晚发型癫痫性痉挛患儿临床特征及生酮饮食近期疗效分析

目的 分析晚发型癫痫性痉挛患儿临床特征、诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性收集2012年3月至2013年12月在复旦大学附属儿科医院神经科收治的晚发型癫痫性痉挛患儿的临床资料、EEG及抗癫痫药物治疗情况,并评估生酮饮食（KD）的近期疗效。结果 ①18例晚发型癫痫性痉挛患儿进入分析,均经长程视频EEG监测到癫痫性痉挛发作,男13例,女5例,年龄2~10岁（中位年龄5.5岁）。癫痫起病年龄1~8岁（中位年龄3岁）;病程1~72个月（中位病程9个月）。②首次发作为癫痫性痉挛4例（22.2%）,其他发作类型14例（77.8%）。③发作间期EEG呈典型高度失律4例(22.2%)。④7例为症状性癫痫（病毒性脑炎后遗症4例,围生期脑损伤3例）,另11例病因不明,18例均有不同程度精神运动发育落后。⑤在电-临床综合征分类上,符合晚发型婴儿West综合征4例,Lennox-Gastaut综合征4例。⑥18例在抗癫痫药物治疗期间随访3~24个月,抗癫痫药物治疗末次随访时单药治疗2例,多种抗癫痫药物治疗16例;4例维持无发作,14例（77.8%）为药物难治性癫痫。8例药物难治性癫痫患儿接受KD治疗,治疗3个月末完全无发作3例,有效2例,无效3例,有效率62.5%(5/8),完全无发作率37.5%(3/8)。8例均能耐受KD且均未观察到明显的不良事件。结论 儿童晚发型癫痫性痉挛发作不仅见于West综合征,也可见于其他癫痫性脑病,EEG缺乏特征性高度失律,多为药物难治性癫痫,KD治疗安全且具有一定的近期疗效。     

甲基化CpG 结合蛋白2 基因重复综合征1 家系报告并文献复习

目的探讨甲基化CpG结合蛋白2基因(MECP2)重复综合征的临床特征及基因突变特点。方法回顾分析1例发育迟缓及智力低下伴呼吸道感染患儿的的临床资料,应用染色体微阵列芯片分析技术检测患儿及其家人的基因,并复习相关文献。结果患儿,男,1岁7个月,生后肌张力低下,发育延迟,反复呼吸道感染。应用染色体微阵列芯片分析技术检查发现患儿Xq28区域发生441.88 kb的重复,确诊MECP2重复综合征,其外祖母、母亲、母亲的2个妹妹发现Xq 28区域发生441.73~441.88 kb的重复,为MECP2女性携带者。结论尽早完善染色体芯片技术检查有助于早期诊断MECP2重复综合征。     

生酮饮食添加治疗儿童癫痫性痉挛临床和随访研究

目的：初步了解生酮饮食（ ketogenic diet,KD）添加治疗对儿童癫痫性痉挛的短期疗效、不良反应及依从性。方法对2012年7月至2014年12月在我院接受KD添加治疗的20例癫痫性痉挛患儿,总结其临床特点,并临床随访。结果20例癫痫性痉挛患儿,男14例,女6例,年龄10个月至8岁2个月,＜1岁2例,～3岁10例,～6岁5例,＞6岁3例。隐源性癫痫12例,围生期脑损伤6例,先天性脑发育畸形及重症病毒性脑炎后遗症各1例。20例患儿均以痉挛发作为主要发作形式,其中7例患儿同时伴随其他发作形式,包括部分性发作泛化全身、阵挛发作、强直发作、不典型失神、不典型失神持续状态。19例患儿诊断为婴儿痉挛症或晚发性癫痫性痉挛,1例诊断为Lennox-Gaustaut综合征。20例患儿病程最短11 d,最长7年9个月。1例患儿因口服抗癫痫药物后短期（11 d）出现较严重肝功损害,予KD治疗,余患儿均为难治性癫痫。20例患儿中6例完全缓解,占30％,1例患儿癫痫发作明显改善,达Engel分级Ⅱ级。12例患儿大运动能力进步,6例患儿同时出现语言能力进步。主要不良反应为消化道症状和代谢紊乱,均较轻微,无严重不良反应。治疗疗程＞6个月者8例,其中4例仍继续治疗,其余12例因短期治疗无效、饮食不耐受、腹泻、治疗过程中饮食控制欠佳及复发等原因终止治疗。结论 KD添加治疗对癫痫性痉挛治疗有效,短期内尚未观察到严重不良反应。还需要加强长期管理,改善饮食配方,提高优质脂肪比例,对更大样本进行更长时间临床观察,为癫痫性痉挛患儿提供更好的治疗方案及更多治疗选择。     

