创伤性视神经损伤预后影响因素分析及视神经管骨折手术策略选择

目的探讨视神经管减压术治疗创伤性视神经损伤（TON）的疗效,评估相关预后影响因素,并分析视神经管不同部位骨折手术策略选择。 方法回顾性分析空军军医大学第二附属医院神经外科自2011年1月至2020年6月收治的58例TON后行视神经减压术患者的临床资料,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析评价预后的潜在影响因素。根据视神经管骨折位置的不同,选择开颅视神经减压术和经鼻内镜减压术评估不同术式对不同骨折位置患者的术后视力改善情况的影响。 结果58例TON患者均行视神经减压术,33例患者术后视力得到改善（改善组）,其中9例行开颅视神经管减压术,24例行经鼻内镜减压术;25例患者术后视力未得到改善（未改善组）,其中8例行开颅视神经管减压术,17例行经鼻内镜减压术。单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析确定术前视力及视神经管是否骨折是术后视力改善的独立影响因素,有光感者有效率明显高于无光感者,无视神经管骨折患者术后改善率明显高于有视神经管骨折患者。35例单发视神经管骨折患者中,视神经管内下壁骨折使用经鼻内镜视神经减压有更好的预后,开颅减压则对于外上壁骨折更有益。 结论视神经管减压术治疗TON总体有较好的效果,尤其是对于术前尚存光感的患者。对于视神经管骨折患者应根据骨折位置选择合理的手术方式进行视神经减压。     

经颅视神经管减压开放术

目的报告１０例经颅视神经管减压开放术治疗视神经损伤。方法文章介绍了手术方法,比较１０例患者的受伤至手术时间、视神经管骨折、术中视神经的改变和术前、术后１月的视力变化,并结合文献探讨各种视神经管减压术及视神经损伤的机理。结果８例术后１个月视力得到改善,２例无效,１０例手术均无术后并发症。结论经颅视神经管减压开放术较其它类型减压术式,开放减压更为确切、彻底,且安全有效。     

无光感的创伤性视神经损伤患者行内镜视神经管减压的临床价值

目的 探讨术前无光感的创伤性视神经损伤患者经内镜行视神经管减压的临床价值.方法 应用Messerklinger技术对13例术前无光感的创伤性视神经损伤患者经内镜行视神经管减压术,并对其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 13例随访3-12个月,7例视力有不同程度恢复,总有效率54%(7/13);5例无效,失访1例.按受伤后视力丧失至手术时间分为3-7 d组,8-14 d组,15-21 d组和21 d以上组,以有效和无效划分比较各组手术效果,各组间效果差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 术前无光感的创伤性视神经损伤患者行内镜减压可能有效,术前无光感不应成为该手术的禁忌证.     

前颅窝底骨折合并视神经损伤的治疗

目的分析前颅窝底骨折合并视神经损伤的手术疗效。方法回顾性总结19例前颅窝底骨折所致视力障碍患者的临床资料，依据术前患者头颅SCT轴位和冠状位眼眶及视神经管薄层扫描，将患者分为A、B两组。A组共7例为组成眶顶的额骨眶部和筛骨筛板骨折，术前患者失明，行眶内减压。B组共12例为视神经管骨折，术前患者有不同程度的视力障碍，行视神经管减压。结果A组经眶内减压术后，视力恢复快而且明显，B组经视神经管减压术后视力有不同程度的恢复。两组术后均未出现脑脊液漏等并发症。结论对于颅脑外伤引起失明的患者，要进行充分的术前评价，如为眶顶骨折引起眶内段视神经间接损伤所致失明，一旦明确诊断即行眶内减压治疗，不但可以挽救患者的视力，而且修补硬脑膜可以预防脑脊液鼻漏；对于视神经管骨折引起视力障碍的患者应争取早期手术治疗。     

