Efficacy of prophylactic use of hydrocortisone and low dose ketamine for prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia

BackgroundSpinal anesthesia is commonly associated with shivering. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of i.v. hydrocortisone with i.v. low dose ketamine or placebo for prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia.MethodIn this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, 90 female patients ASA I–II age 30–60 years old, undergoing posterior vaginal repair surgeries under spinal anesthesia with 3 ml heavy bupivacaine 0.5% (15 mg), patients were randomly allocated into one of three groups, (Group S, n = 30) (control) received saline, (Group K, n = 30) received ketamine 0.25 mg kg^?1 or (Group H, n = 30) received hydrocortisone 2 mg kg^?1, the drugs were given i.v. just after spinal anesthesia with recording of vital signs, and core temperature every 15 min intraoperative and every 10 min in recovery room. The incidence and intensity of shivering, number of patients received meperidine, sensory level, motor block grade, and side effects (hypotension, hypertension, tachycardia, nausea and vomiting, sedation and hallucinations) were also recorded.ResultsIncidence of shivering were significantly reduced in k and H groups being 20% and 23.3% respectively compared to S group (p < 0.05). Patients received meperidine to control shivering were significantly low in Groups K and H compared to group S (p < 0.05), with no difference between Groups K and H.ConclusionsThe prophylactic administration of low dose ketamine (0.25 mg kg^?1) and hydrocortisone (2 mg kg^?1) were comparable in reducing the incidence of shivering and both had significant antishivering effect compared to placebo, in female patients under spinal anesthesia for posterior vaginal repair surgeries.     

预先肌注曲马多对硬膜外麻醉后病人寒战的影响

目的 探讨肌肉注射曲马多对硬膜外麻醉后寒战的预防效果。方法 选择80例准备在硬膜外麻醉下行下腹、下肢或脊柱手术的成年患者,随机分为四组（每组20例）：肌注曲马多和氟哌利多组（TD组）;单纯曲马多组（T组）或氟哌利多组（D组）;对照组（C组）。于硬膜外注药前30分钟,TD组肌注曲马多1．5mg/kg和氟哌利多5mg;T组肌注曲马多1．5mg/kg;D组肌注氟哌利多5mg;C组不用药。观察麻醉及手术过程中寒战的发生率、寒战的严重程度及寒战发生前后体温变化。结果 寒战发生率TD组和T组均为5％,D组和C组分别为25％和35％,TD组和T组与C组比较差异显著（P＜0．05）。TD组哮睡发生率、T组恶心发生率较高。结论 肌注曲马多有助于预防低位硬膜外麻醉后寒战,应用时复合氟哌利多可减少曲马多的副作用。     

硫酸镁在麻醉镇痛中的应用现状

由于Mg2+具有拮抗N-甲基-天门冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartment,NMDA)受体,抑制运动神经末梢乙酰胆碱和肾上腺髓质及交感能神经末梢肾上腺素等介质的释放等作用,常用以辅助全身麻醉、术后镇痛等,可明显减少麻醉镇痛药的消耗.     

Effects of magnesium sulfate on neuromuscular function and spontaneous breathing during sevoflurane and spinal anesthesia

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO⁴) on the neuromuscular function and spontaneous breathing of patients under sevoflurane and spinal anesthesia. Twenty-two patients with a history of arrhythmia undergoing elective knee surgery were randomly assigned to two groups: group M (n = 11), administered with MgSO⁴ 40 mg·kg⁻¹, and group S (n = 11), administered with saline. A combination of spinal anesthesia with 2% sevoflurane inhalation was applied to all patients under spontaneous breathing. Tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ET^{CO 2}) were measured before the MgSO⁴ or saline injection and measurements were repeated at 5, 15, 30, and 45 min after the injection. Neuromuscular function was continuously monitored with an acceleromyograph to record the acceleration of the adductor pollicis by stimulating the ulnar nerve at a frequency of 0.1 Hz. The Vt, RR, and ET^{CO 2} showed little change in either group, and there was no significant difference between, the groups. The single-twitch response showed significant differences between the two groups (P = 0.0006). The present study indicated that the MgSO⁴ had a minimal effect on spontaneous breathing in patients undergoing sevoflurane and spinal anaesthesia, but that it attenuated the safety margin of neuromuscular function.     