3例MECP2重复综合征临床分析和文献复习

MECP2重复综合征(MDS)是儿科少见病,主要表现为运动发育落后、语言缺失或落后、反复感染、严重智力障碍、癫癎、孤独症样表现及婴儿早期肌张力低下等。该文3例患儿均为男孩,病例1、2首发表现为运动发育落后、语言缺失或落后,病例3首发表现为反复感染,查体均有肌张力均低下、病理征均阴性。病例1有全身强直-阵挛发作,脑电图示局灶性发作,予奥卡西平、左乙拉西坦、氯硝基安定联合抗癫癎治疗,癫癎发作控制。病例3出现过失神发作1次及点头发作3次,发作间期多次脑电图正常,未予抗癫癎治疗。3例患儿的反复感染随年龄增长得到改善,语言及智力改善不明显。微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(aCGH)检测发现3例患儿的X染色体存在MECP2基因重复,确诊为MDS。对于发育落后伴反复感染、癫癎发作的患儿,应考虑到MDS可能,早期行aCGH检测有助于诊断。     

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??Abstract??Objective??To summarize the clinical features and prognosis of epilepsy in children with MMA. Methods??From Jan. 1997 to Dec. 2009 in Department of Pediatrics??Peking University First Hospital??the medical records of hospitalized MMA patients complicated with epilepsy were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical manifestations??laboratory examination results??and treatment modalities were analyzed. Results??From 63 pediatric inpatients diagnosed with MMA??27 children ??42.9%?? complicated with epilepsy were enrolled in this study. These 27 patients were also accompanied with other neurological manifestations?? including mental retardation or regression ??n = 22????lethargy ??n = 10????increased muscle tone ??n = 8????muscle hypotonia ??n = 8????recurrent vomiting ??n = 4????tremor ??n = 2????ataxia ??n = 2????and abnormal posture ??n = 1??.The onset age of seizure ranged from 8 days to 11 years. The seizure types included partial seizure??n = 21????generalized tonic-clonic seizure ??n = 5????tonic seizure ??n = 3????myoclonic seizure ??n = 3????and epileptic spasm ??n = 2??. Five patients had 2 or 3 seizure types. Nine patients ??33.3%?? had a history of status epilepticus. EEG showed slow background activity in 17 patients??focal or multifocal discharges in 16 patients??generalized discharges in 4 patients??hypsarrathmia in 2 patients??and suppression-burst pattern in 1 patient. Cranial MRI showed cerebral atrophy ??n = 14????white matter changes ??n = 12????agenesis of corpus callosum ??n = 2????abnormal signal in basal ganglia ??n = 2????and cerebellar atrophy ??n = 1??. Twenty-one patients were MMA combined with homocysteinemia.Seventeen patients were confirmed with cobalamin C disease and one with partial mutase deficiency ??mut-??. Vitamin B12-responsive patients had a better outcome compared with vitamin B12-unresponsive patients. Conclusion??Epilepsy is a common manifestation of patients with MMA.Partial seizures is more common than other seizure types.Urine organic acid analysis should be performed for children with unknown cause of epilepsy combined with other neurological manifestations?? so as to promptly identify the etiology and improve the prognosis.     

