Comparison of combined spinal epidural anesthesia and epidural anesthesia for cesarean section

BACKGROUND: Epidural anesthesia (EA) is popular for cesarean section, but has some drawbacks such as incomplete block, inadequate muscle relaxation and delayed onset. Combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA) has gained increasing interest as it combines the reliability of a spinal block and the flexibility of an epidural block. We investigated the efficacy of CSEA that combines the main spinal and the supporting epidural anesthesia, comparing with pH-adjusted EA, for cesarean section. METHODS: Sixty-four pregnant women at full term were divided into two groups. Patients in the CSEA group (n=32) were given 1.5-1.6 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine intrathecally, followed by 10 ml of 0.25% plain bupivacaine through the epidural catheter 10 min later. Patients in the EA group (n=32) received 20-25 ml of 2% lidocaine which was already mixed with 0.1 ml of 0.1% epinephrine, 100 g of fentanyl and 1.5 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate. The quality and side effects of surgical anesthesia, neonatal state, and postoperative course were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: In the EA group, 22% (7 cases) complained of intraoperative pain but none in the CSEA group (P=0.011). Muscle relaxation and motor block were much better in the CSEA group (P<0.001 and P=0.011 each). Significantly more women in the EA group had shivering (P=0.001). They also had more nausea and vomiting but the differences were not significant. Not only the time to T4 block (9.7 vs. 18.3 min, mean, P<0.001) but also the stay in the postanesthesia care unit, recovery of sensory and motor block and start of postoperative pain were all significantly shorter in the CSEA group. No one in either group had postdural puncture headache (PDPH). CONCLUSION: We can conclude that, when combining the main spinal and the supporting epidural anesthesia, CSEA has greater efficacy and fewer side effects than the pH-adjusted EA in cesarean sections.     

A comparative study of general anesthesia versus combined spinal–epidural anesthesia on the fetus in cesarean section

BackgroundObstetric anesthesia guidelines recommend regional over general anesthesia for most caesarean sections to decrease the risk for both fetus and mother.Aim of the workTo determine the effects of combined spinal epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia on the newborns and the mother undergoing elective cesarean section.SubjectsA total of 60 consecutive women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at term and scheduled to undergo elective cesarean section at Kasr Al-Aini obstetric hospital participated in this prospective study. The women were divided into 2 groups (each 30), a general anesthesia group (A) and combined spinal–epidural anesthesia group (B).MethodsUmbilical artery blood gas analysis and Apgar scores were assessed at 1 and 5 min after delivery in the newborn while systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation and (capnography in general anesthesia) were measured preoperative and after 5, 10 and 15 min of induction of anesthesia in the mothers. In addition, the time from induction of anesthesia till delivery of the fetus and duration in operative room were measured.ResultsApgar score recorded statistically significant differences between the 2 groups at 1 min and 5 min, where with combined spinal–epidural anesthesia the Apgar score readings were higher than with general anesthesia. HCO₃ readings showed a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups after 1 and 5 min, where the newborns in general anesthesia group had a statistically significant lower HCO₃ compared to the newborns in combined spinal–epidural group. Patients in general anesthesia group were significantly more tachycardic compared to patients in combined spinal–epidural group.ConclusionCombined spinal–epidural anesthesia is safer on the newborn than general anesthesia regarding the APGAR scores and acid–base balance.     

Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section following inadequate labor epidural analgesia: a retrospective audit

BACKGROUND: High blocks have been reported when spinal anesthesia is used for cesarean section following inadequate labor epidural analgesia. We have therefore modified the practice at our institution to minimize this risk and conducted a retrospective observational study of outcome following the change of practice. METHOD: The records of 115 women with inadequate epidural labor analgesia who required cesarean section between July 1998 and January 2002 were studied. No epidural boluses were administered in the 30 min preceding spinal anesthesia and a reduced spinal dose, median (range) 9.38 mg (7.5-11.3 mg) of 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine and fentanyl 15 microg (10-25 microg) was used. Patients were left sitting for 2 min and then positioned supine with left uterine displacement and were closely monitored for symptoms or signs that would suggest a high block. RESULTS: No parturient developed a high spinal necessitating intubation, and there was no adverse neonatal outcome. CONCLUSION: These findings do not conclusively establish this method as safe, but should spinal anesthesia for cesarean section following suboptimal labor epidural analgesia be considered, avoiding epidural boluses immediately preceding spinal injection, using a lower spinal dose, and delayed supine positioning following spinal injection may be advisable.     