外伤性重度视神经损伤的治疗

目的：分析与总结外伤性重度视神经损伤的临床特点与治疗经验，方法：对5年间收治的9例外伤性重度视神经损伤患的临床特点与治疗效果进行总结。并复习近期相关献的病例52例。结果：对于外伤性视神经重度损伤，尽管伤后视力丧失，经积极治疗，包括激素应用和视神经减压术，仍有约32％病例的视力可能得到良好恢复。结论：外伤性重度视神经损伤多见于车祸头部外伤后，应尽早积极治疗，以争取视力恢复。     

神经内镜经筛蝶窦入路视神经管减压术治疗创伤性视神经病变的临床疗效

目的探讨神经内镜经筛蝶窦入路行视神经管减压术治疗创伤性视神经病变(TON)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2013年12月至2018年2月上海交通大学附属第一人民医院神经外科连续收治的29例(32侧)TON患者的临床资料。术前视力:无光感15侧,光感14侧,指动3侧。所有患者均采用术中神经导航辅助神经内镜经筛蝶窦入路行视神经管减压术治疗。术前均行高分辨率头颅CT扫描,观察手术相关结构的解剖特点,术后观察患者的视力变化以及手术并发症情况。结果29例患者术后随访(5.2±1.1)个月(3~6个月)。术后视力:无光感10侧,光感4侧,指动4侧,指数5侧,最小分辨角的对数(logMAR)视力表≥0.02的9侧,手术有效率为59.4%(19/32)。无一例患者发生颈内动脉损伤、脑脊液鼻漏、嗅觉丧失等手术相关并发症。结论神经内镜经筛蝶窦入路视神经管减压术是治疗TON的有效手段,该手术入路解剖特点清晰,术中神经导航辅助有利于提高手术的安全性,减少手术相关并发症。     

Extracranial orbital decompression for optic neuropathy in Graves' eye disease.

Optic neuropathy affects a small proportion of patients with Graves' eye disease. It is due to optic nerve compression by enlarged extraocular muscles and can be treated by corticosteroids, irradiation or surgical orbital decompression. The current report evaluates the effectiveness of extracranial orbital decompression performed by one surgeon for optic neuropathy in Graves' eye disease. The records of 21 patients (33 orbits) undergoing extracranial orbital decompression for Graves' optic neuropathy were analysed for changes in visual acuity and colour vision and reduction in proptosis. Visual acuity and colour vision improved in all 33 eyes in the short-term postoperatively (4 weeks), but later deteriorated in 5 eyes (6.6%) of 4 patients (19%). The remainder maintained improved vision for the duration of the follow-up period (mean 22, range 3-54 months). Proptosis decreased by a mean 5.0 mm (range 1-8). Extraocular muscle imbalance and diplopia worsened in 9 21 patients (43%) and improved in 2 21 (9.5%). The patients having medial wall and floor decompressed all had worse diplopia (5 5 ), those with medial and lateral wall worsened in 4 10 cases and improved in 1 10 , and those having all three walls decompressed had no cases of worsening diplopia and 1 6 improved. All patients with symptomatic diplopia achieved binocular single vision in a useful range after one and sometimes two squint procedures. No patient lost vision as a result of the extracranial orbital decompression, but one lost vision in one eye after transfrontal decompression following failed extracranial decompression. Extracranial orbital decompression is effective in improving vision and reducing proptosis in most patients with optic neuropathy in Graves' eye disease, but induces or worsens diplopia in a high proportion of patients. The diplopia is readily correctable, and the change to decompressions that include the lateral wall may reduce the risk of postoperative diplopia.     

