射频消融左前分支起源的室性早搏

目的 探讨左前分支起源的室性早搏(PVC)的心电生理特点及射频导管消融结果.方法 6例排除器质性心脏病的左前分支起源的PVC患者,均在三维电解剖(Carto)标测系统指导下消融.结果6例患者标准12导联心电图PVC均表现为:右束支阻滞(RBBB)+左后分支阻滞(LPFB);V1～V6呈Rs型,Ⅰ、aVL呈rS或QS型,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF呈qR或qRs型,aVR呈Qr或QS型;电轴右偏;QRS时限为(118±17)ms;PVC的移行区指数(transitional zoneindex)平均为(-2.08±0.49).在成功消融靶点(最早或提前激动点)附近均记录到浦肯野电位(purkinje potential,PP),位于左心室前外侧间隔或左心室中间隔高位,Ⅴ波提前于体表心电图QRS波20 ～48(33.0±9.9)ms.6例患者采用冷盐水灌注消融或普通Carto导管消融,即刻成功,无并发症.术后随访(11±5)个月,5例患者PVC完全消失,1例患者24 h动态心电图的PVC ＜1000次.结论 起源于左前分支处的PVC可在消融导管标测到PVC最早或提前激动点并伴有PP处成功消融.     

Radiofrequency ablation of frequent, idiopathic premature ventricular complexes: Comparison with a control group without intervention

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) usually are considered benign, even when frequent. However, case reports have demonstrated a possible link between frequent PVCs and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. In addition, frequent PVCs recently were demonstrated to be associated with increased LV dimensions and cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Among 60 consecutive patients with idiopathic, frequent PVCs (>10/hour), a reduced LV ejection fraction (EF; mean 34% +/- 13%) was present in 22 (37%) patients. Patients with decreased LV function had a greater PVC burden on a 24-hour Holter monitor than patients with normal EF (37% +/- 13% vs. 11% +/- 10% of all QRS complexes; P <.0001). There was a significant inverse correlation between the PVC burden and the EF before ablation (r = 0.73, P <.0001). RESULTS: The PVCs originated in the right ventricular outflow tract in 31 (52%) of 60 patients, the LV outflow tract in 9 (15%) of 60 patients, and in other sites in 13 (22%) of 60 patients. The site of PVC origin could not be determined in seven patients. Ablation was completely successful in 48 (80%) patients. In patients with an abnormal EF before ablation, LV function normalized in 18 (82%) of 22 patients from a baseline of 34% to 59% +/- 7% (P <.0001) within 6 months. In the four patients in whom ablation was ineffective, the EF further declined from 34% +/- 10% to 25% +/- 7% (P = .06) during follow-up. In a control group of 11 patients with a similar PVC burden (30% +/- 8%) and a reduced EF (28% +/- 13%) who did not undergo ablation, the EF remained unchanged in 10/11 patients over 19 +/- 17 months of follow-up and one patient underwent heart transplantation. CONCLUSION: LV dysfunction in the setting of frequent, idiopathic PVCs may represent a form of cardiomyopathy that can be reversed by catheter ablation of the PVCs.     

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of premature ventricular complexes improved left ventricular function in a non-responder to cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) have been demonstrated to cause tachycardiomyopathy in some individuals with a structurally normal heart. We report a patient with severe congestive cardiomyopathy which did not respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Ambulatory monitoring and interrogation of the device memory revealed frequent monomorphic PVCs that were considered a potential cause of the failure of CRT. Radiofrequency ablation of the focus at the postero-inferior left ventricle eliminated the arrhythmia, with a resultant rapid improvement in the clinical status and echo parameters. As PVCs are often associated with severe heart failure, the presence of frequent extrasystoles may be an underrecognized cause of a non-response to resynchronization therapy.     

