沉默Rev1基因对人结肠癌细胞放射敏感性的影响

目的 探讨沉默Rev1基因对人高分化结肠癌细胞THC8307 X射线照射后增殖、凋亡的影响。方法 利用RNA干扰技术将Rev1基因的特异性片段转染THC8307细胞,用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测转染后细胞中目的基因的表达;实验分空白对照组、阴性对照组、Rev1 siRNA组。分别给予0、6 Gy X射线照射,运用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）法检测不同时段（0、24、48、72、96 h）细胞增殖情况,并绘制增殖曲线;流式细胞仪（FCM）检测不同剂量X射线处理后的细胞凋亡;Western blot检测各组PCNA、γ-H2AX、P53、Bax、Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果 与空白对照组相比,6 Gy X射线照射后,沉默Rev1基因组细胞增殖速率明显降低（t=7.53,P<0.05）,凋亡明显增加（t=6.23,P<0.05）,增殖细胞抗原（PCNA）表达下降（t=4.39,P<0.05）,γ-H2AX表达升高（t=5.48,P<0.05）,P53表达升高（t=5.09,P<0.05）、Bax表达升高（t=3.32,P<0.05）、Bcl-2表达降低（t=6.13,P<0.05）。结论 沉默Rev1基因,抑制了X射线作用下的结肠癌细胞THC8307的增殖,促进了凋亡,增加了其对X射线的放射敏感性。     

DDX46基因对结肠癌细胞电离辐射敏感性的影响及机制研究

目的 探讨DDX46基因对结肠癌细胞的电离辐射敏感性的影响及其作用机制。方法 DDX46基因RNA干扰慢病毒转染的SW480细胞为实验组,空载质粒慢病毒转染的SW480细胞为对照组。两组细胞转染72 h后,分别进行0和4 Gy X射线照射,采用CCK-8方法检测两组的细胞活力;实验组联合4 Gy X射线照射24 h后,采用免疫荧光技术和Western blot法检测细胞γ-H2AX foci数量以及DNA损伤修复通路关键蛋白的表达水平,确定DDX46与辐射诱导的DNA损伤修复的关系。结果 4 Gy X射线照射24 h后,实验组的细胞活力比照射前降低（15.02±3.92）%（t=-4.696,P<0.05）,比对照组降低（17.43±1.83）%（t=4.844,P<0.01）;而对照组照射前后比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。同时,实验组γ-H2AX foci数量相比于对照组增加了（43.03±17.6）%（t=-3.108,P<0.05）,ATM的蛋白水平显著升高（t=7.530,P<0.01）,而ATM的活性形式p-ATM以及ATM的下游靶蛋白Rad50的蛋白水平则明显降低（t=4.260、4.260、P<0.05）,同时γ-H2AX的蛋白表达水平也有一定程度的升高（t=-3.090,P<0.05）,DNA-PK在两组细胞内的蛋白水平变化不大。结论 沉默DDX46可以提高结肠癌细胞系SW480的辐射敏感性,其机制可能是DDX46表达沉默抑制结肠癌细胞系SW480中ATM的活化,从而抑制辐射诱导的DNA损伤的修复,提高SW480的辐射敏感性。     

沉默细胞周期检测点激酶1(Chk1)对宫颈癌HeLa细胞放射敏感性的影响

目的 探讨siRNA沉默细胞周期检测点激酶1（Chk1）基因对宫颈癌HeLa细胞放射敏感性的影响。方法 合成Chk1基因的小分子干扰RNA（si-Chk1）,将si-NC或者si-Chk1分别转染到宫颈癌HeLa细胞中,0、2、4、6、8、10 Gy剂量的X射线照射细胞,RT-qPCR和Western blot检测转染后Chk1的mRNA水平和蛋白水平的表达,MTT方法检测细胞增殖能力,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,克隆形成实验检测转染后HeLa细胞放射敏感性,Western blot检测转染后P21蛋白和抗凋亡基因Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平。结果 si-Chk1转染到HeLa细胞后,HeLa细胞Chk1基因的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著下降（t=2.12~5.86,P<0.05）,沉默Chk1的表达抑制了宫颈癌HeLa细胞的增殖（t=3.15~6.36,P<0.05）,同时降低宫颈癌HeLa细胞克隆形成能力（t=1.58~6.36,P<0.05）,上调P21（t=4.35,P<0.05）、下调Bcl-2蛋白（t=2.37,P<0.05）的表达水平。结论 siRNA沉默Chk1表达能够增强HeLa细胞放射敏感性。     