Multifocal malignant optic glioma of adulthood presenting as acute anterior optic neuropathy

We report a 63-year-old, previously healthy female patient with glioblastoma multiforme of the optic nerve and chiasm presenting as acute anterior optic neuropathy. She presented with a 3-week history of progressively increasing headaches, retrobulbar pain, rapidly progressive visual loss in the right eye and blurred vision in the left eye. Early clinical examination revealed right optic disc swelling and she was initially diagnosed with demyelinating optic neuritis. Her clinical course deteriorated with total visual loss in the right eye and progressive visual loss in the left eye despite treatment with intravenous (IV) methylprednisone and IV immunoglobulins. MRI revealed enhancement of the right optic nerve and optic chiasm, with multiple periventricular hyperintense foci. Six weeks later, the patient presented with left facial palsy and left hemiparesis. Follow-up MRI showed multiple enhancing lesions in addition to the previous lesions involving right lentiform and right thalamic nucleus, right cerebral peduncle, right temporal and parietal lobes. Although the optic nerve biopsy was inconclusive, the brain biopsy revealed glioblastoma multiforme. This report demonstrated that malignant glioma of adulthood may be multicentric and may mimic optic neuritis clinically, which might help explain the difficulties in diagnosis.     

视神经管减压术治疗视神经损伤的疗效分析(附23例报告)

目的探讨经颅硬膜外视神经管减压术治疗视神经损伤所致失明的效果。方法回顾性分析自2003年1月至2010年8月手术治疗的视神经损伤所致完全失明23例患者的临床资料,比较视神经管减压术前后视力的变化;以伤后6个月视力为最终视力,分析23例患者手术疗效。结果术中发现6例有视神经管骨折,1例有骨折片;1例有鞘膜内血肿。本组无手术并发症发生。23例患者术后随访6月,有效6例(26.1%),无效17例(73.9%);其中伤后5d内手术15例中,有效6例(40.0%),无效9例(60.0%);5d后行手术者8例均无效;5d内手术者有效率明显高于5d后手术者(P<0.05)。结论早期行经颅硬膜外视神经管减压术可使部分视神经损伤所致失明患者的视力得到改善。     

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of radiation optic neuropathy

Radiation optic neuropathy (RON) is characterized by the rapid onset of painless irreversible vision loss in one or both eyes. We report 4 consecutive patients who presented with unilateral or asymmetric bilateral RON. All had bilateral optic nerve enhancement on MRI and were treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and oral corticosteroids. In the less affected eye, 2 of the 4 patients had preservation of vision, while in the other 2 patients, vision declined. No patient showed improvement in the more symptomatic eye, and in 2 patients, there was a significant decline in visual acuity. Our findings suggest that prompt treatment with HBO and oral corticosteroids may result in visual preservation in the less affected eye despite the presence of optic nerve enhancement on MRI.     

视神经损伤经颅视神经管减压与视觉诱发电位的临床研究

目的探讨视神经损伤患者经颅视神经管减压治疗的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析经颅视神经管减压治疗的视神经损伤患者35例临床资料,3个月后复查视力及视觉诱发电位(VEP)检查。结果经颅神经管减压术后患者视力大部分改善;术前无光感患者术后视力恢复差;术后患者VEP的P100潜伏期延长、波幅降低,无光感患者波幅下降最明显。结论经颅神经管减压治疗有效,术前无光感患者手术效果差,术后VEP异常明显,VEP评价客观有效,与临床一致。     

The pattern electroretinogram: a long-term study in acute optic neuropathy

We report a 2-year prospective study of the electroretinographic response to reversal of checkerboard patterns (P-ERG) obtained in 63 eyes with acute optic nerve lesions. The aim of the study was to document the value of P-ERG regarding diagnosis and prognosis of four types of optic neuropathy: optic neuritis, compressive or hereditary optic atrophy, and traumatic optic neuropathy. We documented visual loss by neuro-ophthalmologic examination and recorded pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (P-VEP). The initial P-ERG was normal to large- and medium-sized checks in 89% and the P-VEP abnormal in 94% of eyes with acute optic nerve lesions. Forty-six eyes were followed for up to 2 years. Two groups emerged. Group A (n = 17) gradually and permanently had significant reduction of the P-ERG to three separate check sizes. All 17 had no improvement in acuity better than 20/100, retained centrocecal scotomas, and developed optic atrophy. In group B (n = 29) the P-ERG remained within normal limits to one or more check sizes. Twenty-two of these eyes recovered acuity to 20/25 or better and had resolution of the field defect. The data showed that P-VEP was superior to P-ERG in diagnosis of acute and chronic optic nerve lesions. However, significant reduction of the b-wave of the P-ERG to three separate check sizes correlated closely with failure of visual recovery and the eventual development of severe optic atrophy, suggesting a prognostic value for P-ERG in optic neuropathy.     