硫酸镁对继发性脊髓损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的：探讨硫酸镁对继发性脊髓损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法：选健康新西兰大白兔36只，随机分为3组：A组为正常组，仅行L1～L3椎板减压；B组和C组分别为对照组和治疗组，行L1～L3椎板减压后采用Allen’s重物打击法致伤脊髓．伤后30min时B组经腹腔注射蒸馏水600mg／kg，C组经腹腔注射硫酸镁600mg／kg。48h后切取伤段脊髓组织分别测定水、钙、镁含量，观察局部组织病理学改变、超微结构变化及单位面积凋亡细胞数。结果：与A组比较，B、C组伤段脊髓组织水、钙含量增多，镁含量减少，组织病理学改变及超微结构破坏严重，细胞凋亡数上升，且C组较对B组轻。结论：早期应用硫酸镁治疗可减轻脊髓损伤后的继发性损伤。     

Is this the time for Magnesium sulfate to replace Meperidine as an antishivering agent in spinal anesthesia?

Background & AimShivering is one of the serious complications during spinal anesthesia. Mepreidine is considered the most common drug used for control of shivering. The aim of this study is to detect if Magnesium sulfate can replace Mepreidine, in the prevention of shivering in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia during knee arthroscopy.MethodsThe study included 50 patients scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy, aged 20–50 years under spinal anesthesia. The patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. Patients in Group (M) (n = 25) received single intravenous bolus dose of Meperidine 0.5 mg/kg while patients in group (Mg) (n = 25) received intravenous (IV) MgSO₄ in a dose of 50 mg/kg over 20 min followed by 0.5 mg/kg/min both. The both test drugs were administered after establishment of spinal anesthesia. The incidence and severity of shivering were recorded during the operation and in the recovery room.ResultsShivering occurred in 68% of patients in group (M) when compared to group (Mg) where only 28% suffered from shivering. This difference in % was found to be statistically significant. Regarding the complications, local allergy significantly occurred in group (M) in five patients when compare to one patient in group (Mg). There was no significant difference between group (M) and group (Mg) regarding the body core temperature.ConclusionMgSO₄ was found to be an effective way for the control shivering and it could replace Meperidine in middle age patients under spinal anesthesia.     

右美托咪定预防骨科脊柱手术患者全麻后寒战的临床观察

目的 观察右美托咪定对骨科脊柱手术患者全麻后寒战的预防作用.方法 全麻下行脊柱手术的患者90例,随机均分为右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组).D组麻醉诱导后泵注右美托咪定(负荷剂量0.5 μg/kg,10 min泵完,以0.4 μg·kg-1·h-1维持);C组泵注生理盐水,泵注速度及方法同D组.监测并记录诱导前(基础值)、插管后5、15、30、60 min及拔管前后HR、MAP、SpO2、肛温(T),观察并记录术后入麻醉后恢复室(PACU)即刻、30、60 min VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分(RSS);记录寒战分级、寒战出现的时间.结果 与基础值及与C组比较,插管后30、60 min、拔管前和拔管后D组HR明显减慢(P＜0.05);拔管前、拔管后D组MAP明显降低(P＜0.01).与基础值比较,插管后30、60 min和拔管前、拔管后两组患者T降低(P＜0.05).D组术后寒战发生率明显降低(P＜0.01);入PACU后即刻、30 min D组VAS评分明显降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);入PACU后即刻、30、60 min D组RSS评分明显升高(P＜0.01).结论 术中泵注右美托咪定可有效预防骨科脊柱手术患者全麻后寒战的发生.     

