一起通过血清抗体检测溯源的新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情调查

目的:分析南通市一起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情,为制定合理的防控策略提供科学依据.方法:根据现场流行病学调查方法,以首发病例为线索,对病人和密切接触者进行个案调查,分析感染来源、传播链和病例代系,利用血清抗体结果进行回顾性分析.结果:本起聚集性疫情涉及4代共11名病例,5例确诊病例,3例无症状感染者,3例既往感染者.男...     

凌源地区一起家庭聚集性新冠肺炎疫情调查

自2019年12月中旬以来,新型冠状病毒肺炎（新冠肺炎）在湖北武汉暴发,并逐渐波及周边各市,同时也随迁徙人群向其他省市蔓延。2020年1月24日,辽宁省朝阳市的凌源市疾病预防控制中心确诊首例新冠肺炎病例,并在随后7天内发生第2、3、4例,同属一个家庭,判定为家庭聚集性疫情,4例病例患病14天内有武汉居住史。     

四川省一起本土新冠肺炎聚集性疫情的溯源调查

目的 调查四川省2020年12月一起本土新冠肺炎聚集性疫情的感染来源,为新冠疫情溯源调查和防控提供参考.方法 综合运用流行病学调查、大数据技术、实验室检测方法,分析感染来源和首例病例感染途径.结果 本起疫情共有14例本土病例,病例病毒基因测序为L基因型欧洲家系分支II.3/B.1.36特征分支,与某隔离点入境病例和隔离...     

血清抗体检测在一起新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情传播链推断中的应用

[目的]探讨血清抗体检测在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情传播链推断中的应用,为疫情防控提供科学依据.[方法]对确诊病例和密切接触者进行现场流行病学调查,采用实时逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测咽拭子、肛拭子标本新型冠状病毒核酸,采集血清进行IgM单独检测和IgM/IgG联合检测.[结果]确诊病例A无明...     

定安县一起家庭聚集性新冠肺炎疫情调查

分析上海市某区1起新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称“新冠肺炎”）家庭内传播疫情流行病学特征,为新冠肺炎聚集性疫情防控提供科学依据。

应用现场流行病学调查方法,对2021年上海市某区该起新冠肺炎家庭聚集性疫情的病例与密切接触者进行调查,对流行病学调查资料进行描述性分析。采用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT⁃PCR）对采集的标本进行新型冠状病毒核酸检测。

病例A为本起家庭聚集性疫情的感染来源,共传染2代病例2人（病例B和C）。家庭外密切接触者与次密切接触者检测结果均为阴性。

新型冠状病毒传染性强且人群普遍易感,容易造成家庭聚集性疫情的发生。应及早发现无症状感染者并加以隔离,加强对病例密切接触者的追踪及管理,尽早识别2代病例。

     

莆田市一起聚集性新冠肺炎疫情的调查与处置

目的 调查分析莆田市1起聚集性新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)疫情,为防控提供经验.方法 用描述性流行病学方法,分析该起聚集性疫情的流行特征和处置措施.结果 该起聚集性疫情报告24例新冠肺炎确诊病例和1例无症状感染者,罹患率5.2％(25/478),涉及家庭聚集9起共22例;发病主要在1月21～30日,平均潜伏期4.5～8...     

一起新冠肺炎疫情传播的流行病学调查案例分析

目的通过对重庆市某区一起家庭聚集性新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)疫情的调查,分析该病传播链、传播方式等,以冀为相关部门制定防控策略、指导公众做好个人防护提供科学依据。方法应用现场流行病学方法调查确诊病例及其密切接触者、一般接触者,对采集的鼻咽拭子标本采用实时荧光PT-PCR技术进行新型冠状病毒核酸检测。结果该起家庭聚集性新冠肺炎疫情的传染源为有湖北武汉旅居史的病例A,病例B为二代病例,CT显示右肺感染,血常规:白细胞5.30×10~9/L,淋巴细胞3.93×10~9/L。病例C是病例B同居男友,为三代病例,CT显示双肺感染,血常规:白细胞4.02×10~9/L,淋巴细胞1.49×10~9/L。结论新冠肺炎通过接触和飞沫传播,易在家庭内播散,要采取积极果断防控措施,防治疫情扩散。     