Cardiac function and sympathoadrenal activity in the newborn after cesarean section under spinal and epidural anesthesia

Left ventricular systolic time intervals, bupivacaine concentrations, adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were determined in 19 neonates delivered by elective cesarean section. Ten of the cesarean sections were performed under spinal and nine under epidural anesthesia. Plain bupivacaine 0.5% was used for the epidural anesthesia and bupivacaine 0.5% in glucose 8% for the spinals. The noradrenaline and adrenaline levels were higher in the neonates whose mothers received epidural anesthesia. The differences in catecholamine and bupivacaine concentrations were not associated with differences in left ventricular dynamics, or the timing of postnatal circulatory changes. The significant exposure of the neonate to bupivacaine, at maternal epidural anesthesia, seems to have no negative effect on early neonatal circulation in the healthy term infant.     

200例剖宫产患者麻醉期间护理的分析

目的 探讨剖宫产术后患者麻醉期间的护理方法,完善促进母婴健康的产科护理模式.方法 选取2007年～2008年我院收治的血压、脉搏、呼吸、体温均正常的需行剖宫产术的产妇200例,按完全随机法分两组,对照组(n=100)接受常规护理,观察组(n=100)在对照组的护理基础上,根据剖宫产术麻醉手术的特点,有针对性地运用麻醉护理配合.两组患者入手术室后进行体征监护及相关项目的观察及记录,进行对比研究,旨在反映观察组产妇的护理效果.结果 观察组产妇的手术时间缩短[(24±6)min vs(18±3)min],术中出血、疼痛、新生儿窒息等明显低于对照组,患者满意度高于对照组(99%vs 85%)(P＜0.05).结论 对剖宫产产妇术中实施麻醉护理增进产妇舒适度和满意度,减少副作用的发生,保证手术顺利进行.     

蛛网膜下腔-硬膜外联合麻醉剖宫产低血压的预防与处理

背景 低血压是剖宫产产妇蛛网膜下腔硬膜外联合麻醉(combined spinal and epidural anesthesia,CSEA)后的常见并发症,处理不当可对母体和胎儿造成不良影响. 目的 从低血压的发生机制入手,分析不同方法防治低血压,改善母婴循环及内环境的效果,为临床麻醉管理提供参考. 内容 麻醉前预扩容,改变孕妇体位,调整麻醉平面,换用局部麻醉药物,运用5-羟色胺3(5-hydroxytryptamine 3,5-HT3)受体拮抗药、抗胆碱能药物或缩血管药物等均可缓解低血压,但效果各异,联合运用效果更佳. 趋向 麻醉前根据患者不同情况预测其发生低血压的概率及严重程度,可针对性地选择不同防治方法,但仍需进一步研究.     

Risk factors for failure to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for Cesarean section

AIM: To identify parturients at risk of inability to extend labor epidural analgesia in whom alternative methods of anesthesia should be considered for Cesarean section (CS). METHODS: For 6 months, we prospectively studied women undergoing CS with a functioning epidural catheter in place from the delivery ward. All parturients received the same epidural protocol: bolus of bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl, followed by bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl (2 microg/ml) 10-15 ml/h and an additional 5 ml of bupivacaine 0.125% as top-up according to patient request. Sixteen milliliters of lidocaine 2%, 1 ml of bicarbonate and 100 microg of fentanyl were given for CS. Failed epidural analgesia was defined as the need to convert to general anesthesia. RESULTS: Of the 101 parturients studied, 20 (19.8%) required conversion to general anesthesia. In univariate analysis, the likelihood of failed epidural anesthesia was inversely correlated with parturient age (P = 0.014) and directly correlated with pre-pregnancy weight (P = 0.019), weight at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.003), body mass index at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.0004), gestational week (P = 0.008), number of top-ups (P = 0.0004) and visual analog scale (VAS) score 2 h before CS (P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, the number of top-ups in the delivery ward was the best predictor of epidural anesthesia failure (odds ratio, 4.39; P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Younger, more obese parturients at a higher gestational week, requiring more top-ups during labor and having a higher VAS score in the 2 h before CS are at risk for inability to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for CS.     

