食用菌中砷、镉、汞、铅、铬的污染情况和健康风险分析

目的了解不同品种食用菌中砷(As)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)元素的含量水平,分析污染情况和健康风险。方法收集5类食用菌样品,采用GB 5009-268《食品安全国家标准食品中多元素的测定》中电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)方法测定As、Cd、Hg、Pb和Cr的含量;依据GB 2762-2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》限量标准和污染指数方法评价重金属污染情况;采用美国环保署(EPA)建议的目标危险系数(THQ)方法分析食用菌对人体的健康风险。结果不同品种食用菌中重金属含量差异有统计学意义(P0.05);5类食用菌的整体污染程度较低,但腹菌类中Cd的单项污染指数高达6.484,综合污染情况也不容乐观;食用菌中重金属的健康风险大部分在可接受水平,儿童的健康风险普遍高于成人,伞菌类和腹菌类中儿童的复合健康风险指数(TTHQ)均1,其中Cd和As是食用菌中重金属健康风险的主要危害元素。结论 5类食用菌存在不同程度的重金属超标情况,但总体污染水平较低,腹菌类中Cd的潜在危害值得关注,同时应重视儿童的摄入风险,加强食品监管力度,保证食品安全。     

日照市部分蔬菜中铅、镉、铬、汞、砷含量及健康风险评价

目的对日照市部分蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As含量进行检测分析,评价其经蔬菜途径摄入产生的人体健康风险。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定蔬菜样品中5种元素的含量,并与食品中污染物限量标准比较;通过计算单因子污染指数和尼梅罗综合污染指数评价蔬菜污染状况;通过计算目标危害系数(THQ、TTHQ)评价蔬菜中5种元素对人体产生的健康风险。结果所抽检的120份样品中的Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As均未超标;单因子污染指数表明检测样品均为优良等级,尼梅罗综合污染指数表明检测样品均安全、清洁;从单一元素风险和多种元素复合风险来看,成人和儿童经膳食途径摄入所调查的蔬菜是安全的;成人和儿童的复合健康风险主要由As引起。结论日照市居民经蔬菜途径摄入Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As引起的人体健康风险较低,不会对暴露人群构成明显的危害。     

西安市大气PM2.5中金属和类金属元素污染特征及健康风险评价

目的分析西安市PM_(2.5)中12种金属和类金属元素的污染特征,并评价其人群健康风险。方法 2018年在西安市莲湖区和雁塔区的两个监测点每月定期采集PM_(2.5)样品,检测样品中锑、铝、砷、铍、镉、铬、汞、铅、锰、镍、硒、铊12种金属和类金属元素的含量。检测结果按照不同区域、季节统计分析和评价。采用美国环保署(EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行呼吸途径的人群健康风险评价。结果共采集分析PM_(2.5)样品165份。砷、镉的达标率分别为51.52%和83.03%,区域间组间两两比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。各季节砷的达标率由高到低依次为夏季秋季冬季春季。砷的平均浓度为8.21ng/m~3,超标1.37倍。各季节砷元素平均浓度均超标,由高到低依次为冬季春季秋季夏季,其它元素平均浓度均未超标。砷、镉、铬、铅、锰、镍、汞、锑和硒元素的HQ值和总HI值均1。致癌元素砷、镉、铬和镍的ILCR值介于3.63×10~(-07)～2.58×10~(-05)之间。ILCR值砷元素最高,其次为铬元素;冬季最高,其次为春秋季,夏季最低;成年男性成年女性儿童青少年。结论西安市冬季大气PM_(2.5)中金属和类金属元素污染较为严重,PM_(2.5)中砷和铬通过呼吸途径对人群健康潜在风险较高。     

2012—2014年台山市自产大米重金属污染情况

目的了解台山市生产的大米受重金属污染物污染的现况,为及时采取针对性预防措施和科学调整干预策略提供依据。方法 2012—2014年采集台山市18个乡镇农户家自产大米样品893份,按照GB 5009.12-2010、GB/T 5009.15-2003、GB/T 5009.11-2003及GB/T 5009.17-2003分别测定大米中铅、镉、无机砷和总汞含量。结果 2012—2014年在18个乡镇共检测台山产大米893份,在4种重金属中,铅的超标率最高,为2.24%;镉的超标率为0.67%,无机砷和汞均未超标。台山市大米的无机砷年风险值大于美国环境保护局推荐的1×10~(-4)/a的水平;镉年风险值大于瑞典环境保护局、英国皇家协会、荷兰建设和环境部推荐的1×10~(-6)/a的水平;铅年风险值小于荷兰建设和环境部推荐的可忽略风险水平1×10~(-7)/a;汞年风险值小于英国皇家协会推荐的可忽略风险水平1×10~(-8)/a。结论台山市区域内自产的大米重金属污染尚不算严重,但可以通过针对重金属污染的可能来源,采取科学、可行的干预措施,进一步降低无机砷和铅、镉的污染,将大米中重金属通过摄入途径对人体健康的潜在危害降到最低。     