射频导管消融治疗起源于左心室游离壁的频发室性早搏

目的报道1组起源于左心室游离壁的无器质心脏病基础的频发室性早搏（室早）射频消融结果。方法共11例特发性室早患者,男性7例,女性4例,平均年龄（47．2±14．4）岁。均接受常规电生理检查及射频消融治疗,所有病例室早体表心电图均呈右束支阻滞图型。消融术中采用激动标测和起搏标测相结合的方法。结果11例室早均消融成功（2例复发经再消融成功）,所有室早被证实均起源于左心室游离壁,6例起源于前外侧游离壁中、高段,4例起源于后下侧游离壁中段,1例起源于游离壁低段近心尖部。术中成功消融部位局部V波较体表心电图QRS波起点提前24～41（27±9）ms。其中9例成功消融部位起搏心电图与室早图形基本相同。结论起源于左心室游离壁的室早是特发性室早的一个亚组,射频消融治疗可取得良好效果。     

射频导管消融特发性左心室流出道室性心动过速

目的 探讨特发性左心室流出道室性心动过速(室速)心电图特点及射频导管消融结果。方法 对5例未发现器质性心脏病的左心室流出道室速患者行12导联心电图、动态心电图、心内电生理检查及射频导管消融治疗。结果5例患者心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联呈R波；Ⅰ导联呈rs或QS波，振幅大于0．5mV；V1导联呈rs或RS波，胸前导联R波移行发生于V2～V3；aVR和aVL导联呈QS波，3例患者的消融靶点在左冠状窦口内，2例位于主动脉瓣下，随访6个月，无1例复发。结论 左心室流出道室速有特殊心电图表现，射频导管消融是首选的治疗措施。     

右心室流出道室性早搏射频消融治疗的有效性和安全性评价

目的评价应用Carto系统射频消融治疗右心室流出道起源性室性早搏（室早）有效性和安全性。方法选择2005年5月至2007年12月临床治疗的47例室早患者,其中男性21例,女性26例,平均年龄（34．5±19．2）岁,病程3～38个月。射频所用能量为40W,时间为120～240s,温度设定为60℃。分别在消融术前和术后1、3和12个月进行动态心电图检查。结果47例中成功45例,有效率为95．8％。2例1年后复发新的早搏,未发现任何并发症。结论应用Carto系统对右心室流出道起源性室早经射频消融治疗是有效和安全的。     

Efficacy of electroanatomic mapping in the catheter ablation of premature ventricular contractions originating from the right ventricular outflow tract

Background Mapping of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) sometimes is not easy because of an unstable incidence and multiple foci of the PVCs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of electroanatomic mapping in catheter ablation of those PVCs. Methods and results One hundred patients with 134 RVOT origin PVCs were randomly allotted to undergo either conventional (group I; 50 patients with 65 PVCs) or electroanatomic mapping (group II; 50 patients with 69 PVCs). In group II, electroanatomic mapping of the RVOT was performed using auto-freeze maps in patients with frequent PVCs, and pace mapping was performed marking the pacing sites on the remap which was made by extracting the anatomic frame out of the baseline map during sinus rhythm in patients with infrequent PVCs. Successful ablation was achieved in 44 (88%) group I patients and 48 (96%) group II patients (p = 0.14). The fluoroscopy and procedure times and those per PVC morphology were all significantly shorter in group II than group I overall (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons), and in each patient group with infrequent PVCs, frequent PVCs or unstable PVCs (p < 0.05–0.0001). The number of RF applications and that per PVC was significantly smaller in group II than group I (5.3 ± 1.8 vs 6.2 ± 2.4, and 4.4 ± 1.2 vs 5.2 ± 2.1; p < 0.05). Conclusions The use of electroanatomic mapping may reduce the fluoroscopy and procedure times in the ablation of RVOT PVCs, but there is no evidence that it improves the overall efficacy of the procedure.     

单导管射频消融治疗右室流出道室性期前收缩

目的:观察单导管射频消融治疗右室流出道室性期前收缩（室性早搏,室早）的安全性和临床效果。方法: 经常规体检、生化检查、X线胸片、心脏彩超、长程心电图等各种检查后,入选65例患者,采用温控消融导管以起搏为主的方法进行标测,并对单导管射频消融的安全性和临床效果进行总结。结果: 消融即刻成功率97%(63/65),其中2例放弃消融术;随访15～40个月,有3例复发并再次手术,成功2例,总成功率为95%（62/65）,无复发。电生理检测和消融时间:(50±27) min;曝光时间:(8.1±3.8) min,所有患者术中及术后均未发生消融相关并发症。结论: 单导管射频消融治疗右室流出道室早安全有效,并能减少消融操作及X线暴露时间。     