Risk factors for failure to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for Cesarean section

OBJECTIVE: To identify parturients at risk of inability to extend labor epidural analgesia in whom alternative methods of anesthesia should be considered for Cesarean section (CS). METHODS: For 6 months, we prospectively studied women undergoing a CS with a functioning epidural catheter in place from the delivery ward. All parturients received the same epidural protocol: bolus of bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl, then bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl (2 microg/ml) 10-15 ml/h and an additional 5 ml of bupivacaine 0.125% top-ups according to patient request. Sixteen millilitres of lidocaine 2%, 1 ml of bicarbonate, and 100 microg of fentanyl were given for CS. Failed epidural analgesia was defined as the need to convert to general anesthesia. RESULTS: Of the 101 parturients studied, 20 (19.8%) required conversion to general anesthesia. In univariate analysis, the likelihood of failed epidural anesthesia was inversely correlated with parturient's age (P = 0.014) and directly correlated with pre-pregnancy weight (P = 0.019), weight at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.003), body mass index (BMI) at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.0004), gestational week (P = 0.008), number of top-ups (P = 0.0004) and visual analog scale (VAS) 2 h before CS (P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, the number of top-ups in the delivery ward was the best predictor of epidural anesthesia failure (odds ratio 4.39, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Younger, more obese parturients at a higher gestational week, requiring more top-ups during labor, having a higher VAS in the 2 h before CS are at risk of inability to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for CS.     

Clonidine added to bupivacaine-epinephrine-sufentanil improves epidural analgesia during childbirth

Background and Objectives. A double-blind study was conducted to assess the efficacy and the side effects of a low dose of clonidine added to an epidural injection of bupivacaine and epinephrine, with or without sufentanil. Methods. One hundred healthy parturients (ASA 1) were randomly allocated into four groups according to the type of epidural analgesia administered. The bupivacaine/epinephrine (BE) group received a 10-mL standard injection of bupivacaine (B) 1.25 mg/mL and epinephrine (E) 1.25 μg/mL. In the bupivacaine/epinephrine/sufentanil (BES) group, 7.5 μg sufentanil (S) was added to the BE mixture. For the bupivacaine/epinephrine/clonidine (BEC) group, 50 μg clonidine (C) was added to the BE mixture, whereas for the bupivacaine/epinephrine/sufentanil/clonidine (BESC) group, both sufentanil and clonidine were added to BE. Fetal heart rate was monitored by continuous cardiotocography. Duration of analgesia, method of delivery, and neonatal outcome (measured using APGAR score, peripheral oxygen saturation, and neurologic adaptive capacity score) and side effects of clonidine were observed. The parturients were routinely asked for their global appreciation of the epidural analgesia technique by visual analog score, 2 hours postpartum. Results. The overall quality and duration of analgesia were superior in the BESC group compared with the other groups, as was the global appreciation by the parturient. The frequency of side effects in the clonidine groups was comparable, with the exception of hypotension and sedation. Hypotension was easily treated by fluids or ephedrine and caused no fetal distress. The level of sedation was mild, and all parturients aroused immediately after verbal commands. Conclusion. The addition of a low dose of clonidine to an epidural injection of bupivacaine with epinephrine and sufentanil provides better analgesia during labor, while keeping the side effects minimal and of minor clinical importance.     

Efficacy of sufentanil addition to ropivacaine epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section

BACKGROUND: This prospective double-blind trial evaluated the effect of sufentanil addition to epidural ropivacaine for elective Caesarean section. METHODS: Sixty healthy parturients were randomly assigned to receive an initial dose of 90 mg of plain ropivacaine, or 90 mg of ropivacaine plus 10 or 20 microg of sufentanil (n = 20 each). Before surgery, if necessary, additional epidural ropivacaine was injected. Primary outcome parameter was time to achieve sensory block at T4. RESULTS: Time to reach the sensory block was remarkably reduced (P < 0.001 each) by addition of 10 or 20 microg of sufentanil (21 +/- 8 min, 15 +/- 5 min, 11 +/- 4 min in the plain ropivacaine, the 10- and 20-microg sufentanil groups, respectively) whereas the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at delivery were significantly reduced (P = 0.028) only by 20 microg of sufentanil (32 +/- 35 mm in the plain ropivacaine vs. 9 +/- 19 mm in the 20-microg sufentanil groups). The total dose of ropivacaine was significantly lower (P = 0.005) in patients receiving 20 microg of sufentanil (100.5 +/- 15.0 mg) compared with those treated with plain ropivacaine (118.5 +/- 17.3 mg). The incidence of maternal side-effects (hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, shivering, pruritus) and neonatal outcome [APGAR score, neurologic and adaptive capacity (NAC) score, umbilical cord blood-gas values] did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that addition of 20 microg of sufentanil improved the epidural anaesthesia with ropivacaine 0.75% for Caesarean section.     