北京市朝阳区市售食用菌中重金属污染状况及分析

目的了解北京市朝阳区市售食用菌中铅、镉、砷、汞、铬及镍6种元素的含量水平,并评价其食用安全性。方法从8个市场采集了9种新鲜食用菌和5种干制食用菌,共计94份样品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法对样品中的铅、镉等6种元素的含量进行测定。结果鲜食用菌中6种元素的平均含量依次为铅>镉>砷>镍>铬>汞,干食用菌中为铬>镍>镉>铅>砷>汞,鲜食用菌中铅、镉、砷、汞含量均低于GB 2762—2012的要求,干食用菌中仅个别食用菌中铅、镉、砷、汞含量超标,占干食用菌总量的4.4%,铬、镍的平均含量在鲜食用菌中处于较低水平,在干食用菌中存在较大差异。不同食用菌中元素含量存在较大差异,其变异系数最大值为204.3%。结论北京市朝阳区市售食用菌中铅等元素的含量总体处于较低水平,食用相对安全。     

佛山市南海区本土种植蔬菜重金属污染现状及对人体健康的风险分析

目的测定佛山市南海区本土土壤、灌溉水和蔬菜重金属含量水平，对经蔬菜途径摄入重金属暴露接触人体的健康风险进行评估。方法2009年7月至2010年9月在佛山市南海区8个镇（街）内分别按照东南西北中的地理位置进行布点，共设调查点40个，每个调查点分别对土壤、灌溉水及蔬菜进行随机抽样。分析蔬菜样品的铅、镉、总汞、铬、无机砷含量水平以及种植地土壤样品和灌溉水样品的铅、铜、镉、锌、总汞、铬、总砷含量水平，并用单因子污染评价指数、尼梅罗污染指教评价蔬菜中重金属污染程度，用靶标危害系数（THQ）评估人体通过食物摄入重金属的风险。结果共采集本土种植的叶菜类、根茎类、瓜豆类共47种品种241份样品，本土种植的蔬菜超标率为46．47％（112／241），其中总汞、铅、镉、无机砷、铬超标率分别为36．93％（89／241）、8．30％（20／241）、5．81％（14／241）、3．730k（9／241）、O．41％（1／241）。从重金属羊因子污染评价指数分级来看，总汞的超标情况最严重，重污染占21．16％（51／241）；从尼梅罗污染指数来看，叶菜类、根茎类、瓜豆类总汞含量均为重污染，综合指数分别为19．17、14．53、15．62。居民经食用本土种植蔬菜日均铅、镉、总汞、铬、无机砷摄入量（DI值）均未超过FAO／WHO每日允许量（ADI值），但叶菜中总汞、铅、镉分别占ADI值的17．26％、12．95％、22．41％。THQ结果显示蔬菜中5种重金属的THQ均〈1，但叶菜类铅、镉的THQ值也达0．541、0．575；3类蔬菜中无机砷的THQ值分别为0．751、0．902、0．563。采集土壤241份样品，存在1种以上重金属超标84份，超标率34．85％（84／241）。镉超标率最高为29．05％（70／241），且最高超出限量标准的17倍，其次为总汞7．47％（18／241）。采集灌溉水样品40份，重金属超标5份，超标率12．50％，均为总汞超标。结论南海区蔬菜中重金属污染对人体健康存在潜在风险，控制饮用水源和灌溉水及土壤汞污染是降低本土蔬菜汞含量的有效途径。     

台州市近海养殖区海产品中8种元素污染状况及健康风险评价

目的探讨台州市近海养殖海产品中8种元素含量水平及潜在的人群健康风险。方法在台州市3个主要养殖区共采集100份甲壳类、贝类、鱼类海产品,用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定各样本中的铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)的含量;用单因子污染指数法评价污染水平,以美国环保署的健康风险模型评估人体元素暴露风险。结果甲壳类、贝类、鱼类中元素的检出率分别为17.2%～100.0%、78.2%～100.0%、12.5%～100.0%。单因子污染指数法评价结果表明甲壳类Cd和As为重度污染,贝类Cu和鱼类As为中度污染,甲壳类Cu、贝类Cd和As以及鱼类Pb为轻度污染。健康风险评估显示成人和儿童食用甲壳类摄入As的危险商数分别为1.02和1.80,甲壳类、贝类的有害元素复合危险商数均1。结论该市部分海产品受到了不同程度的有害元素污染,存在一定的健康风险。     