射频消融治疗顽固性右心室流出道室性期前收缩

目的 :观察射频消融治疗右心室流出道室性期前收缩 (VPB)的疗效。方法 :12例频发右心室流出道VPB患者 ,动态心电图示VPB数 (2 4 786± 72 2 7)个 /2 4h ,VPB相关的临床症状重 ,服用多种抗心律失常药物无效或不能耐受。采用起搏标测法确定VPB的起源部位 ,行射频消融治疗。结果 :10例起搏标测记录到与自发VPBQRS形态 12导联一致的波形 ,消融成功 ,成功部位在右室流出道间隔部 7例、游离壁 3例。另 2例只记录到 11导联一致的波形 ,消融失败。成功率为 83.3%。成功病例术后 1周复查动态心电图示VPB(2± 3)个 /2 4h ;随访 5～ 15个月 ,复查动态心电图示VPB(4± 11)个 /2 4h ,无复发病例 ,无并发症发生。结论 :导管射频消融治疗右心室流出道VPB疗效好、安全性高 ,可供临床症状重、药物治疗效果不好患者选择     

儿童右心室流出道室性早搏的射频导管消融治疗

目的 观察射频导管消融治疗儿童频发右心室流出道室性早搏（室早）的疗效及安全性.方法 总结我院2003年7月至2009年4月经导管射频消融治疗的58例儿童室早,观察射频消融即刻和远期、不同部位、不同年龄、心脏扩大与否、放电时心律失常的反应等对成功率的影响,观察有无并发症及随访预后.结果 体表心电图判断室早与心内电生理检查结果完全符合 消融即刻总成功52例（89.7%） 消融放电时出现频发室早或窒性心动过速（窒速）者预示消融成功（P＜0.033）.而右心室流出道不同部位、心脏有无增大、患儿年龄对消融术成功率影响不大 远期成功率为86.2%.未发生任何远期并发症.结论 经导管射频导管消融可有效而安全地消除儿童正常心脏结构的右心室流出道单形性室早.     

起源于左室流出道的频发性室性早搏射频消融治疗

目的:观察左室流出道频发室性早搏的射频消融治疗效果。方法:8例频发室性早搏患者,药物治疗无效,采用激动标测和起搏标测法确定室性早搏的起源部位,并行射频消融治疗。结果:8例患者7例射频消融成功。7例中6例在主动脉瓣下方的左室流出道记录到提前(31±8)ms的心室激动,室性早搏形态与起搏心电图12导联QRS波形完全相同者5例,11导联相同者1例;1例在左冠窦内记录到提前33ms的心室激动,属左室流出道室性早搏特殊类型,消融成功。随访3～21个月未复发。1例左室流出道早搏因多处标测未找到理想的靶点,消融失败。结论:射频消融治疗左室流出道室性早搏安全有效。     

射频消融治疗右室流出道室性早搏的研究

目的 探讨射频消融治疗右室流出道室性早搏(RVOT-VPC)的临床效果和安全性.方法 经常规体检、生化检查、X线胸片、心脏彩超、心电图等各种检查后入院.右室流出道室性早搏患者48例,采用起搏标测法,以心室起搏时12导联心电图与其临床室性早搏的图形完全一致作为消融靶点,以放电后:①早搏在10s内消失;②出现同形早搏先增多...     

起源于左心室游离壁的单形室性心动过速和早搏的射频导管消融

目的 起源于左心室游离壁的室性心动过速(ventricular tachycardia, VT)及早搏(premature ventricular contraction, PVC)是较少见的心律失常,本文报道对其进行标测及射频导管消融的初步经验。方法 11例患者(男性9例,女性2例),平均年龄(37.3±17.2)岁。其中7例有持续性VT,4例为短阵非持续性单形VT和/或频发PVC,体表心电图均为右束支阻滞(RBBB)和心电轴右偏。3例患者伴明显的左心室扩大及充血性心力衰竭。对全部患者进行了左心室电生理标测,其中6例采用了心内非接触式标测。在标测到的最早激动部位进行温度控制下的射频导管消融。结果 11例患者均标测到自发的单形VT或PVC。其室性心律的平均周长(443.3±76.6)ms。全部室性心律均起源于左心室游离壁,其中2例位于偏前的高位近二尖瓣环处,2例位于后外侧游离壁中、高位,6例源于游离壁中高位,1例位于游离壁中下部。VT或PVC最早电位平;啕领先体表心电图(31.8±11.8)ms。全部患者的消融均获得即时成功,且不再服用抗心律失常药物,平均随访(11.8±8.0)个月,仅1例VT患者有单形PVC(<1000次/24h),3例左心室增大者均有明显缩小,其中1例基本恢复正常。结论 单形VT或PVC可发生于无缺血性心脏病的患者,表现为右束支阻滞和心电轴右偏,其频率较慢,可被射频导管消融消除。     