MECP2基因甲基化和羟甲基化水平的性别差异研究

目的 探讨MECP2在不同性别脑组织中是否有表达差异,从而与孤独症等疾病的性别差异相关。方法 利用4例非疾病流产胎儿脑标本,采用酚氯仿方法提取基因组DNA。在MethPrimer在线软件上检测MECP2基因-1 000 bp至+1 200 bp区间的CpG 岛。甲基化检测采用亚硫酸氢盐修饰后测序法（使用EZ DNA Methylation-goldTM Kit 试剂盒）。对于超声断裂后的基因组DNA,用基因组羟甲基化试剂盒（diagenode,hMeDIP kit）进行ChIP反应。反转录cDNA采用FastQuant RT Kit（With gDNase）试剂盒,定量PCR检测MECP2表达量采用 SuperReal PreMix Plus （SYBR Green）试剂盒。结果 标本1男,重量106 g,长度17.4 cm;标本2女,重量100 g,长度19.1 cm;标本3男,重量500 g,长度28.3 cm;标本4女,重量510 g,长度31.5 cm。MECP2表达量男性胚胎（标本1=0.0367,标本3=0.0155）高于女性胚胎（标本2=0.0177,标本4=0.0088）。MECP2的甲基化水平女性个体平均1条X染色体上MECP2的甲基化程度显著高于男性,特别是在启动子的核心区域-309 bp至-179 bp,男性MECP2上几乎没有甲基化,而羟甲基化水平男性高于女性。结论 男性MECP2基因的DNA修饰促进其表达,可能提高了男性胚胎对MECP2基因突变的易感性,从而影响MECP2基因突变导致的患病人群的性别差异。     

癫(癎)患儿预后与相关因素的远期随访研究

目的 分析影响癫(癎)患儿预后的相关因素,为癫(癎)的诊治和预后评估提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2003年1-12月在北京大学第一医院儿科门诊就诊的290例癫(癎)患儿的临床资料,随访患儿发作、用药、智力及精神运动发育等情况,以至少1年无发作为疗效控制指标.结果 ①经正规抗癫(癎)药物治疗,57.9%患儿发作控制满意,多数可以正常学习或生活;(②各型癫(癎)均有控制发作的可能,不同发作类型癫(癎)的控制率不同;③起病年龄越早,特别是1岁内起病者发作控制较差;④原发性癫(癎)控制率明显高于症状性或隐源性癫(癎),症状性癫(癎)预后最差;⑤大部份病例经单药治疗可以控制发作,2种药物治疗未控制者,再添加药物进行治疗,控制率无明显提高.结论 儿童癫痫的预后大多良好,有下列情况者预后差:①起病年龄小,尤其是1岁者;②同时有多种发作形式;③症状性癫(癎).     

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目的检测婴儿痉挛(IS)外周血多药耐药基因1(MDR1)及其产物P-糖蛋白(Pgp)的表达,探讨IS与多药耐药基因的关系。方法 2007年1月至2010年6月徐州医学院附属医院、徐州市儿童医院门诊及病房收治的IS患儿23例,分为2组:治疗前组、治疗超过6个月组。同期选取其他癫痫发作类型组12例、正常对照组10名。采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)半定量法检测患儿外周血中MDR1基因mRNA的表达,流式细胞术检测患儿外周血Pgp表达。结果小儿外周血MDR1 mRNA与Pgp蛋白表达呈高度正相关(r=0.86,P<0.05)。治疗前组、治疗超过6个月组、其他癫痫发作类型组外周血MDR1 mRNA和Pgp蛋白表达均较正常对照组增高,且治疗前组、治疗超过6个月组MDR1基因mRNA和Pgp蛋白表达水平明显高于其他癫痫发作类型组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。治疗前组、治疗超过6个月组间MDR1 mRNA和Pgp蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 IS患儿MDR1和Pgp表达增高可能是临床耐药的重要原因,且可能为内源性耐药。     