一起进口冷链食品相关的新冠肺炎聚集性疫情调查

目的 调查一起某冷链公司新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)疫情,分析其病例感染情况及疫情传播链.方法 天津市、区两级CDC专业人员组成疫情调查处置组,开展病例个案流行病学调查、工作及生活场所密切接触者及可能暴露阳性环境人员追踪排查;采集咽拭子、环境和进口冷链食品标本进行新型冠状病毒核酸检测.结果 筛检2549份咽拭子标本和749份环境样本,共发现2例新冠肺炎确诊病例和8份阳性环境标本.结论 这是一起因接触受新冠病毒污染的进口冷链食品引起的新冠肺聚集性疫情,提示应关注进口冷链食品作为载体的由"物-人"的新冠肺炎传播风险,加强冷链相关从业人员防护和日常环境清洁消毒.     

荆州市一起群体隐瞒接触史的新冠肺炎聚集性疫情调查

目的 梳理1起群体隐瞒接触史的新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情调查过程,总结调查经验。 方法 利用现场流行病学调查方法对该起新冠肺炎聚集性疫情开展调查,按调查时间分别描述调查经过。 结果 该事件累计报告6例确诊病例,分布在同一家族的3个家庭。该起疫情先后调查4次,荆州市疾病预防控制中心率先介入,而后社区、公安加入调查。首例病例发病前有武汉旅行史。该家族6例病例及家庭成员均隐瞒接触史,在公安机关刑侦技术帮助下,确认首发病例发病后与另5例病例的聚餐史,密切接触者续发率为41.67%。 结论 该事件为聚餐引起的聚集性疫情。多部门联合调查对于查明调查对象配合度不高的聚集性疫情至关重要。     

Significance of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody testing during COVID-19 vaccine allocation

ObjectiveTo assess the value of using SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody testing to prioritize the vaccination of susceptible individuals as part of a COVID-19 vaccine distribution plan when vaccine supply is limited.MethodsAn extended susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) compartmental model was used to simulate COVID-19 spread when considering diagnosis, isolation, and vaccination of a cohort of 1 million individuals. The scenarios modeled represented 4 pandemic severity scenarios and various times when the vaccine becomes available during the pandemic. Eligible individuals have a probability p of receiving antibody testing prior to vaccination (p = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1). The vaccine was modeled as a single dose vaccine with 90% and 70% efficacy. The value of serology testing was evaluated by comparing the infection attack rate, peak infections, peak day, and deaths.ResultsThe use of antibody testing to prioritize the allocation of limited vaccines reduces infection attack rates and deaths. The size of the reduction depends on when the vaccine becomes available relative to the infection peak day. The largest percentage reduction in cases and deaths occurs when the vaccine is deployed before and close to the infection peak day. The reduction in the number of cases and deaths diminishes as vaccine deployment is delayed.ConclusionsAntibody testing as part of the vaccination plan is an effective method to maximize the benefit of a COVID-19 vaccine. Decision-makers need to consider relative timing between the infection peak day and when the vaccine becomes available.     

新型冠状病毒感染者特异性抗体动态变化特征研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎是由新型冠状病毒（新冠病毒）引起的新发传染病。新冠病毒侵入人体后,刺激免疫系统产生多种特异性抗体,来减弱或清除病原体对机体的影响。研究新冠病毒感染后人体内特异性抗体动态变化特征对于疾病认识、诊断、以及疫苗研究与防控策略制定具有重要意义。本文对国内外关于新冠病毒感染者不同类型特异性抗体产生和持续时间、抗体...     

Importance of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in older age groups

ImportanceAn effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 will reduce morbidity and mortality and allow substantial relaxation of physical distancing policies. However, the ability of a vaccine to prevent infection or disease depends critically on protecting older individuals, who are at highest risk of severe disease.ObjectiveWe quantitatively estimated the relative benefits of COVID-19 vaccines, in terms of preventing infection and death, with a particular focus on effectiveness in elderly people.DesignWe applied compartmental mathematical modelling to determine the relative effects of vaccines that block infection and onward transmission, and those that prevent severe disease. We assumed that vaccines showing high efficacy in adults would be deployed, and examined the effects of lower vaccine efficacy among the elderly population.Setting and participantsOur mathematical model was calibrated to simulate the course of an epidemic among the entire population of British Columbia, Canada. Within our model, the population was structured by age and levels of contact.Main outcome(s) and measure(s)We assessed the effectiveness of possible vaccines in terms of the predicted number of infections within the entire population, and deaths among people aged 65 years and over.Results In order to reduce the overall rate of infections in the population, high rates of deployment to all age groups will be critical. However, to substantially reduce mortality among people aged 65 years and over, a vaccine must directly protect a high proportion of people in that group.Conclusions and relevanceEffective vaccines deployed to a large fraction of the population are projected to substantially reduce infection in an otherwise susceptible population. However, even if transmission were blocked highly effectively by vaccination of children and younger adults, overall mortality would not be substantially reduced unless the vaccine is also directly protective in elderly people. We strongly recommend: (i) the inclusion of people aged 65 years and over in future trials of COVID-19 vaccine candidates; (ii) careful monitoring of vaccine efficacy in older age groups following vaccination.     