硫酸镁对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的研究

目的:探讨硫酸镁对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的保护效果。方法:27只新西兰大白兔,随机分为A组(硫酸镁处理组)、B组(生理盐水)和C组(假手术对照组)。A、B两组参照Tetik方法建立兔脊髓腰骶段缺血模型,比较三组动物不同时间点的体感诱发电位(SEP)、后肢运动功能评分及缺血再灌注后48h的病理学改变。结果:C组SEP没有明显变化,动物均完全康复。缺血30min时B组波形消失,A组波幅降为基线的(29.3±1.9)%。再灌注60min后A组、B组SEP波幅分别渐升致基线的(74.5±2.3)%和(49.2±2.1)%。A组N1、P1波峰潜伏期在缺血30min及再灌注60min时均明显优于B组(P<0.05);再灌注24h和48h后,A组的后肢运动功能评分均显著高于B组(P<0.05);再灌注48h后A组的脊髓前角神经细胞计数显著高于B组(P<0.01)。结论:硫酸镁具有减轻兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤及保护神经功能的作用。     

帕瑞昔布钠预防硬膜外麻醉后寒战的临床观察

目的探讨预先静注帕瑞昔布钠对硬膜外麻醉后寒战的预防效果。方法选择硬膜外麻醉下行择期经尿道前列腺切除手术患者120例,随机均分为两组。硬膜外麻醉前30 min分别静注帕瑞昔布钠40 mg(P组)或等容量生理盐水(C组)。观察麻醉及手术过程中寒战的发生率、寒战的严重程度及寒战发生前后体温变化。结果 P组患者寒战发生率为5%,而C组为25%,P组明显低于C组(P<0.05)。结论预先静注帕瑞昔布钠40 mg可有效预防硬膜外麻醉后寒战的发生。     

Propofol infusion for sedation during spinal anesthesia

Purpose The dose and time course of propofol infusion required to induce rapid sedation without oversedation during spinal anesthesia were investigated. Methods Forty patients scheduled for spinal and epidural anesthesia were studied. After premedication with intramuscular midazolam 0.04 mg·kg⁻¹, an epidural catheter was inserted, followed by spinal anersthesia at L4-L5 with 0.5% hyperbaric tetracaine with epinephrine. The infusion of propofol was started with 10 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ and was decreased to 5 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ at spontaneous eye closure. According to the increase or decrease of the sedation level, the infusion does was decreased or increased to half or twice the initial dose, respectively, to keep the Observer's Assessment of Alertness Sedation (OAAS) score at 3 or 4. Results Eye closure was observed at 1.0 ± 0.4 min after the start of insusion. The maintenance insusion dose to keep the OAAS score at 3 or 4 was about 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹. Conclusion Propofol infusion, starting with 10 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹, decreasing to 5 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ after 1 minute, and then decreasing to 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ after another min induced rapid onset of sedation and kept the OAAS score at 3 or 4 during spinal anesthesia.     

Shivering and neuraxial anesthesia

Shivering, which usually occurs as a thermoregulatory response to cold, may also occur following general or neuraxial anesthesia. Some of the causative factors of this type of shivering may be common to both, but some are particular to neuraxial anesthesia. Although shivering may have beneficial thermoregulatory effects, it places the body under increased physiological stress. In a broad sample of 21 studies, the median incidence of shivering related to neuraxial anesthesia in the control groups was 55%. Both pharmacological and nonpharmacological mechanisms have been found to be effective in reducing this shivering. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms of the shivering that occurs during neuraxial anesthesia, and to examine strategies for prevention and treatment of this shivering.     