10例KCNQ2基因突变相关儿童癫痫临床表型与基因型特征分析

目的探讨KCNQ2基因突变相关癫痫临床表型与基因型的相关性。方法收集2015年10月至2018年9月经全外显子组测序技术筛选出的10例KCNQ2基因阳性突变患儿的临床资料,其中包括一对异卵双胞胎。被证实的突变均用Sanger测序验证,并明确突变的父母来源。结果发现5个新的KCNQ2突变,c.1720_1721delGG、c.185CT、c.2180AG、c. 2245GA、c. 1164AT,另外3个已报道突变c.917CT、c.1687GA、c.1741CT。患儿表现为轻重不一的早发性癫痫脑病(EOEE)。在双胞胎患儿中均发现无义突变c.807GA,但1例临床诊断为EOEE,另1例为良性家族性新生儿癫痫。家系调查发现家族中5人受累,受累者的临床表现轻重不一。10例患儿经单药或联合苯巴比妥、丙戊酸钠、托吡酯、奥卡西平、左乙拉西坦治疗后,大部分症状改善或消失。结论 KCNQ2基因相关癫痫是一种谱系疾病,可从重型的EOEE到中间型的非典型早发癫痫脑病及良性家族性婴儿癫痫,再到轻型的良性家族性新生儿癫痫等。KCNQ2基因突变类型及位点分布可能与临床表型相关联,需要个体化治疗。     

Add-on levetiracetam in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy: Results of an open-label multi-centre study

PURPOSE: To study the efficacy and tolerability of add-on levetiracetam in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy. METHODS: In this prospective multi-centre, open-label, add-on study, 33 children aged 4-16 years (median 8.5 years) with epilepsy refractory to at least two antiepileptic drugs were treated with levetiracetam in addition to their present treatment regimen with a follow-up of 26 weeks. The starting dose of 10 mg/kg/day was increased with 2-week steps of 10 mg/kg/day, if necessary, up to a maximum dose of 60 mg/kg/day. RESULTS: Retention rate was 69.7% after 26 weeks on a median levetiracetam dosage of 22 mg/kg/day. Four children dropped-out because levetiracetam was ineffective, four because seizure frequency increased and/or seizures became more severe, and two because they developed aggressive behaviour. Compared to their baseline seizure frequency, 13 children (39.4%) had a >50% seizure reduction 12 weeks after initiation of levetiracetam, and 17 children (51.5%) at 26 weeks. At 26 weeks, nine children (27.3%) had been seizure-free for at least the last 4 weeks, terminal remission ranged from 0 to 187 days (mean 46 days). Levetiracetam was effective in both partial and primary generalized seizures, but had most effect in partial seizures. Most reported side effects were hyperactivity (48.5%), somnolence (36.4%), irritability (33.3%) and aggressive behaviour (27.3%). Severity of most side effects was mild. Five children had a serious adverse event, which all concerned hospital admissions that were not related to levetiracetam use. CONCLUSION: Levetiracetam proved to be an effective and well-tolerated add-on treatment in this group of children with refractory epilepsy.     

GRIN2B基因错义变异致早发性癫痫性脑病27型1例报告

早发性癫痫性脑病(EOEE)是新生儿期或婴儿早期出现的的一种癫痫综合征,具有遗传异质性,表现为早发性、难治性和多种发作类型及全面发育迟滞或倒退等特征.文章回顾分析1例确诊GRIN 2 B基因变异致EOEE 27型患儿的临床资料.患儿为12月龄女童,生后第2天起病,表现为难治性癫痫、精神运动发育迟缓、肌张力低下.头颅磁共...     

Outpatient initiation of the ketogenic diet in children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy: An effectiveness,safety and economic perspective