厦门市2018年市售水产品重金属污染状况分析

目的了解厦门市售水产品中铅、镉、铬、砷与汞5种重金属元素污染状况,为其限量标准制定和风险评估提供依据。方法2018年在厦门市6区超市和农贸市场抽取189份样品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定重金属元素,并分析检出率、超标率和元素含量。结果样品中铬和砷总检出率均为100.0%,其余3种元素总检出率分别为铅>镉>汞;干制类中铬、镉、铅、砷含量检出值高于其他4类样品;各元素在5类样品中总超标率为砷>镉>铅>铬>汞。仅腌制类未检出超标样品。结论厦门市售水产品中存在一定程度重金属污染,干制类污染情况相对严重,应加强监管并采取控制措施。     

燕山山脉桔梗对土壤中9种元素的富集及健康风险评价

目的检测土壤和药材桔梗中9种元素的含量,并进行元素富集能力以及生态和健康的风险评价。方法选择河北省北部燕山山脉药材种植基地采集桔梗和对应的土壤样品,微波消解法消解样品,利用ICP-MS法检测土壤和桔梗中9种元素的含量。采用潜在生态危害法对土壤样品进行生态风险评价;采用靶标危害系数法对药材中的多种有害元素进行健康风险评价并计算桔梗对元素的富集系数。结果采集地土壤中除Hg外其他元素含量符合一级土壤标准;Cd和Hg的潜在生态危害Eir分别为84.08和827.40,多种金属元素的总危害指数IR为925.22,其中Hg的贡献率达80%;桔梗中Cu和Hg的含量超标;桔梗对金属元素Cu、Zn、Cd富集系数大于1;健康风险评价结果显示桔梗中重金属每日摄入量EDI均低于每日最大允许摄入量RfD,且对人体不具有非致癌风险和致癌风险。结论河北省北部燕山山脉土壤中重金属Hg的污染明显,多种元素的总体生态风险大;桔梗对Cd、Cu、Zn具有主动富集的能力;服用桔梗煎剂不具有非致癌风险和致癌风险。     

陕西省主产蔬菜中重金属污染调查及评价

目的了解陕西省市售10种主产蔬菜中铅、镉、汞、砷污染状况。方法全省共采集样品307份。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定铅、镉的含量,利用氢化物原子荧光法测定砷的含量,利用测汞仪直接测定汞的含量,采用单项污染指数及综合污染指数评价不同蔬菜中铅、镉、汞、砷的污染状况,并对陕西省居民通过蔬菜摄入上述重金属的人体健康风险进行描述。结果豇豆中铅的含量到达警戒线水平,镉、汞、砷含量在安全范围内,其余9种蔬菜中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量均在安全值范围内,4种重金属超标率依次为汞>铅>镉>砷。结论陕西省10种主产蔬菜中铅、镉、汞、砷的污染程度较低。     

Effect of dietary kelp on lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in livers of rats given breast carcinogen DMBA

In our previous study of female rats, a diet containing 2% of powdered fronds of Laminaria religiosa (kelp) had a remarkable inhibitory effect on mammary tumorigenesis induced by orally given 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). In this study, the effect of the dietary kelp on lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity in the liver was studied in the same experimental system. Two separate short‐ and long‐term experiments were carried out on rats fed a diet with 2% kelp. DMBA (20 mg/kg body wt) was given to each animal 7 days after feeding began in short‐term experiment and 27 days later in long‐term experiment. Livers of all rats were obtained for quantitative determination and for histopathologic observation. Lipoperoxide in livers of the kelp‐fed rats was of normal value, almost the same as that of untreated control rats; however, lipoperoxide in livers of control rats was significantly higher than in the other two groups in both experiments. A marked fatty change in livers of control rats was demonstrated in hepatic cells in peripheral zones of lobules in long‐term experiment but not in short‐term experiment. In long‐term experiment, the amounts of GSH‐Px and selenium in livers of kelp‐fed rats were slightly less than those in untreated control rats but more than those in control rats. There was a more‐intense positive reaction in the hepatic cells in the peripheral zones of the lobules in the kelp‐fed and untreated rats and a less‐intense positive reaction in control rats. In short‐term experiment, contents of GSH‐Px and selenium were nearly proportional to determined concentration of lipoperoxide, suggesting that induction of the synthesis of this enzyme by excessive lipoperoxide took place to quench peroxide itself. The most‐intense positive reaction around fat droplets in the hepatic cells was in peripheral zones in control rats.