An attack of bronchial asthma during spinal anesthesia

Key words  bronchial asthma - spinal anesthesia     

小剂量布比卡因-芬太尼腰麻行全子宫切除术

目的　探讨鞘内阿片类药物与小剂量局部麻醉药联合应用是否可获得满意的腰麻效果。方法　 32例行全子宫切除术的病人随机分为A、B两组 ,每组 16例。A组腰麻用药为布比卡因5mg与芬太尼 2 0 μg ;B组布比卡因 10mg。收缩压小于 90mmHg或平均动脉压较基础水平下降 2 5 %定义为低血压。低血压用麻黄碱 5～ 10mg静注 ,最大剂量 5 0mg ,或去氧肾上腺素 10 0～ 2 0 0 μg静滴。结果　所有病人均获得满意的麻醉效果。A组有 1例使用麻黄碱 10mg。B组有 14例使用血管加压药物维持血压 ,麻黄碱平均使用量 35mg ,有 3例使用去氧肾上腺素。A组收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压最低时分别下降到 (10 6± 2 2 )、(6 7± 16 )、(81± 13)mmHg ,而B组为 (86± 2 3)、(5 8± 14)、(6 8± 16 )mmHg ,差异显著。结论　小剂量布比卡因 5mg与 2 0 μg芬太尼联合使用行腰麻即可实施全子宫切除术。与 10mg布比卡因相比 ,小剂量联合用药较少引起低血压     

Laparoscopic surgery using spinal anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic abdominal surgery is conventionally done under general anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia is usually preferred in patients where general anesthesia is contraindicated. We present our experience using spinal anesthesia as the first choice for laparoscopic surgery for over 11 years with the contention that it is a good alterative to anesthesia. METHODS: Spinal anesthesia was used in 4645 patients over the last 11 years. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 2992, and the remaining patients underwent other laparoscopic surgeries. There was no modification in the technique, and the intraabdominal pressure was kept at 8mm Hg to 10mm Hg. Sedation was given if required, and conversion to general anesthesia was done in patients not responding to sedation or with failure of spinal anesthesia. Results were compared with those of 421 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery while under general anesthesia. RESULTS: Twenty-four (0.01%) patients required conversion to general anesthesia. Hypotension requiring support was recorded in 846 (18.21%) patients, and 571(12.29%) experienced neck or shoulder pain, or both. Postoperatively, 2.09% (97) of patients had vomiting compared to 29.22% (123 patients) of patients who were administered general anesthesia. Injectable diclofenac was required in 35.59% (1672) for abdominal pain within 2 hours postoperatively, and oral analgesic was required in 2936 (63.21%) patients within the first 24 hours. However, 90.02% of patients operated on while under general anesthesia required injectable analgesics in the immediate postoperative period. Postural headache persisting for an average of 2.6 days was seen in 255 (5.4%) patients postoperatively. Average time to discharge was 2.3 days. Karnofsky Performance Status Scale showed a 98.6% satisfaction level in patients. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic surgery done with the patient under spinal anesthesia has several advantages over laparoscopic surgery done with the patient under general anesthesia.     

纳布啡治疗产妇腰-硬联合麻醉后寒战的临床效果

目的观察纳布啡治疗产妇腰-硬联合麻醉后寒战的临床效果及不良反应。方法选择择期腰-硬联合麻醉下行子宫下段剖宫产术,术中发生寒战Wrench 3/4级的产妇90例,年龄20~35岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。于寒战发生后随机双盲分为三组,每组30例,立即静脉注射生理盐水(C组)、纳布啡0.07 mg/kg(N组)和曲马多1 mg/kg(T组)。记录麻醉结束至寒战开始时间、药物处理后寒战消失时间、寒战治疗成功和复发的情况、改良OAA/S镇静评分,以及恶心呕吐、心动过缓、低血压等不良反应的发生情况。结果三组麻醉结束至寒战开始时间差异无统计学意义。N组和T组药物处理后寒战消失时间分别为(3.6±1.3)min和(4.2±2.2)min,明显短于C组的(14.3±7.3)min(P0.05)。N组和T组寒战治疗成功率分别为93.3%和90.0%,明显高于C组的16.7%(P0.05);复发率分别为7.1%和11.1%,明显低于C组的80.0%(P0.05)。N组OAA/S镇静评分明显高于C、T组(P0.05)。T组恶心呕吐发生率60.0%,明显高于C组和N组的20.0%和13.3%(P0.05);三组心动过缓、低血压发生率差异无统计学意义。结论纳布啡0.07 mg/kg可安全有效地治疗腰-硬联合麻醉产妇发生的寒战,且不良反应恶心呕吐的发生率较曲马多更低,具备可接受的镇静作用。     