沉默Krüppel样因子5对电离辐射后大鼠小肠上皮IEC-6细胞生物学功能的影响

目的 探讨沉默Krüppel样因子5（KLF5）对电离辐射后体外培养的大鼠小肠上皮IEC-6细胞生物学功能的影响。方法 给予大鼠小肠上皮IEC-6细胞12 Gy照射,分别在照后0、0.5、1、2、3、5、7、24 h,检测KLF5的表达。给予IEC-6细胞0、2、4、8、12和16 Gy X射线照射,照后3 h收集细胞蛋白,采用Western blot法检测IEC-6细胞中KLF5的表达。设计并合成特异性针对大鼠KLF5基因的shRNA靶序列,构建到慢病毒载体中,通过感染人胚肾293T细胞,对慢病毒进行包装和滴度测定。使用包装好的慢病毒感染IEC-6细胞,荧光显微镜下观察转染效率,转染72 h后分别采用实时-PCR和Western blot方法检测感染后细胞中KLF5 mRNA及蛋白的表达。后续实验分为阴性对照组、shKLF5组、单纯照射组、照射+shKLF5组4组。采用CCK-8法观察8 Gy照射后KLF5沉默细胞的增殖活性,流式细胞术检测8 Gy照射后KLF5沉默细胞的周期分布和凋亡,免疫荧光染色观察2 Gy照射后KLF5沉默细胞中γ-H2AX焦点数量。结果 不同剂量射线照射后KLF5表达逐渐增加,呈现明显的剂量效应关系。12 Gy照射后KLF5表达呈现先升高后降低的趋势,照后5 h表达量最高。KLF5 shRNA慢病毒载体构建成功,感染的IEC-6细胞中KLF5 mRNA及蛋白水平均在转染72 h明显降低。照射+shKLF5组细胞在照射后24 h阻滞在G₂/M期现象显著（t=11.56,P<0.05）,细胞增殖明显受到抑制,其细胞凋亡率（12.49±0.63）%,明显高于单纯照射组（7.42±0.49）%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=10.98,P<0.05）,照射+shkLF5组细胞核中各时间点的γ-H2AX焦点数量明显多于同一时间点阴性对照组（t=22.07、23.89、11.24、59.97、20.85,P<0.05）。结论 成功构建KLF5 shRNA慢病毒载体,并建立KLF5敲低小肠上皮细胞株。下调细胞内KLF5表达,能够使细胞周期阻滞在G₂/M期,抑制照射后细胞的增殖,促进细胞的凋亡,DNA双链断裂水平增加,修复延迟。     

lncRNA CCAT1靶向miR-130b-3p对人胰腺癌细胞PANC-1放射敏感性的影响

目的 探讨lncRNA CCAT1和miR-130b-3p对体外培养的胰腺癌细胞PANC-1放射敏感性的影响。方法 采用Real-time PCR检测胰腺癌组织及其细胞系和2 Gy X射线照射后PANC-1细胞中CCAT1和miR-130b-3p的相对表达水平。沉默CCAT1表达、抑制miR-130b-3p表达后,应用流式细胞仪、Caspase 3活性检测试剂盒及克隆形成实验检测细胞凋亡率、Caspase 3活性和细胞存活分数,并绘制单击多靶模型拟合曲线;利用starBase v2.0在线预测、荧光素酶报告基因、RNA结合蛋白免疫沉淀实验（RIP）及Real-time PCR实验,验证CCAT1和miR-130b-3p的靶向关系。结果 在放射抵抗的胰腺癌组织、胰腺癌细胞系和2 Gy照射的PANC-1细胞中,CCAT1表达均上调（t=6.322~8.555,P<0.05）,miR-130b-3p表达下调（t=3.950~18.795,P<0.05）。2 Gy照射并沉默CCAT1,PANC-1细胞存活分数降低（t=2.929、5.047、5.234、5.125,P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率增加（t=6.953,P<0.05）,Caspase 3活性升高（t=6.836,P<0.05）。发现CCAT1能靶向调控miR-130b-3p表达,抑制miR-130b-3p表达,PANC-1细胞存活分数增大（t=4.564、6.736、8.656,P<0.05）,细胞凋亡减少（t=5.234,P<0.05）,Caspase 3活性降低（t=10.440,P<0.05）。结论 沉默CCAT1表达能够促进miR-130b-3p表达,从而增加PANC-1细胞放射敏感性。     

