Outcomes of Patients With Breast Cancer Who Present With Ipsilateral Supraclavicular or Internal Mammary Lymph Node Metastases

BackgroundThe prognostic implications of internal mammary (IM) and supraclavicular (SC) node involvement in locally advanced breast cancer is still unclear.Patients and MethodsWe evaluated 107 patients with IM (n = 65) or SC (n = 42) node involvement who underwent operation at the European Institute of Oncology between 1997 and 2009 to assess their prognostic features. We subsequently analyzed matched cohorts, using the 107 patients as cases and another group of patients as a control cohort, to evaluate prognostic differences between patients with and those without IM or SC node involvement.ResultsFive-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 84% in IM vs. 38.8% in SC node involvement (P < .0001), and 5-year overall survival (OS) was 96.9% in IM node vs. 57.1% in SC node involvement (P < .0001). No difference in outcome was found between patients with and controls without IM node involvement. Conversely, a statistically significant difference in DFS and locoregional recurrence was observed in patients with SC node involvement compared with controls without SC node involvement.ConclusionSC node involvement correlated with a significantly poorer outcome in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Adequate staging, including biopsy of suspicious locoregional ipsilateral lymph nodes, is mandatory in these patients. Patients with IM or SC node involvement should be treated with curative intent using combined-modality treatments.     

The Prognostic Significance of the Lymph Node Ratio in Axillary Lymph Node Positive Breast Cancer

Purpose

This study evaluated the prognostic impact of the lymph node ratio (LNR; i.e., the ratio of positive to dissected lymph nodes) on recurrence and survival in breast cancer patients with positive axillary lymph nodes (LNs).

Methods

The study cohort was comprised of 330 breast cancer patients with positive axillary nodes who received postoperative radiotherapy between 1987 and 2004. Ten-year Kaplan-Meier locoregional failure, distant metastasis, disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) rates were compared using Kaplan-Meier curves. The prognostic significance of the LNR was evaluated by multivariate analysis.

Results

Median follow-up was 7.5 years. By minimum p-value approach, 0.25 and 0.55 were the cutoff values of LNR at which most significant difference in DFS and DSS was observed. The DFS and DSS rates correlated significantly with tumor size, pN classification, LNR, histologic grade, lymphovascular invasion, the status of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. The LNR based classification yielded a statistically larger separation of the DFS curves than pN classification. In multivariate analysis, histologic grade and pN classification were significant prognostic factors for DFS and DSS. However, when the LNR was included as a covariate in the model, the LNR was highly significant (p<0.0001), and pN classification was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

Conclusion

The LNR predicts recurrence and survival more accurately than pN classification in our study. The pN classification and LNR should be considered together in risk estimates for axillary LNs positive breast cancer patients.     

食管癌术后锁骨上和纵隔淋巴结转移患者的治疗

目的：分析食管癌术后锁骨上和（或）纵隔淋巴结转移患者的治疗效果和影响疗效的因素。方法：回顾性分析69例食管癌术后锁骨上和（或）纵隔淋巴结转移患者病例资料。32例行单纯局部放射治疗，37例行局部放疗后辅助化疗。中位肿瘤剂量为6063cGy，30次，44天。中位化疗周期为2个。结果：所有患者的1，2和3年生存率分别为66．4％，31．1％和11．1％。死亡54例，其中远处转移者38例，占70．4％。单纯放疗的患者1，2和3年生存率分别为45．2％、15．1％和3．8％；行局部放疗后加化疗的患者1，2和3，年生存率分别为85．7％，40．4％和17．6％，两者比较有非常显著性差异（P＜0．01），结论：食管癌术后锁骨上和（或）纵隔淋巴结转移患者疗效差，治疗失败的主要原因是远处转移，综合治疗能提高疗效。     

Prognostic Factors Related to Surgical Outcome of Liver Metastases of Breast Cancer

Purpose

The role of hepatectomy for patients with liver metastases of breast cancer (LMBC) remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to share our experience with hepatic resection in a relatively unselected group of patients with LMBC and analyse the prognostic factors and indications for surgery.