经颅硬膜外入路骨纤维发育不良性视神经管狭窄减压术疗效分析

目的 探讨视神经管狭窄减压术治疗累及视神经管的骨纤维发育不良的机制、方法、效果及时机.方法 对18例以每侧眼为单位患者行视力、CT、眼底像、OCT检查,手术组21侧行经颅硬膜外入路,其中19侧切除视神经管上壁、外侧壁和内壁病变,另有2侧切除视神经管眶口病变;非手术组15侧随访,其中1侧视力下降后手术.对不同组的视力变化进行非参数检验.结果 治疗性手术组15侧,视力有效率14/15,预防性手术6侧,视力不变(P=0.012),视神经管再次狭窄5侧,其中视力下降1侧(P=o.080).OCT改变符合筛板压力失衡原理.结论 在筛板压力失衡原理指导下,采取经颅硬膜外入路切除视神经管上壁、外侧壁和内壁病变,预防视神经二次损伤效应,可以改善和稳定视力.     

经颅入路手术治疗创伤性视神经损伤

目的探讨颅脑创伤合并视神经损伤的治疗方法.方法经手术治疗20例颅脑创伤合并视神经损伤患者,17例经额下入路行额冠状皮瓣一侧额部开颅;3例眶上裂综合征患者行额颞切口,经眶尖外侧壁入路.评价手术后视力恢复的标准为黑朦、光感、眼前手动、眼前数指和能见标字视力表符号5个级别.术后视力提高2个级别以上者为有效,否则为无效.结果手术后65%(13例)的患者达到有效,其中3例眼球突出、1例眼球内陷患者术后均得到矫正.结论颅脑创伤合并视神经损伤患者,经额部或额颞入路手术行视神经减压,可取得良好效果.术后视力恢复与损伤后手术时间、手术方法相关,亦与视神经损伤程度有密切关系.     

Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study(SCOTS) for retinal and optic nerve diseases: a case report of improvement in relapsing auto-immune optic neuropathy

We present the results from a patient with relapsing optic neuropathy treated within the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study(SCOTS). SCOTS is an Institutional Review Board approved clinical trial and has become the largest ophthalmology stem cell study registered at the National Institutes of Health to date(www.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT 01920867). SCOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells(BMSCs) for treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases. Pre-treatment and post-treatment comprehensive eye exams of a 54 year old female patient were performed both at the Florida Study Center, USA and at The Eye Center of Columbus, USA. As a consequence of a relapsing optic neuritis, the patient's previously normal visual acuity decreased to between 20/350 and 20/400 in the right eye and to 20/70 in the left eye. Significant visual field loss developed bilaterally. The patient underwent a right eye vitrectomy with injection of BMSCs into the optic nerve of the right eyeand retrobulbar, subtenon and intravitreal injection of BMSCs in the left eye. At 15 months after SCOTS treatment, the patient's visual acuity had improved to 20/150 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Bilateral visual fields improved markedly. Both macular thickness and fast retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were maximally improved at 3 and 6 months after SCOTS treatment. The patient also reduced her mycophenylate dose from 1,500 mg per day to 500 mg per day and required no steroid pulse therapy during the 15-month follow up.     

Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: A review and update

Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common acute optic neuropathy in people aged 50 years and older. The condition is caused by infarction of the laminar or retrolaminar portion of the optic nerve head supplied by the short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCAs). The underlying aetiology and pathophysiology is poorly elucidated. Factors that have been implicated include nocturnal hypotension, impaired autoregulation of the microvascular supply, vasculopathic occlusion, and venous insufficiency. These factors are thought to result in axonal oedema causing a compartment syndrome in a structurally crowded optic disc leading to axonal degeneration and loss of retinal ganglion cells via apoptosis. Clinically NAION is characterised by sudden, usually painless, loss of vision in one or both eyes. Examination findings include decreased visual acuity, a visual field defect, decreased colour vision, a relative afferent pupillary defect, and optic disc swelling. Despite significant research, treatment options for NAION remain limited.     

急性颅脑外伤后视神经病变23例临床诊治分析

目的探讨急性颅脑外伤后视神经病变的临床诊断与治疗方法。方法选取我院2012-01—2012-08收治的23例急性颅脑外伤后视神经病变患者为研究对象,按入院顺序分为治疗组12例,对照组11例。对照组采用常规药物保守治疗,治疗组采用颅视神经管减压术治疗。观察2组治疗后的临床疗效与不良反应。结果治疗组临床治疗效果优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论应用颅视神经管减压术治疗急性颅脑外伤后视神经病变临床效果显著,疗效确切,值得临床推广应用。     

Do visual evoked potentials give relevant information to the neuro-ophthalmological examination in optic nerve lesions?

The visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and neuro-ophthalmological examinations of 134 patients were compared. The VEPs were abnormal in 95 % of the eyes with optic neuritis. Defective color vision was found in 99 %, visual field defects in 88 %, decreased vision in 66 % and an afferent pupillary defect in 55 %. 29 patients with optic neuritis were followed up with repeated tests. VEPs and color vision recovered more slowly than visual acuity and visual field.
Abnormal VEPs were observed in 68 % of 50 MS patients. An analysis of symptomatic and asymptomatic eyes showed that testing of color vision, visual field and red-free ophthalmoscopy were equally as useful diagnostic tools as VEPs. 4 (8 %) of the MS patients had abnormal VEPs despite a normal neuro-ophthalmological examination; 94 % of MS patients with symptoms and 47 % of MS patients without visual symptoms had abnormal VEPs.
VEPs were pathological in 59 % of 24 patients with traumatic or compressive optic nerve diseases or optic atrophies of unknown etiology. The neuro-ophthalmological examination was more sensitive than VEPs in the diagnosis of these disorders. A neuro-ophthalmological examination is in most cases sufficient to diagnose optic nerve lesions. VEPs are of diagnostic aid especially in mild optic nerve lesions.     

额颞开颅硬膜外治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤7例临床分析

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗方法，提高手术效果。方法回顾性分析我科2003年1月至2006年6月7例手术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤病例，其中男性2例，女性5例。年龄36～65岁，平均（43．6±2．4）岁。均有不同程度的视力障碍，7例均先行额颞开颅硬膜外视神经减压术治疗。结果按Simpson手术切除的分级标准：Ⅰ～Ⅱ级5例（71．4％），Ⅲ～Ⅳ级2例（28．6％），无1例死亡。本组6例（85．7％）视力或视野有不同程度的恢复，视力无改变者1例（14．3％），无视力恶化者。结论与传统手术入路相比，采用额颞入路硬膜外视神经减压术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤，可以最大限度的保护视神经及周围结构，有助于患者术后视力恢复及提高肿瘤全切除率，改善预后。     

颅脑损伤合并视神经损伤的诊治探讨(附18例报告)

目的探讨颅脑损伤合并视神经损伤的病因及其诊治经验。方法总结分析2007年9月至2010年3月收治的18例颅脑损伤合并视神经损伤患者的临床资料。结果手术治疗13例,8例视力恢复至伤前水平,4例入院时眼睛已经失明,术后未见好转,1例错过最佳手术时机,效果不佳;5例保守治疗,其中4例效果良好,1例入院时双眼失明,治疗后未见好转。结论颅脑损伤合并视神经损伤最常见的原因是视神经管骨折直接损伤视神经,治疗要把握手术指征和时机。