石家庄市848例COVID-19确诊患者的感染特点及核酸检测结果分析

目的 分析COVID-19确诊患者的感染特点和核酸检测结果,探究疫情新形势下更合适的核酸检测方案。方法 对石家庄市848例COVID-19确诊患者进行回顾性研究,按年龄分为儿童组、中青年组、老年组,分析各年龄组中家族聚集性病例、核酸检测次数、检测间隔期及检测结果阳性率。结果 全部确诊患者的中位年龄为47.0岁（3月龄～91岁）,男性40.0%。儿童组家族聚集性病例39.0%,无症状感染者转确诊病例29.0%。儿童、中青年、老年组核酸检测平均次数为3.8次、3.0次、2.8次;核酸检测最高次数为9次、13次、11次;核酸检测平均间隔期为7.4±4.8天、5.5±5.3天、4.6±5.3天;核酸检测最长间隔期为19天、21天、21天。5.4%患者核酸检测间隔期＞14天,2例患者核酸检测间隔期达21天。结论 该研究提示COVID-19的家族聚集性特点在儿童患者更显著。随着SARS-CoV-2株的不断变异,筛检高危人群时需增加核酸检测次数,同时21天集中隔离+7天居家隔离模式更适合当前疫情防控需要。     

北京市一起冷链相关新型冠状病毒Delta变异株聚集性疫情的溯源调查

目的 对北京市一起冷链相关新型冠状病毒（新冠病毒）Delta变异株聚集性疫情进行溯源调查,分析其感染来源和传播链。方法 应用流行病学调查方法核查病例的活动轨迹,对活动轨迹涉及的风险点位进行密切接触者追踪、人员和环境采样核酸检测,对核酸阳性标本进行基因测序分析。结果 2022年1月18日至2月6日,共报告112例新冠病毒感染者,除1例待查外,其余111例存在明确的流行病学关联。感染来源为进口冷冻货品外包装,2021年1月进口冷冻货品捕捞后储存于东南亚地区某国冷库,2021年6月包装后发送到我国北京市A区A冷库存储,随后分批次于2022年1月起在B区B冷库贴标销售,首发病例在搬运阳性冷冻货品期间发生感染,继而造成共同工作、就餐和居住在B冷库及其毗邻的C冷库和D餐厅（两库一店）所在区域的人员感染,涉及77例两库一店直接相关病例。在两库一店区域外还造成16个传播支链,涉及35例病例。结论 本起疫情提示进口冷链货品外包装污染输入疫情的风险,应继续加强冷链行业管理。     

上海市新型冠状病毒肺炎流行与疫情时空变化分析

目的 阐明2022年上海市新型冠状病毒肺炎（新冠肺炎）的流行特征和空间聚集性演变规律。方法 收集2022年3月1日至5月31日上海市各行政区卫生健康委员会官方网站公布的新冠肺炎疫情数据，应用GeoDa软件进行空间自相关分析；利用logistic增长模型进行拟合预测并与实际感染病例进行对比。结果 上海市各行政区中，浦东新区确诊病例数和无症状感染者人数最多，占总病例数的29.30%和35.58%，各区累计罹患率和感染率差异有统计学意义（P<0.001），其中黄浦区显著高于其他区域。2022年3月1日至5月31日新冠肺炎罹患率具有全局空间正相关性（P<0.05），不同时段新冠肺炎罹患率空间分布不同，其中3月16-29日、4月6-12日和5月18-24日3个时段内Moran''s I值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。局部自相关分析结果表明，8个时段共探测到22个高-高聚集区，高风险流行的热点区域经历一个“少-多-少”的变化过程。logistic增长模型拟合与实际感染者情况基本吻合。结论 本轮上海市新冠肺炎疫情整体分布具有明显的空间聚集性，防控措施有效阻止了疫情的增长，尤其在空间上遏制了高风险传播区域的扩散，减少了向其他省份的传播风险。     