Methods

In 2000 to 2006, 42 female patients with a mean age of 58.2 years (range, 39 to 69 years) with LMBC diagnosed by means of abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging in the hospital. They were considered for surgery because of limited comorbidities, presence of seven or fewer liver tumors and absence of (or limited and stable) extrahepatic disease on preoperative imaging. Patients'' demographics, metastatic characteristics as well as clinical and operative parameters were being studied. Overall actuarial 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were calculated since the hepatic resection onwards using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Metastatic tumor size of ≤4 cm (p=0.03), R0 resection (p=0.02), negative portal lymph nodes (p=0.01), response to chemotherapy (p=0.02), and positive hormone receptor status (p=0.03) were associated with better survival outcomes on univariate analysis. However, it did not show survival benefits on multivariate analysis. The disease-free survival and overall survival are 29.40 and 43 months, respectively. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 84.61%, 64.11%, and 38.45%, respectively.

Conclusion

Selected patients with isolated LMBC may benefit from surgical management; although, indications remain unclear and the risks may outweigh the benefits in patients with a generally poor prognosis. Improvements in preoperative staging and progressive application of new multimodality treatments will be the key to improved survival rates in this severe disease. The careful selection of patients is associated with a satisfactory long-term survival rate.     

食管癌术后锁骨上和纵隔淋巴结转移放射治疗的疗效评价

 目的　评价食管癌术后锁骨上和纵隔淋巴结转移局部放射治疗的意义。方法　回顾性分析1998年 7月～ 2 0 0 0年 2月间收治的 5 7例食管癌术后锁骨上和纵隔淋巴结转移患者 ,局部放射治疗 ,常规分割放疗剂量 5 0～ 70Gy。结果　 82 .4 %左右的肿瘤得到局部控制 ,1、2、3年生存率分别为 5 6 .1%、2 9 .8%、10 .5 % ,72 .5 %的病人死于野外转移。结论　转移淋巴结≤ 3cm者放疗后的局部控制率和生存期优于淋巴结 >3cm者。食管癌术后锁骨上和纵隔淋巴结转移经放射治疗后局部可得到有效控制 ,多数病人死于远处转移     

Frequency and Predictors of Axillary Lymph Node Metastases in Iranian Women with Early Breast Cancer

Background: Axillary lymph node metastasis is the most important predictive factor for recurrence risk andsurvival in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated withmetastatic involvement of axillary lymph nodes in Iranian women with early breast cancer. Methods: This article reportsa retrospective study of 774 patients with T1-T2 breast cancer who underwent resection of the primary tumor and axillarystaging by SLNB and/or ALND between 2005 and 2015 at our institution. Results: Of the 774 patients included in thisstudy, 35.5% (275 cases) had axillary lymph node involvement at the time of diagnosis. Factors associated with nodalinvolvement in univariate analyses were tumor size, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), tumor grade, ER/PR status andHER2 expression. All factors identified with univariate analyses were entered into a multivariate logistic regressionmodel and tumor size (OR= 3.01, CI 2.01–4.49, P <0.001), ER/PR positivity (OR = 1.74, CI 1.1.16–2.62, P = 0.007)and presence of LVI (OR = 3.3.8, CI 2.31–4.95, P <0.001) remained as independent predictors of axillary lymph nodeinvolvement .Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of this study suggests that positive hormonal receptor status, LVIand tumor size are predictive factors for ALNM in Iranian women with early breast cancer.     

新疆维吾尔族女性乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响新疆维吾尔族女性乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结转移的危险因素.方法 对256例临床诊断为Ⅰ～Ⅲ期维吾尔族女性乳腺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对影响腋窝淋巴结转移的危险因素进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 对12项临床和病理指标进行单因素分析显示,妊娠次数、肿瘤大小、部位、病理类型、脉管浸润、H...     