Postpartum urinary incontinence: a comparison of vaginal delivery, elective, and emergent cesarean section

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of delivery on the pelvic floor and whether cesarean section (C/S) can prevent pelvic floor injury. Five hundred thirty nine women were divided into three groups according to the delivery method adopted: elective C/S, emergent C/S, and vaginal delivery. A urinary incontinence questionnaire survey was conducted around 1 year postpartum. Emergent C/S may be a major risk factor for postpartum urinary incontinence and interfere with the benefit of elective C/S for preventing pelvic floor injury. Hence, not all C/S deliveries can reduce the likelihood of postpartum urinary incontinence. The key lies in whether the C/S is performed before labor.     

去甲肾上腺素预防腰硬联合麻醉下剖宫产低血压对母婴的影响

目的研究去甲肾上腺素预防腰硬联合麻醉下剖宫产低血压对母婴的影响。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,选择腰硬联合麻醉下择期行剖宫产的患者60例,按区组分A、B、C三组,每组20例。在麻醉开始前20 min分别按照以下速度恒速泵入药品,A组去甲肾上腺素0.05μg/kg·min,B组去甲肾上腺素0.1μg/kg·min,C组生理盐水0.1μg/kg·min,均持续20分钟停止。三组患者均在L_(3-4)间隙注入0.5%罗哌卡因3 mL行腰麻。观察记录三组患者以下时间点的平均动脉压(MAP)及心率(HR)变化,麻醉前(T_1)、腰麻给药(T_2)、给药后5 min(T_3)、给药后10 min(T_4)、给药后20 min(T_5)和术毕(T_6)术后8 h(T_7)和术后24 h(T_8),观察三组新生儿Apgar评分、血气分析、产妇不良反应发生情况。结果三组患者T_1时MAP及HR差异无统计学意义,A、B两组患者在各时间点MAP及HR差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与T_1时比较,C组患者T_3、T_4、T_5时MAP明显降低,T_4时HR明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。T_3、T_4、T_5时C组患者MAP明显低于A组和B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。三组胎儿脐血PaO_2、PaCO_2、PH水平对比均不明显,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。A、B组患者恶心、呕吐、头痛发生率均显著低于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。三组新生儿1 min、5 min的Apgar评分比较不明显,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论麻醉前去甲肾上腺素0.05μg/kg·min可有效预防腰硬联合麻醉下剖宫产低血压,且对母婴的影响较小,安全性较佳。     

相同浓度的左旋布比卡因、罗比卡因与布比卡因硬膜外腔给药用于剖宫产术时效性的比较

目的比较左旋布比卡因、罗比卡因和布比卡因用于硬膜外麻醉剖宫产术的阻滞效果、母婴安全和药物不良反应.方法采用随机双盲法,将48例择期剖宫产手术的足月单胎产妇分为三组：0.5%左旋布比卡因组（L组）17例、0.5%罗比卡因组（R组）15例和0.5%布比卡因组（B组）16例.记录硬膜外腔给药后产妇的感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的起效和持续时间、肌松满意程度、麻醉质量评价、恶心和呕吐等不良反应及术中心率、血压、脉搏血氧饱和度和新生儿1 min和5 min Apgar评分.结果产妇的一般情况、新生儿的Apgar评分组间无显著性差异;三组术中低血压及其他不良事件（恶心和呕吐）的发生率无显著性差异;各组的麻醉质量（术中的疼痛评分和肌松满意度）基本一致;感觉阻滞起效和维持时间组间无显著性差异,运动阻滞改良Bromage评分为1分的起效时间和持续时间组间有显著性差异.结论常用量0.5%左旋布比卡因、罗比卡因和布比卡因用于剖宫产手术的硬膜外麻醉时具有相似的麻醉效能和安全性.     