心腔内超声心动图指导下经导管射频消融治疗左心室后乳头肌室性早搏

目的左心室后乳头肌起源的室性早搏（室早）因其体表心电图与左后分支参与的特发性室性心动过速（室速）一样,都表现为心电轴左偏,伴右束支阻滞合并左前分支阻滞,因此有相当一部分被误认为分支室早。为了明确二者起源点的异同,我们采用术中心腔内超声心动图（ICE）来实时监测消融靶点的确切解剖位置。方法选择3例频发室早患者（男2例,女1例）,平均24h室早30000多次,超声心动图均未见心脏结构异常。在三维电解剖系统（CartoXP）指导下,跨主动脉瓣逆行送入3．5mm冷盐水磁定位标测电极导管于左心室,以激动标测构建左心室内膜图。以室早时提前最多;起搏时能得到12／12导联一致的QRS波以及放电20S内室早逐渐减少和消失作为理想靶点标准。在理想靶点确认后,经ICE确认消融导管在左心室内的确切位置,并记录和分析其局部双极电位图。以既往消融成功的经典左后分支室速作为对照,比较两者之间心电图的异同,为以后的标测和消融提供真实可靠的参照。结果ICE证实该3例室早靶点均位于左心室后乳头肌根部或中段,其解剖位置与左心室特发性室速靶点明显不在同一位置,其消融位点较特发性室速更靠心尖部;其局部双极电位在窦性心律时偶尔也可记录到浦肯野电位,但在早搏时都不能记录到浦肯野电位,说明其为肌源性起源,而特发性室速靶点无论窦性心律下还是室速时均可记录到清晰的浦肯野电位;体表心电图尽管可鉴别的特征不多,但后乳头肌起源的室早较特发性室速胸前导联（V：～V。导联）QRS时限明显增宽（前者平均124ms,后者仅86ms）,R／S≤1移行也早于特发性室速（后乳头肌室早在V,导联移行为R／S≤1,特发性室速在V,导联才移行为R／S≤1）。消融10余小时后,室早复发。1个月时复查动态心电图,24h平均室早10000余次,二尖瓣功能未受到任何影响。结论通过实时ICE证实,后乳头肌室早无论起源位置、体表心电图形态还是局部靶点电图均与特发性室速有区别,这类室早消融效果较差,易复发。如何在增强消融强度、扩大消融范围和避免乳头肌损伤之间找到平衡点是该类室早消融的重点和难点。     

射频消融治疗频发室性期前收缩的随访研究

目的:探讨射频消融治疗频发室性期前收缩的临床效果和安全性.方法:经常规体检、生化检查、X线胸片、心脏彩超、长程心电图等各种检查后,入选室性期前收缩患者98例,其中右心室流出道室性期前收缩82例,左心室流出道室性期前收缩10例,左心室流人道室性期前收缩6例,分别采用起搏或起搏与激动结合的方法进行标测消融,对临床效果和安全性进行总结.结果:手术成功有90例,好转有6例(再次手术成功5例,1例室性期前收缩较前减少),手术失败2例.术后随访6个月～7年,未发生任何手术并发症.结论:射频消融治疗室性期前收缩是一种安全、有效的方法,该技术可进一步推广.     