Thus, concentrations of lipoperoxide, GSH‐Px, and selenium in livers of kelp‐fed rats showed almost same values as in untreated control rats in both experiments. Results may be interpreted as the minimization of the toxicity of orally given DMBA, by which excessive lipoperoxide is produced in liver, by dietary kelp. Mechanisms of dietary kelp include inhibition of DMBA absorption through intestinal tract by kelp as dietary fiber and partly antioxidation against free oxygen radicals by β‐carotene in kelp.     

Raised thyroid stimulating hormone associated with kelp intake in British vegan men

To explore the hypothesis that the iodine intake of vegans might be inadequate, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations were measured in plasma samples from 101 British men, of whom 48 were vegans and 53 were omnivores. The geometric mean thyroid stimulating hormone concentration, adjusted for age and body mass index, was 47% higher in the vegans than in the omnivores (P= 0.001). Five vegans but none of the omnivores had a thyroid stimulating hormone concentration above the reference upper limit of 5 mU/1 (P=0.022). High concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone are usually indicative of marginal iodine status, but can also result from excessive iodine intake. The three vegans with the highest values of thyroid stimulating hormone reported regular use of kelp tablets or kelp powder. None of the other vegans, and none of the omnivores, reported taking kelp. After exclusion of the three vegans who took kelp, the remaining vegans had an adjusted geometric mean thyroid stimulating hormone concentration 29% higher than that of the omnivores (P=0.012). It was concluded that use of kelp can be associated with raised thyroid stimulating hormone, and that the iodine status of vegans who do not use kelp requires further investigation.     

Case report: potential arsenic toxicosis secondary to herbal kelp supplement

CONTEXT: Medicinal use of dietary herbal supplements can cause inadvertent arsenic toxicosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old woman was referred to the University of California, Davis, Occupational Medicine Clinic with a 2-year history of worsening alopecia and memory loss. She also reported having a rash, increasing fatigue, nausea, and vomiting, disabling her to the point where she could no longer work full-time. A thorough exposure history revealed that she took daily kelp supplements. A urine sample showed an arsenic level of 83.6 microg/g creatinine (normal < 50 microg/g creatinine). A sample from her kelp supplements contained 8.5 mg/kg (ppm) arsenic. Within weeks of discontinuing the supplements, her symptoms resolved and arsenic blood and urine levels were undetectable. DISCUSSION: To evaluate the extent of arsenic contamination in commercially available kelp, we analyzed nine samples randomly obtained from local health food stores. Eight of the nine samples showed detectable levels of arsenic higher than the Food and Drug Administration tolerance level of 0.5 to 2 ppm for certain food products. None of the supplements contained information regarding the possibility of contamination with arsenic or other heavy metals. The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) has changed the way dietary herbal therapies are marketed and regulated in the United States. Less regulation of dietary herbal therapies will make inadvertent toxicities a more frequent occurrence. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Clinicians should be aware of the potential for heavy metal toxicity due to chronic use of dietary herbal supplements. Inquiring about use of dietary supplements is an important element of the medical history.     

Hyperthyroidism during treatment with kelp tablets

A 50-year-old healthy woman started daily treatment with six iodine-containing kelp tablets (Kelpasan), containing 200 mg of kelp each, to lose weight; she took no other medication. Within two months she developed clinical and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism, which resolved spontaneously following discontinuation of the tablets. A causal relationship between the intake of the kelp preparation and the thyrotoxic episode could not be established beyond all possible doubt, but the clinical picture and clear temporal relationship strongly pointed in this direction.     

水蛭与昆布治疗新生儿头皮血肿的临床观察

目的 研究水蛭与昆布联合应用对新生儿头皮血肿的治疗效果.方法 将新生儿头皮血肿患儿68例随机分为两组：试验组34例采用水蛭与昆布联合治疗血肿;对照组34例采用冰袋冷敷治疗血肿,观察两组患儿头皮血肿消退的时间.结果 用水蛭与昆布联合治疗新生儿头皮血肿,血肿消退的时间明显短于对照组,经统计学处理和分析两组差异有显著性（t=2.82,P〈0.01）.试验组治愈时间为（14.9±3.8） d,对照组时间为（34.5±13.1） d.结论 水蛭与昆布联合治疗新生儿头皮血肿操作简便、疗效显著,值得临床推广应用.     