消旋山莨菪碱减轻小鼠放射性肺损伤的作用及分子机制研究

目的 探讨消旋山莨菪碱对X射线致放射性肺损伤的保护作用及机制。方法 将20只C57BL/6小鼠按随机数表法分为对照组、模型组（照射）、给药组（消旋山莨菪碱）、治疗组（照射+消旋山莨菪碱），每组5只。给药组、治疗组照射前3天给予消旋山莨菪碱注射液腹腔注射（5 mg/kg），模型组、治疗组给予6 MV X射线，18 Gy单次全胸腔照射，构建放射性肺损伤小鼠模型，辐照后治疗组采取每隔1天给药，连续给药6周后处死小鼠并取材。HE染色检测肺组织病理形态；酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测肺泡灌洗液和血清中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白介素6（IL-6）、白介素1β（IL-1β）细胞因子表达；细胞衰老β-半乳糖苷酶（SA-β-Gal）染色检测肺组织细胞衰老情况；Western blot检测核因子E2相关因子2（Nrf2）、磷酸化NRF2（p-Nrf2）、p62蛋白表达。结果 与模型组相比，治疗组肺组织HE病理评分减低（t=8.66，P<0.01）；肺泡灌洗液中炎性细胞数量减少（t=10.70，P<0.01）、蛋白浓度降低（t=6.75，P<0.01），血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6表达减少（t=8.17、4.58、6.54，P<0.01）；肺组织SA-β-gal活性降低，且肺组织Nrf2、磷酸化Nrf2表达增强（t=6.42、7.30，P<0.01），而p62表达减少（t=4.62，P<0.01）。结论 消旋山莨菪碱可通过减轻炎症等途径发挥对X射线致放射性肺损伤的保护作用，其保护机制可能与激活Nrf2通路，逆转辐照所致的细胞衰老有关。     

PinX1对食管癌细胞放射敏感性及活性氧水平的影响研究

目的 研究端粒酶抑制因子X1（PinX1）对食管癌细胞放射敏感性及活性氧（ROS）水平的影响。方法 食管癌细胞分为对照组（未做细胞转染）、照射组（8 Gy X射线）、PinX1组（转染pDsRed1-PinX1至过表达）、照射+PinX1（转染pDsRed1-PinX1至过表达后8 Gy X射线照射）。MTT测定细胞增殖,流式细胞术测定细胞凋亡,Western blot测定细胞中含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3（Caspase-3）和含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶9（Caspase-9）的活化水平,二氯二氢荧光素-乙酰乙酸酯（DCFH-DA）法测定细胞中ROS水平,集落形成实验测定放射敏感性。构建EC9706细胞致裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,每组20只,小鼠每4天接受5次8 Gy剂量的γ射线局部照射,分析异种移植小鼠模型中PinX1过表达与放射敏感性的关系。结果 与对照组相比,照射组和PinX1组细胞的存活率从100%降低至（67.92±4.71）%和（83.14±4.01）%,差异有统计学意义（t=9.433、4.957,P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率从（6.47±1.46）%升高到（44.38±4.16）%和（25.42±2.78）%,差异有统计学意义（t=12.882、6.439,P<0.05）,细胞中Caspase-3活化水平升高（t=6.655、2.531,P<0.05）,Caspase-9的活化水平升高（t=3.775、3.088,P<0.05）,细胞内ROS水平升高（t=12.110、7.339,P<0.05）。与照射组相比,照射+PinX1组细胞存活率从（67.92±4.71）%下降至（52.73±5.58）%,差异有统计学意义（t=8.942,P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率从（44.38±4.16）%升高至（55.29±4.98）%,差异有统计学意义（t=3.707,P<0.05）,细胞中Caspase-3活化水平升高（t=15.435,P<0.05）,Caspase-9的活化水平也升高,（t=17.990,P<0.05）,ROS水平升高（t=4.526,P<0.05）。过表达PinX1的EC9706细胞放射敏感性增加,增敏比为1.408。过表达PinX1的细胞裸鼠移植瘤体积明显减小。结论 PinX1抑制食管癌细胞增殖,诱导食管癌细胞凋亡,增加食管癌细胞放射敏感性。     

