BMI与上述各指标的关系,采用逐步多元回归法分析BMI的最相关影响因素。结果肥胖组BMI、腰围身高比值、腰臀比、收缩压、舒张压均高于非肥胖组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。同时,肥胖组患者FBG、HbA1c、TG、ALT、AST、GGT、SUA、FIN、IRI亦高于非肥胖组,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。Pearson相关进行分析显示,BMI与腰围身高比值、腰臀比、收缩压、舒张压、FBG、HbA1c、TG、ALT、AST、GGT、SUA、FIN及IRI呈正相关。逐步多元回归法分析显示,IRI、SUA、舒张压、ALT为最相关影响因素。肥胖组冠心病、糖尿病肾脏病变、高血压发病率及脂肪肝患病率与非肥胖组比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。结论BMI越高的2型糖尿病患者的胰岛素抵抗越明显,其FBG、TG、SUA水平越高,更易出现高血压、脂肪肝、冠心病、肾脏病变。2型糖尿病患者积极控制体重,积极纠正血糖、血脂、SUA水平,有利于降低罹患高血压、脂肪肝、冠心病、糖尿病肾脏病变风险。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.