乳腺原发癌与淋巴结转移癌基因表达谱的比较研究

目的：通过乳腺原发癌与琳巴结转移癌基因表达谱的比较研究,筛选乳腺癌转移相关基因,探讨淋巴强转移阳性乳腺癌患者分子分型的临床意义.方法：采用eRNA扩增方法分别将乳腺原发癌与配对的淋巴结转移癌标记Cy3和Cy5的荧光探针,与点有21 329个人功能基因的Oligo芯片进行配对杂交.筛选30例病中至少16对样本（50%以上）有2.0倍以上相同差异表达趋势的基因：采用Cluster3.0对样本及病例进行非监督聚类分析.结果：共筛选得到95个差异表达基因,其中41个在转移癌中表达上调,54个下调,分别与细胞格附和运动能力,细胞外基质,蛋白水解酶,信号传导与转录调节.细胞生长与凋亡相关.基于全基因表达谱对样本聚类将83.3%（25/30）病例的原发癌与其配对的淋巴结转移癌聚类在一起,基于差异表达基因对病例的聚类分析将30便患者分为2组,其中A组与B组比较,A组多为肿瘤体积T3-4（P〈0.05）,ER阴性（P〈0.05）,组织学Ⅲ组（P=0.073）和3年内发生远处转移（P=0.085）的预后较差的病例.结论：以同一病例乳腺原发癌与其淋巴结转移癌进行基因表达谱的比较分析,筛选得到的在多病例中有共同差异表达趋势的基因,涉及了与转移相关的重要生物学过程;同一病例的原发癌与转移癌聚类在一起,证实淋巴结转移癌是其原发癌高转移能力细胞的亚克隆,因而具有相近的基因表达谱,其中的差异基因即包含了涉及转移表型的基因改变.基于原发癌差异基因的表达谱可以将淋巴结转移阳性乳腺癌病例进行分子分组并能预测预后.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床研究

目的　探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检 (SLNB)的临床应用价值 ,分析影响检出率的相关因素。方法　在乳腺肿瘤表面或活检部位周围皮下组织注射99mTc标记的硫胶体 ,采用核素淋巴显像和γ计数器探测仪检测识别前哨淋巴结 (SLN ) ,先行SLNB ,随后行乳腺癌改良根治术。结果　 5 0例患者中SLN检出率为 96.0 % ;敏感度为 88.2 % ;准确性为 95 .8% ;假阴性为11.8% ;假阳性为 0。患者年龄 <5 0岁、原发肿瘤位于乳腺外上象限、术前穿刺活检确诊与SLN检出有关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;是否绝经、肿瘤大小、病理类型、雌激素受体 (ER)、孕激素受体 (PR)与SLN检出无关 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　SLNB具有安全可靠、敏感度和准确性较高等特点 ,可以正确反映大多数乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结 (ALN )有无转移     

食管癌术后颈部和纵隔淋巴结转移放射治疗的意义

为评价食管癌术后颈部和纵隔淋巴结转移局部放射治疗的意义，回顾性分析1989年3月～1994年2月5年间收治的143例病人。其中颈部转移89例，纵隔转移32例，纵隔和颈部同时并有转移22例。60Co局部放射，大多数病人的放射剂量为50～70Gy。随访2年以上或至死亡。结果70％以上的肿瘤获得局部控制。1，2，3，5年生存率分别为43．4％，18．2％，7．4％和6．4％。中位生存期14个月。多数病人死于照射野外转移。转移淋巴结≤3cm者放疗后的局部控制率和生存期优于淋巴结＞3cm者。结果提示：放疗对食管癌术后颈部和纵隔转移淋巴结的局部控制有效，但只有少数病人可获较长时间生存。远处转移是致死的主要原因。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位和活检