BackgroundChildren with pharmacoresistant epilepsy usually receive ketogenic diet (KD) as an inpatient, which makes it an expensive treatment.ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness, safety, and costs of outpatient versus inpatient initiated KD.DesignRetrospective observational non-inferiority study.Patients/settingPatients (1–18 years of age) who started KD either inpatient or outpatient.Main outcome measuresEffectiveness was defined as ≥50% seizure reduction. Safety was measured by the numbers of emergency visits and complications. Economic impact was analyzed by calculating total costs of treatment.Statistical analysesNon-inferiority of outpatient initiation was tested using 95% confidence intervals of the differences in effectiveness and safety endpoints between groups with non-inferiority margins of 10%. Nonparametric bootstrap techniques were used to derive a 95% confidence interval for the mean difference in total costs between the groups.ResultsHundred and five patients started KD in the period 2001 to 2017: 43 inpatient and 62 outpatient. At three months, the KD was effective in 61% of outpatients versus 63% of inpatients. The KD was considered safe in 36% of the outpatients, as compared to 29% in the inpatients. Outpatient initiation was shown to be non-inferior to inpatient initiation in terms of safety. Total health care costs of outpatient initiation were € 2901, as compared to € 8195 of inpatient initiation per patient (mean difference € 5294, 95% CI; -€ 7653 to -€ 2935).ConclusionsOur study suggests that outpatient KD initiation is no worse than inpatient initiation in terms of effectiveness and safety, while carrying lower health care costs.     

Current role of rufinamide in the treatment of childhood epilepsy: Literature review and treatment guidelines

PurposeThe literature on the efficacy and safety of rufinamide in childhood-onset epilepsy syndromes currently includes approximately 600 paediatric patients. This paper summarizes the views of a panel of experienced European epileptologists with regard to the current role of rufinamide in the treatment of childhood epilepsies.ResultsRufinamide is effective in decreasing the seizure frequency in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), especially tonic and atonic seizures. It might consequently be preferred to other drugs as a second-line treatment for LGS when drop-attacks are frequent. The mean responder rate in the published studies is 38% with seizure freedom achieved in 2.4% of patients. Rufinamide has shown some efficacy in epileptic encephalopathies other than LGS. It can be also effective as adjunctive therapy in children and adolescents with drug-resistant partial seizures. The available data suggest that rufinamide has an acceptable risk/benefit ratio with quite a low risk of aggravating seizures. Common adverse effects (somnolence, nausea and vomiting) are usually mild and self-limiting; they are more frequently observed during titration than in the maintenance phase, suggesting that low escalation rates might be associated with fewer adverse effects. Rufinamide appears to have a favourable cognitive profile compared with other antiepileptic drugs.ConclusionRufinamide is only approved for adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with LGS in children 4 years of age and older. There are very few data on rufinamide treatment at the onset of LGS or early in the course of the disorder; whether early treatment will improve outcome has yet to be determined.     

儿童失神癫240例治疗及预后随访报告:应用改良的1989年儿童失神癫诊断标准

目的总结儿童失神癫(CAE)的治疗和预后,为CAE的合理用药和评价远期预后提供依据。方法对1999年10月至2005年12月北京市3家医院为研究CAE易感基因收集的CAE患儿的治疗用药、疗效及预后进行随访。CAE诊断标准参考1989年国际抗癫联盟(ILAE)提出的癫及癫综合征分类诊断标准,并制定了统一的CAE纳入标准和排除标准。根据CAE的选药原则进行治疗,评估CAE患儿的远期预后。结果3家医院共收集符合ILAECAE诊断标准的患儿339例,其中296例符合本研究制定的CAE纳入标准。296例患儿中有56例患儿因失访未得到远期预后随访结果,有随访结果者240例(81.1%),其中男94例(39.2%),女146例(60.8%)。失神发作起病年龄为3岁3个月至12岁,其中4～8岁174例(72.5%)。39例(16.2%)有热性惊厥史,18例(7.5%)有热性惊厥家族史和(或)癫家族史,5例(2.1%)有失神癫家族史。失神癫发作频率为每日5～50次,其中每日发作10～30次占80%。出现失神持续状态1例。伴全面强直-阵挛发作12例(5.0%)。所有患儿发作期EEG均表现为双侧对称同步的3Hz棘慢波爆发,头颅影像学检查均未见异常。治疗首选丙戊酸234例,其中217例(92.7%)于服药后3d至6个月发作完全控制,15例加用另一种药物(其中氯硝西泮7例、硝西泮4例及拉莫三嗪4例)后发作控制,余2例单用丙戊酸2年后仍有发作,但发作次数明显减少;首选拉莫三嗪4例,其中3例发作控制,1例服药1年发作未控制,改用丙戊酸1周后发作控制。2例首选托吡酯治疗,其中1例发作控制,1例服药5个月效果不明显,改用丙戊酸2个月后发作控制。240例患儿随访时间为2～7年,158例(65.8%)已停用抗癫药物,其中停药1年以上者96例,停药后均无复发;82例尚未停用抗癫药物患儿中,80例发作完全控制2年以上,仅有2例仍有失神发作。随访的240例患儿在校学习成绩为中等及以上者有171例(71.3%)。结论丙戊酸是治疗CAE的首选药物,对绝大多数患儿疗效好。少数用丙戊酸发作未控制者可选用拉莫三嗪或苯二氮类药物。典型CAE患儿远期预后良好。     