The dietary intake of Laminaria, a brown seaweed, and breast cancer prevention

Based on epidemiological and biological data, Laminaria, a brown kelp seaweed, is proposed as an important factor contributing to the relatively low breast cancer rates reported in Japan. Several possible mechanisms for the influence of Laminaria on breast cancer are proposed: Laminaria is a source of nondigestible fiber, thereby increasing fecal bulk and decreasing bowel transit time; it changes the posthepatic metabolism of sterols; it contains an antibiotic substance that may influence fecal ecology; it contains 1-3 beta glucan, which alters enzymatic activity of fecal flora; and it stimulates the host-mediated immune response. It is suggested that Laminaria may play a role in preventing either the initiation of breast cancer or its promotion by endogenous physiological factors.     

The dietary intake of laminaria,a brown seaweed,and breast cancer prevention

Based on epidemiological and biological data, Laminaria, a brown kelp seaweed, is proposed as an important factor contributing to the relatively low breast cancer rates reported in Japan. Several possible mechanisms for the influence of Laminaria on breast cancer are proposed: Laminaria is a source of nondigestible fiber, thereby increasing fecal bulk and decreasing bowel transit time; it changes the post hepatic metabolism of sterols; it contains an antibiotic substance that may influence fecal ecology; it contains 1–3 beta glucan, which alters enzymatic activity of fecal flora; and it stimulates the host‐mediated immune response. It is suggested that Laminaria may play a role in preventing either the initiation of breast cancer or its promotion by endogenous physiological factors.     

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定紫菜、海带中铅、镉含量

目的:应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定紫菜、海带中铅、镉含量。方法:用微波消解进行样品前处理,以In,Bi作内标,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定紫菜、海带中铅、镉含量。结果:线性范围宽,相关系数大于0.999;方法的相对标准偏差小于等于6%;方法的准确度:选择美国标准物质牡蛎(NBS1566)、贻贝(GBW08571),分别测定Pb、Cd含量,测定值均在标准值范围内。结论:电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定紫菜、海带中铅、镉含量,方法简单、快速、灵敏度高、线性范围宽、干扰少。     

2010年山东省城乡居民碘盐食用及主妇的碘与健康知识调查

[目的]了解山东省居民户碘盐与含碘丰富食品的食用情况及主妇关于碘与健康关系的知识水平,为调整碘盐政策和开展健康教育提供依据。[方法]2010年10月,在山东省各个设区市对淄博职业学院医学技术系2009级临床、护理、康复专业学生家庭及亲戚、邻居的部分家庭主妇进行问卷调查。[结果]共调查6651户。其中,位于碘缺乏病病区的为4190户,位于非病区的为2461户;城区1857户,农村4794户。调查的居民户中,最近1年内,一直食用加碘食盐的占86.18%,一直食用非加碘食盐的占0.48%,近期换吃非加碘食盐的占2.48%,碘盐与非碘盐交替食用的占10.86%。被调查居民户中有22171人,每人每天食用碘盐（6.17±0.72）g,食用海带、紫菜等（10.28±11.57）g,食用海鱼、虾、贝类等（19.01±2.12）g。被调查的家庭主妇为6651人,对＂碘缺乏会危害健康＂全部答对的占31.95%,对＂补碘过量会危害健康＂全部答对的占1.20%。[结论]建议山东碘缺乏的病区须进一步提高居民碘盐的食用率、非病区应严格控制碘盐的食用;政府与卫生部门应加大宣传的力度、创新健康教育的方式、方法,提高居民对碘与健康关系的正确认识。     

改进的铬天青S分光光度法测定紫菜和海带中的铝

目的:提出一种改进的铬天青S分光光度法检测紫菜和海带中铝含量。方法:将紫菜和海带进行预处理和湿法消化后,样品中的铝在乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲介质中,与铬天青S及溴代十六烷基吡啶形成褐紫色三元混合物,于600 nm波长处测定吸光度并与标准比较定量。结果:在所选定的最佳条件下,铝的线性回归方程y=0.0997x+0.0035,相关系数r=0.9997,方法的检出下限为0.28μg,回收率在95.6%～102.2%之间,RSD值0.49%～2.99%。结论:通过对市售样品的测定,验证了此法的准确性和精密度,适合用于测定紫菜和海带中的铝。