Telemedicine in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a positive single-stranded RNA virus that can be immediately translated and integrated into the host cell with its own RNA messenger, facilitating replication inside the cell and infectivity. The rapid progression of the disease presents a real challenge for the whole world. As the usual capacity for citizen care is exceeded, health professionals and governments struggle. One of the most important strategies to reduce and mitigate the advance of the epidemic are social distance measures; this is where telemedicine can help, and provide support to the healthcare systems, especially in the areas of public health, prevention and clinical practices, just as it is doing in others sectors.Telemedicine connects the convenience, low cost, and ready accessibility of health-related information and communication using the Internet and associated technologies. Telemedicine during the coronavirus epidemic has been the doctors’ first line of defense to slow the spread of the coronavirus, keeping social distancing and providing services by phone or videoconferencing for mild to focus personal care and limited supplies to the most urgent cases.     

一起新型冠状病毒肺炎家族聚集性疫情流行病学调查分析

目的 通过对1起家庭聚集性新型冠状病毒肺炎8例病例的流行病学调查分析,探讨流行病学特征,为新型冠状病毒肺炎的防控提供依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法开展调查。结果 经调查来京湖北籍长居人员病例1为此次聚集病例的传染源,在整个潜伏期内共传染二代病例6人（病例2至病例7）。出现三代疑似病例1例。二代病例中有3例在暴露14 d后发病。指示病例1传染到二代病例6的途径为近距离的呼吸道飞沫传播,指示病例1传染到家庭二代病例的途径包括呼吸道飞沫传播和密切接触传播2种方式。全年龄段人群普遍易感。症状方面,老年人群病情较重,青年人群症状较轻。除了呼吸道症状,腹泻等消化道症状、乏力肌肉酸痛头痛等其他症状也不容忽视。结论 家庭聚集性发病是新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控的重点。     

一起农村新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情的调查分析

目的 通过对南昌市一起农村新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情调查,了解农村疫情传播可能的危险因素,分析和比较确诊病例和无症状感染者的传染性。 方法 通过流行病学调查,结合大数据轨迹开展病例调查,用病例关系示意图展示传播关系。结果 确诊病例和无症状感染者的密切接触者续发率分别为45.45%和12.50%,两者无统计学差异（P=0.077）,罹患率分别为27.27%和0%,两者有统计学差异（P=0.025）;核酸全员筛检前后新冠病毒感染率分别为0.49%和0%,两者有统计学差异（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=7.09,P=0.008）;确诊病例发病前5天和无症状感染者具有传染性;农村居民串门聊天、聚众打牌等行为可能促进农村疫情的传播。结论 此次疫情因病例B引起,轨迹大数据分析可帮助寻找传染源;无症状感染者传染性可能弱于确诊病例。     

COVID-19 outbreak and risk factors for infection in a taekwondo gym in the Republic of Korea

ObjectivesRelatively few studies have assessed risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in public facilities used by children and adolescents. This study presents an analysis of a COVID-19 outbreak that occurred in a taekwondo gym in Korea, predominantly among children and adolescents, with the aim of providing insights on managing COVID-19 outbreaks in similar facilities.MethodsAll 108 taekwondo gym students and staff received COVID-19 tests. A survey and closed-circuit television analyses were used to identify risk factors. A univariate analysis was conducted, followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis with backward elimination for variables with a significance level <0.10 in the univariate analysis.Results COVID-19 was confirmed in 30 of 108 subjects at the taekwondo gym (attack rate, 27.8%). The outbreak started in an adult class student. This student transmitted the virus to the staff, who consequently transmitted the virus to adolescent students. In the univariate analysis, the relative risk for younger age (≤9 years) was 2.14 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–4.54; p=0.054), and that for food consumption inside the gym was 2.12 (95% CI, 1.04–4.30; p=0.048). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for younger age was 2.96 (95% CI, 1.07–8.20; p=0.036), and that for food consumption inside the gym was 3.00 (95% CI, 1.10–8.17; p=0.032).Conclusion Food consumption inside the facility and young age were significant risk factors for COVID-19 transmission in this taekwondo gym. Food consumption should be prohibited in sports facilities, and infection prevention education for young students is also required.