儿童失神癫240例治疗及预后随访报告：应用改良的1989年儿童失神癫诊断标准

目的总结儿童失神癫（CAE）的治疗和预后，为CAE的合理用药和评价远期预后提供依据。方法对1999年10月至2005年12月北京市3家医院为研究CAE易感基因收集的CAE患儿的治疗用药、疗效及预后进行随访。CAE诊断标准参考1989年国际抗癫联盟（ILAE）提出的癫及癫综合征分类诊断标准，并制定了统一的CAE纳入标准和排除标准。根据CAE的选药原则进行治疗，评估CAE患儿的远期预后。结果3家医院共收集符合ILAE CAE诊断标准的患儿339例，其中296例符合本研究制定的CAE纳入标准。296例患儿中有56例患儿因失访未得到远期预后随访结果，有随访结果者240例（81.1%），其中男94例（39.2%），女146例（60.8%）。失神发作起病年龄为3岁3个月至12岁，其中4~8岁174例（72.5%）。39例（16.2%）有热性惊厥史，18例（7.5%）有热性惊厥家族史和（或）癫家族史，5例（2.1％）有失神癫家族史。失神癫发作频率为每日5~50次，其中每日发作10~30次占80%。出现失神持续状态1例。伴全面强直12例（5.0%）。所有患儿发作期EEG均表现为双侧对称同步的3 Hz棘慢波爆发，头颅影像学检查均未见异常。治疗首选丙戊酸234例，其中217例（92.7%）于服药后3 d至6 个月发作完全控制，15例加用另一种药物（其中氯硝西泮7例、硝西泮4例及拉莫三嗪4例）后发作控制，余2例单用丙戊酸2年后仍有发作，但发作次数明显减少；首选拉莫三嗪4例，其中3例发作控制，1例服药1年发作未控制，改用丙戊酸1周后发作控制。2例首选托吡酯治疗，其中1例发作控制，1例服药5个月效果不明显，改用丙戊酸2个月后发作控制。240例患儿随访时间为2～7年，158例（65.8%）已停用抗癫药物，其中停药1年以上者96例，停药后均无复发；82例尚未停用抗癫药物患儿中，80例发作完全控制2年以上，仅有2例仍有失神发作。随访的240例患儿在校学习成绩为中等及以上者有171例（71.3％）。结论丙戊酸是治疗CAE的首选药物，对绝大多数患儿疗效好。少数用丙戊酸发作未控制者可选用拉莫三嗪或苯二氮类药物。典型CAE患儿远期预后良好。     

KCNA2 基因致早发性癫痫性脑病 1 例临床和基因变异分析

目的探讨早发性癫痫性脑病的基因变异特点。方法回顾分析1例早发性癫痫性脑病患儿的临床资料及基因检测结果。结果女性患儿,出生后30分钟出现间断抽搐,频繁发作。多种抗癫痫药物(苯巴比妥、水合氯醛、地西泮、丙戊酸钠、左乙拉西坦、氯硝西泮、奥卡西平)均无效。二代测序发现患儿KCNA2 基因c.1120AG 杂合变异,父母均未携带,为新发变异。结论该变异的致病性已有文献报道,但为国内首次报道。扩充了国内早发性癫痫性脑病的基因突变谱。