目的：难证乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位和活检技术的可行性和前哨淋巴结的组织状况能否准确预告腋淋巴结的状况。方法：本研究使用专利蓝,对３３例乳腺癌患者进行了术中及术后前哨淋巴结定位和活检术。结果：３０例（９１％）找到前哨淋巴结,前哨淋巴结预告腋淋巴结的准确率为９６．７％,假阴性１例。结论：本研究结果证实,乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位和活检技术是可行的,前哨淋巴结的组织学特征能够准确反映腑淋巴结的状况。我们相信在将来     

Occult Breast Cancers Manifesting as Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Men: A Two-Case Report

Occult breast cancer is a type of breast cancer without any symptoms on the breasts or any abnormalities upon radiologic examination such as mammography. In males, there are few cases of breast cancer, the rate of diagnosis of occult breast cancer is very low, and little is known about this disease. We experienced two cases of occult breast cancers manifesting as axillary lymph node metastasis in men. They had a palpable lesion on axillary area several years ago and had not seen a doctor about it. As such there was no abnormality on evaluations for cancer except for axillary lymph node showing signs of carcinoma (primary or metastatic) on biopsy and estrogen receptor-positive and progesterone receptor-positive on immunohistochemistry. The patients were diagnosed with occult breast cancer, and treatments were performed. Herein, we report the rare cases of occult breast cancers in men.     

乳腺癌术后腋窝淋巴结转移对放疗的指导意义

目的初步探讨乳腺癌术后患者腋窝淋巴结转移数目及转移阳性的比率对术后放射治疗及预后的指导意义。方法回顾分析1995~1998年在我院行锁骨上区及内乳区放射治疗的Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌术后女性患者251例。统计其术后送检淋巴结数目及病理发现淋巴结转移的数目。随访其进行术后放射治疗后3年、5年生存情况和无病生存情况。结果251例患者术后淋巴结数目为0~45个,中位数12个,淋巴结数目<10个93例。术后淋巴结转移阳性数目为0~31个,中位数4个。淋巴结转移阳性数目≥4个组与1~3个组和淋巴结转移阳性的比率≥1/3与<1/3分组比较发现,3年和5年总生存率在两种分组中均见统计学差异。在淋巴结<10个的患者中,发现淋巴结转移阳性数目≥4个和1~3个组仅3年生存率见统计学差异,与未见淋巴结转移组比较,3年及5年生存率均有显著性差异。淋巴结转移阳性的比率≥1/3和<1/3分组比较3年和5年生存率均见统计学差异。采用Kaplan-Meier法并用Logrank检验无病生存率时,淋巴结转移阳性数目≥4个与淋巴结转移阳性数目1~3个未见统计学差异,而淋巴结转移阳性的比率≥1/3和<1/3分组比较则存在统计学差异。结论术后淋巴结转移数目≥4个可以作为判断患者具有局部复发的高危因素,但在淋巴结数目<10个时,结合淋巴结转移阳性的比率可以更加准确判断是否需要术后放射治疗和作为预后的判断指标。     

Tumor Characteristics Influencing Non-Sentinel Lymph Node Involvement in Clinically Node Negative Patients with Breast Cancer

Purpose

The negative sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy avoids conventional axillary dissection in patients with breast cancer with clinically negative axilla. Despite negative SLN, there is a risk of leaving involved non-SLN behind in the axilla. We investigated the predictive power of tumor characteristics for non-SLN metastasis.

Methods

Lymphatic mapping with blue dye method for SLN biopsy and level 1-2 axillary dissections were performed to establish axillary status in 59 patients with T1 and T2 breast cancer and clinically negative axilla. Tumor''s characteristics were histopathologically established to assess their association with non-SLN metastasis.

Results

The axilla was malignant in 23 (39%) patients. The SLN alone was metastatic in 10, both SLN and non-SLN in 9, and non-SLN alone in 4 (7%) patients. The false negative rate for SLN biopsy was 10% in our series. The rate of positive non-SLN was found as 0% in T1a-b, 19% in T1c, and 40% in T2 tumors (p=0.035). Lymphovascular invasion was positive in 14 (61%) patients with axillary metastasis (p<0.001), and in 10 (77%) patients with non-SLN involvement (p<0.001).