FAM83A对胰腺癌细胞PANC-1干细胞样表型和放射敏感性的影响

目的 探讨FAM83A对胰腺癌细胞PANC-1干细胞样表型和放射敏感性的影响,旨在为胰腺癌靶向治疗提供新思路。方法 慢病毒感染构建稳定沉默FAM83A的PANC-1细胞株,qPCR和Western blot进行验证;流式细胞仪检测干细胞标记物CD133阳性的细胞数;肿瘤细胞成球实验检测PANC-1细胞成球能力;MTT检测吉西他滨对PANC-1稳转株细胞活力的影响;平板克隆形成实验检测X射线照射对PANC-1稳转株细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞术检测吉西他滨和X射线照射对PANC-1稳转株细胞凋亡的影响;Western blot检测PANC-1稳转株细胞中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路表达变化。结果 沉默FAM83A后PANC-1细胞中FAM83A蛋白表达（0.83±0.08）和mRNA表达（0.29±0.03）较阴性对照组FAM83A蛋白表达（1.95±0.19）和mRNA表达（0.98±0.09）显著降低（t=9.410、12.600,P<0.05）;沉默FAM83A后CD133阳性PANC-1细胞率（8.97±0.62）%较阴性对照组（21.60±2.60）%显著降低（t=8.184,P<0.05）,且细胞成球数（8±1）较阴性对照组（25±3）亦显著降低（t=9.311,P<0.05）,PANC-1细胞干细胞样表型显著被抑制;沉默FAM83A联合50 μmol/L吉西他滨处理PANC-1细胞72 h后细胞活力（32.33±3.05）%较吉西他滨处理组（63.06±5.98）%显著降低,细胞凋亡率（76.52±8.34）%较吉西他滨处理组（40.88±4.91）%显著增加,差异有统计学意义（t=6.378、7.929,P<0.05）;沉默FAM83A联合X射线照射后,PANC-1细胞活力（43.25±4.21）%较X射线照射组（78.13±7.98）%明显降低,细胞凋亡率（44.56±5.32）%较X射线照射组（15.15±1.95）%明显增加,差异有统计学意义（t=6.694、8.990,P<0.05）;沉默FAM83A后细胞中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路蛋白Active-β-catenin表达降低,p-β-catenin表达增加,且细胞核中β-catenin表达也降低,差异有统计学意义（t=10.290、8.521、8.969,P<0.05）,而Total β-catenin无明显变化,细胞中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路活性明显被抑制。结论 沉默FAM83A可能通过Wnt/β-catenin信号抑制胰腺癌细胞干细胞样表型,增强细胞对化疗药物吉西他滨及放射敏感性,FAM83A将可为胰腺癌临床治疗提供新靶点。     

ZEB1通过上调ATM表达调控胃癌细胞AGS的放射敏感性

目的 探究锌指结构E-box结合蛋白1（ZEB1）对胃癌细胞AGS放射敏感性的影响并探究其可能的作用机制。方法 通过不同剂量（0、2、4、6、8 Gy）X射线照射AGS细胞,蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）实验观测细胞中ZEB1的表达量;取对数生长期AGS细胞,将过表达ZEB1、ZEB1干扰表达质粒以及相应的对照质粒（pcDNA3.1）和阴性对照干扰质粒转染至AGS细胞中,分别记为过表达ZEB1组、沉默ZEB1组、对照组和阴性对照组,细胞克隆实验检测过表达和沉默ZEB1对AGS细胞存活率的影响;流式细胞术实验检测细胞的凋亡率;Western blot检测细胞损伤相关组蛋白H2A（H2AX）、磷酸化H2AX（γ-H2AX）以及毛细血管扩张突变基因（ATM）表达量。结果 ZEB1在AGS细胞中的表达对放射剂量具有依赖性（F=58.57,P<0.05）;过表达ZEB1能够提高AGS细胞的存活,抑制γ-H2AX表达（t=12.18,P<0.05）,并阻碍细胞的凋亡（t=7.27,P<0.05）,并随时间上调ATM表达量（F=165.70,P<0.05）;沉默ZEB1降低AGS细胞的存活,增加γ-H2AX表达（t=12.88,P<0.05）和细胞的凋亡（t=8.36,P<0.05）,随时间下调ATM表达量（F=44.80,P<0.05）。结论 ZEB1通过上调ATM表达调控胃癌AGS细胞放射敏感性。     

DNA-PKcs在细胞辐射超敏感性中的作用研究

目的 研究DNA-PKcs在细胞辐射超敏感性中的作用。方法 X射线照射M059K和M059J细胞后,克隆形成法实验检测其存活分数;微核分析法和γ-H2AX焦点形成实验检测DNA损伤;Western blot实验检测M059K,M059J细胞中磷酸化Chk1、Chk2和总Chk1、Chk2蛋白的表达。结果 在X射线照射剂量<1 Gy时,M059K细胞呈现出辐射超敏感性;DNA损伤水平不能用于表征低剂量区的HRS/IRR;0.2 Gy X射线照射后,M059K细胞中pChk1/Chk1在20~60 min内显著高于M059J细胞（t=14.157、13.661、14.177、11.317、14.512, P<0.05）;0.2 Gy X射线照射后,M059K细胞中pChk2/Chk2在20~50 min内显著高于M059J细胞（t=13.182、13.868、14.155、14.477, P<0.05）。结论 DNA-PKcs野生型的人胶质瘤M059K细胞中存在着低剂量辐射超敏感性现象,其发生可能与DNA-PKcs介导的G₂/M期检验点相关蛋白激活有关。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.