罗比卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛对血浆泌乳素的影响

目的　探讨剖宫产术后病人硬膜外连续注射 0 2 %罗比卡因对泌乳素的影响。方法　6 0例健康足月产妇 ,择期在联合椎管内麻醉下施行剖宫产术。术毕随机等分为镇痛组和对照组 :镇痛组行硬膜外镇痛 ,注入 0 2 %罗比卡因 (5ml/h)持续 4 8h镇痛 ;对照组术毕拔出硬膜外导管。采用放射免疫法测定血浆泌乳素 (PRL) ,视觉模拟评分 (VAS)估计镇痛效果。结果　镇痛组VAS明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,两组术后PRL均较术前明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ,镇痛组PRL高于对照组 ,2 4h具有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,4 8h具有非常显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ;镇痛组初乳时间较对照组提前 (P<0 0 5 ) ,婴儿体重增加明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,镇痛组肠蠕动恢复时间明显快于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )术后生命体征平稳 ,无恶心呕吐、头痛、肢体麻木发生。结论　剖宫产术后罗比卡因硬膜外镇痛效果确切安全 ,能促进PRL分泌 ,初乳时间提早 ,增加婴儿体重。     

全身麻醉对剖宫产产妇分娩新生儿的影响

目的探讨剖宫产产妇实施全身麻醉对新生儿的影响。方法选择全身麻醉或硬膜外阻滞下行择期剖宫产产妇各30例，分别组成全身麻醉组和硬膜外阻滞组。全身麻醉组产妇先后静脉注射异丙酚2mg／kg、琥珀胆碱1．5mg／kg、并给予气管插管。麻醉维持：40％笑气＋60％氧气＋0．5MAC异氟醚，及维库溴铵0．08mg／kg，硬膜外阻滞组产妇应用1．73％碳酸利多卡因4ml＋5ml＋5ml（含1：200000肾上腺素）椎管内注入。两组分别于胎儿娩出后立即抽取新生儿脐动脉血进行血气分析，并记录两组新生儿出生后1d～5d的新生儿神经行为评分（NBNA）：新生儿行为能力、被动肌张力、主动肌张力、原始反射、一般状态。结果①血气分析：全身麻醉组新生儿pH值、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、氧分压（PO2）、动脉氧饱和度（SaO2）及碳酸氢根（HCO3^-）分别为7．21±0．08、（56．1±16．5）mmHg、（23．1±11．0）mmHg、（29．9±20．6）％、（19．1±3．4）（mmoL／L）。硬膜外阻滞组新生儿分别为7．37±0．06、（51．3±9．7）mmHg、（17．5±6．9）mmHg、（21．8±12．7）％、（21．6±3．3）（mmoL／L）。②NBNA：全身麻醉组第1d，2d，3d，5d的NBNA分别为（36．1±2．8）、（37．0±5．1）、（38．3±2．3）、（38．7±2．3）分。硬膜外阻滞组分别为（37．2±2．5）、（38．7±1．9）、（39．1±4．5）、（39．2±5．1）分。两组各项评分比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论剖宫产产妇采用常规剂量药物实施全身麻醉对新生儿安全无明显影响。     

Anesthetic quality during cesarean section following subarachnoid or epidural administration of bupivacaine with or without fentanyl

Background: It is often assumed that subarachnoid administration of local anesthetics produces a more profound blockade than epidural anesthesia. Furthermore, the addition of fentanyl has been reported to increase preferentially intraoperative analgesia. In the present study we set out to study these two issues in a randomized and controlled study with respect to perceived pain and discomfort during surgery and postoperative pain. Methods: In the present study, 100 parturients subjected to elective cesarean section, 34 nullipara and 66 multipara, received one out of four combinations of the local anesthetic bupivacaine and the opioid fentanyl; group A - bupivacaine 12.5 mg+10 μg fentanyl subarachnoidally, group B - bupivacaine 12.5 mg+saline subarachnoidally, group C - bupivacaine 100 mg+100 μg fentanyl epidurally, group D - bupivacaine 100 mg+saline epidurally; N=25 in each group. Pain intensity and discomfort during surgery was assessed with a visual analogue scale (VAS). Postoperative pain intensity and need for analgesics postoperatively, ketobemidone, was registered for 24 h following surgery. Results: Intraoperative pain intensity and discomfort did not differ significantly between parturients in any of the four groups. Postoperative pain was significantly more intense in parturients receiving local anesthetics subarachnoidally as compared to the epidural groups during the first 6-h period. This difference was also reflected in a significantly increased consumption of analgesics during this period. No significant differences between the groups were observed with regard to hemo-dynamics (blood pressure), respiration (oxygen saturation) or other effects such as nausea or itching. All neonates had normal Apgar and neonatal adaptive capacity scores (NACS). Conclusion: We conclude that subarachnoidal (12.5 mg) and epidural (100 mg) injections with bupivacaine both produced adequate anesthetic quality in women undergoing elective cesarean section. The addition of fentanyl (10 μg subarachnoidally or 100 μg epidurally) did not significantly improve the quality of these already profound blockades.     