Prophylactic ketamine to prevent shivering in parturients undergoing Cesarean delivery during spinal anesthesia

Study ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and safety of ketamine 0.25 mg/kg with ketamine 0.5 mg/kg to prevent shivering in patients undergoing Cesarean delivery.DesignProspective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.SettingOperating rooms and postoperative recovery rooms.Patients120 ASA physical status 1 and 2 pregnant women scheduled for Cesarean delivery during spinal anesthesia.MeasurementsPatient characteristics, anesthetic and surgical details, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, and side effects of the study drugs were recorded. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry, tympanic temperature, severity of shivering, and degree of sedation were recorded before intrathecal injection and thereafter every 5 minutes. Patients were randomized to three groups: saline (Group C, n=30), intravenous (IV) ketamine 0.25 mg/kg (Group K-0.25, n=30), or IV ketamine 0.5 mg/kg (Group K-0.5, n=30). Grade 3 or 4 shivering was treated with IV meperidine 25 mg and the prophylaxis was regarded as ineffective.Main ResultsThe number of shivering patients was significantly less in Group K-0.25 and in Group K-0.5 than in Group C (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). The tympanic temperature values of Group C were lower at all times of the study than in either ketamine group. Median sedation scores of Group K-0.5 were significantly higher than in Group K-0.25 or Group C at 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes after spinal anesthesia.ConclusionsProphylactic IV ketamine 0.25 mg/kg was as effective as IV ketamine 0.5 mg/kg in preventing shivering in patients undergoing Cesarean section during spinal anesthesia.     

不同剂量纳布啡对腰-硬联合麻醉剖宫产产妇寒战的影响

目的 比较不同剂量纳布啡用于预防腰-硬联合麻醉剖宫产产妇寒战的效果及不良反应.方法 选择拟在腰-硬联合麻醉下行择期剖宫产单胎、足月妊娠产妇150例,年龄20～35岁,体重50～80 kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级.采用随机双盲法将产妇随机分为五组:对照组(C组)、N1组、N2组、N3组和N4组,每组30例.胎儿娩出后夹毕脐带即刻...     

Effects of adding magnesium to bupivacaine and fentanyl for spinal anesthesia in knee arthroscopy

Purpose  The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of adding intrathecal magnesium sulfate 50 mg to low-dose bupivacaine-fentanyl on the spread, duration, regression of spinal block, and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Methods  This study was designed in a prospective, randomized, and double-blinded manner. Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II patients were randomly allocated to receive 50 mg magnesium sulfate (3 ml) or 3 ml of preservative-free 0.9% NaCl following 6 mg bupivacaine 0.5% plus 10 μg fentanyl intrathecally. Date were collected regarding the highest level of dermatomal sensory blockade, the time to reach this level from the time of injection of the spinal anesthetic, Bromage scale of motor blockade at the time of reaching maximum sensory level, time for regression of two segments in the maximum block height, time to L₂ regression, time to ambulation, and postoperative analgesic consumption. Results  The addition of intrathecal magnesium (50 mg) to spinal anesthesia prolonged the time for regression of two segments in the maximum block height and time to L₂ regression, but did not affect maximum sensory level or the time to reach the highest level of sensory block. Even though the mean times to complete recovery of motor function were similar in the two groups, time to ambulation was significantly longer in the magnesium group than in the saline group. Total analgesic consumption in the first 24 h was not decreased significantly with the addition of magnesium to spinal anesthesia, but the time to first analgesic requirement was prolonged significantly. Conclusion  Even though the time to first analgesic requirement was prolonged significantly by magnesium, the addition of intrathecal magnesium sulfate to spinal anesthesia is not desirable in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy due to the prolonged time to ambulation and the lack of effect of magnesium on postoperative analgesic consumption.