Conclusion

We concluded that there was a small risk of involved non-SLN despite negative SLN. Tumor size (near or greater than 2 cm) was significantly associated with non-SLN metastasis. Peritumoral lymphovascular invasion was a positive predictor of the metastatic involvement in non-SLNs.     

Relation Between Tumor Size and Lymph Node Metastasis According to Subtypes of Breast Cancer

PurposeTumor size and lymph node metastasis are important factors that contribute to the progression of breast cancer. We aimed to analyze the relationship between tumor size and lymph node metastasis molecular subtype and examine the effects of nodal metastasis on overall survival (OS).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the data of 16,552 patients who underwent breast surgery in Samsung Medical Center between 2000 and 2015. Information on tumor size (largest diameter of the invasive component), number of positive lymph nodes, and molecular subtype were obtained. We constructed a linear regression model to evaluate the relationship between tumor size and lymph node metastasis. To determine the effect of nodal metastasis on OS, we performed a Cox proportional regression analysis with Np/T (number of metastatic lymph nodes [n]/tumor size [cm]).ResultsThis study included 12,007 patients with a median follow-up of 62 months. The linear regression coefficients were 1.043 for luminal A, 1.024 for luminal B, 0.656 for HER2, and 0.435 for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. No significant difference was observed in the coefficients between the luminal A and B subtypes (p = 0.797), while all other coefficients showed significant difference. After adjusting for other risk factors, the hazard ratio (HR) of Np/T for each subtype was significant for OS: luminal A (HR, 1.134; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.097–1.171; p < 0.001), luminal B (HR, 1.049; 95% CI, 1.013–1.086; p = 0.007), HER2 (HR, 1.069; 95% CI, 1.014–1.126; p = 0.013), and TNBC (HR, 1.038; 95% CI, 1.01–1.067; p = 0.008).ConclusionThe incidence of lymph node metastasis differed according to molecular subtype. Luminal types have higher incidence of nodal metastasis than HER2 and TNBC. The HR of Np/T was highest in luminal A subtypes and lowest in TNBC subtypes.     

多层螺旋 CT双期增强扫描对乳腺癌及早期淋巴结转移患者的诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT在乳腺癌及早期淋巴结转移中的诊断价值。方法对37例乳腺肿瘤患者采用多层螺旋CT机平扫和增强扫描检查是否发生淋巴结转移,并与病理结果进行对照,并观察乳腺癌淋巴结大小与转移及其内部结构关系。结果清扫淋巴结总数为61枚,其中转移性淋巴结33枚,非转移性淋巴结28枚。 MSCT与病理学检查结果相一致,但是MSCT扫描淋巴结大小无法单独作为评估是否发生转移指标。淋巴结门结构与是否发生转移相关,淋巴结门结构厚度不均可作为预测是否发生转移的独立指标。结论多层螺旋CT扫描速度快,分辨率高,能获得精确的乳腺癌患者扫描图像,有利于淋巴结转移的检出,为临床治疗乳腺癌患者有着重要意义。     

乳腺癌胸肌间淋巴结存在率及阳性率的临床分析

目的：探讨乳腺癌胸肌间淋巴结(IPNs)存在率、阳性率及其临床意义。方法：对426例行IPNs病理检查的乳腺癌患者．记录其IPNs存在或转移的情况，分析其与年龄、临床分期、病理类型、原发肿瘤的部位、肿块大小、尖群淋巴结的关系。结果：IPNs存在率为21．1％，阳性率为5．9％。IPNs阳性患者原发肿瘤较大，尖群淋巴结阳性率高。结论：IPNs应被重视，在乳腺癌改良根治术中，特别是原发肿瘤较大或可直接触及肿大的胸肌间淋巴结时，IPNs应被清扫并单独送病检。对IPNs重视和正确评价有助于确定更正确的治疗方案，从而可能改善患者预后。