盐酸羟考酮复合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛的研究

目的 探讨剖宫产术后患者使用盐酸羟考酮复合罗哌卡囚行硬膜外自控镇痛(patient controlled epiduralanalgesia,PCEA)的安全性、可行性以及治疗效果. 方法 选择择期剖宫产产妇60例,采用蛛网膜下腔联合硬膜外麻醉(combined spinal epidural anesthesia,CSEA),术后连接恒速镇痛泵与硬膜外导管.所有产妇采用随机数字表法分为3组(每组20例):芬太尼复合罗哌卡因组(FR组),2 mg/L芬太尼+0.15％罗哌卡因;盐酸羟考酮复合罗哌卡因组(OR组),100 mg/L盐酸羟考酮+0.15％罗哌卡因;盐酸羟考酮复合低浓度罗哌卡因组(ORL组),100 mg/L盐酸羟考酮+0.1％罗哌卡因.镇痛泵参数为:背景剂量2 ml/h,单次剂量为2 ml,锁定时间为30 min.记录产妇入手术室时(T0)、手术开始时(T1)及术后2 h(T2)、4 h(T3)、8 h(T4)、16 h(T5)、24 h(T6)、48 h(T7)和去除镇痛泵后2 h(Ts)共9个时间点的MAP、HR、下肢运动神经阻滞评分(Bromage评分)、产妇静息时和按摩子宫时的VAS评分,统计药物总用量及副作用发生例数. 结果 按摩子宫时,VAS评分OR组[(3.4±0.5)分]和ORL组[(3.3±0.6)分]较FR组[(5.3±0.6)分]明显减轻(P＜0.05);OR组和ORL组患者在整个镇痛期间镇痛药物用量[(103±5) ml和(102±6) ml]较FR组[(124±7)ml]明显减少(P＜0.05);VAS评分和药物用量方面,OR组和ORL组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 盐酸羟考酮复合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛安全可行,并且可以减少局部麻醉药的浓度和用量.     

Comparison of visceral pain incidence during cesarean section performed under spinal or epidural anesthesia

The incidence of visceral pain during cesarean section performed under regional anesthesia was studied in 80 unpremedicated patients. They were divided in two similar groups concerning age, weight and height. Group 1 consisted of 40 patients submitted to cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, while in group 2 (40 patients) epidural anesthesia was used. Surgery was totally painless for all patients of group 1 patients, whereas in group 2 intraoperative analgesia was complete for 11, good in 18 and fair in 10 patients. One patient of group 2 required general anesthesia due to excrutiating pain during exteriorization of uterus despite a seemly adequate lebel of cutaneous analgesia of T₆. The authors conclude that spinal anesthesia favorably compares with epidural anesthesia for cesarean section, because the incidence of visceral pain with the former was nill and because both techniques are equally safe for mothers and neonates.(Weksler N, Ovadia L, Stav A, et al.: Comparison of visceral pain incidence during cesarean section performed under spinal or epidural anesthesia. J Anesth 6: 69–74, 1992)     

单次剂量吗啡复合罗比卡因用于剖宫产术后PCEA的效果评价

目的 用单次剂量吗啡复合持续剂量不同浓度罗比卡因应用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛（patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)，与持续剂量吗啡和罗比卡因相比较，寻求一种减少吗啡用量，更适合下腹部手术的硬膜外自控镇痛方法。方法 80例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级行子宫下段剖宫产的产妇，随机分为四组，单次剂量吗啡分三组；SMR0.1组，0.1%罗比卡因；SMR0.2组，0.2%罗比卡因，SMR0.05组，0.05%罗比卡因，三组均先单次静注吗啡1mg 氟哌利多持续硬膜外给药，观察产妇24小时内VAS，镇静评分，Prine Henry评分，改良Bromage分级的变化，PONV等不良反应的发生率，记录产妇24小时内用药量。结果 VAS评分；CM组，SMR0.2组大于SMR0.1组，SM0.05组和CM组。SMR0.1组，SMR0.05组尿潴留，排气时间延长发生率明显低于SMR0.2组，CM组，结论 1mg吗啡单次给药复合维持剂量0.1%罗比卡因用于剖宫产术后PCEA能够取得良好的镇痛效果。感觉-运动阻滞分离效果好，不良反应少。