起源于左后分支的室性早搏临床心电图特点和射频消融治疗

目的报道起源于左后分支的室胜早搏（PVC）的临床心电图特点及射频消融经验。方法8例无器质性心脏病且频发PVC的患者（男5例,女3例）,其中5例伴有阵发性左心室室性心动过速（室速）,年龄19—54（42．7±10．6）岁。其中3例患者行常规射频导管消融治疗,5例在三维电解剖标测系统（Carto系统）指导下行射频消融治疗。在左后分支标测到最早心室激动点处给予温度控制下射频导管消融。结果8例患者术前均以体表心电图定位起源于左后分支处区域,其PVC或左心室室速的体表心电图均为典型特发性左心室室速（ILVT）表现（QRS波呈右束支阻滞图形,心电轴左偏,QRS时限≤160ms）。其中,QRS波I导联6例呈rS,2例呈Rs;aVL导联呈qR;II、Ⅲ、aVF导联呈rs。胸前导联多在V,～V,处移形,由R转为Rs或rs。在消融成功部位（最早激动点）消融导管均记录到融合有浦肯野电位（PP）的V波,V波提前于体表心电图QRS波时限20—48（33．0±10．2）ms,8例患者行射频消融即时成功。术后3～15（8．1±4．2）个月复查,8例患者动态心电图的PVC均小于10000／24h。所有患者术中、术后无并发症发生。结论起源于左后分支处的PVC,在消融导管标测到PVC最早激动点并融合有PP时可成功消融PVC。     

起源于左侧希氏-浦肯野系统室性早搏的标测及消融

目的本研究旨在探讨起源于左侧希氏-浦肯野系统(希浦系统)的室性早搏(室早)的电生理特征及射频消融策略。方法回顾性分析2015年5月至2017年8月武汉亚洲心脏病医院心内科连续入选的648例特发性室早患者,其中27例[男18例,女9例,年龄(42.6±7.4)岁,年龄范围21~58岁]起源于左侧希浦系统。分析所有27例患者室早形态,发现其QRS波均较窄,并呈右束支传导阻滞形态。所有患者均于标测到最早的束支电位处进行放电消融。结果27例病例中,室早时平均QRS时限为(117.4±8.6)ms。标测消融证实15例起源于左前分支,7例起源于左后分支,2例起源于左中间隔支,3例起源于左束支。标测到最早的束支电位提前体表QRS波(32.7±6.4)ms。术中即刻成功率为100%。随访过程中有3例复发。本单中心研究经验成功率为88.9%。结论对于起源于左侧希浦系统的室早,导管消融时以标测到最早的收缩前期束支电位行射频消融是安全有效的。     

射频消融治疗室性早搏触发特发性室性心动过速／心室颤动的病例分析

目的探讨射频消融治疗在室性早搏（室早）触发特发性室性心动过速／心室颤动（室速／室颤）中的作用。方法总结3例由室早触发室速／室颤的治疗经验,1例对室早进行射频消融（RF—CA）并植入心律转复除颤器（ICD）,另1例经射频消融未完全消除室早而选择植入ICD,第3例经射频消融成功消除室早,未再发室颤。结果随访2年,3例患者均存活,ICD未再记录到室速／室颤。结论在室早触发室速／室颤病例中,应分析室早与室速／室颤的相关性,给予个体化治疗,射频消融室早可以消除／减少晕厥和室颤的发作。     

Electrocardiographic predictors of failure and recurrence in patients with idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia and ectopy who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation

This study reports new electrocardiographic (ECG) predictors of radiofrequency catheter ablation failure and recurrence in idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ectopy based on 91 consecutive patients. Procedural success and failure rates were 85% (77/91) and 15% (14/91), respectively. Twenty three percent (18/77) had recurrence during the follow-up period of 1 to 120 months (mean 56 +/- 31 months). Baseline RVOT VT/ectopy on 12-lead ECG taken prior to ablation from 91 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Ablation performed with RVOT ectopy (isolated ectopies, bigeminy, trigeminy, or couplets) as template arrhythmia was more likely to fail (30% vs. 8%, P =.02) as opposed to RVOT VT (sustained or nonsustained). VT/ectopy-QRS morphology variation was more observed in failed ablations (36% vs. 7%, P =.001). Significantly wider mean VT/ectopy QRS in leads I, II, AVR, V2, V3, V5, and V6 were noted in failed ablation group. Mean R wave amplitude reached statistical significance only in lead II (22.0 +/- 5.1 mV for failed vs. 17.8 +/- 5.2 mV for successful outcomes; P =.009). QRS morphologic variation (47% vs. 16%; P =.009) was the only statistically significant ECG to be more common in patients with arrhythmia recurrence. In conclusion, ablation with ectopy over VT as template arrhythmia, presence of QRS morphologic variation, wider mean QRS width, and taller mean R-wave amplitude in lead II were identified ECG predictors of failed RVOT VT/Ectopy ablation. The only ECG predictor of recurrence was the presence of RVOT VT or ectopy QRS morphologic variation.